1902 Kosher boycott anụ

1902 kosher meat boycott bụ nchụpụ nke New York City kosher anụ n'ụdị nke ndị inyom ndị Juu America na nzaghachi maka ọnụ ọnụ anụ kosher site na 12 ruo 18 cents na paụnd. Mmụba a dịdị ama nke na ọtụtụ ndị na-ahụ maka Juzi ike ikerụ anụ. Mkpesa ahụ, bụ ndị ụmụ ndụ ndị Juu na-akwaga mba ọzọ na-eduzi na Manhattan's Lower East Side, ọ bụ ebe na ha na-arụrịta ụka na ụzọ ha na-eme ihe ike na-emekarị, nwere nnukwu ihe ịga nke ọma. ma mee ka e wedata ọnụ ala anụ na 14 cents a paụnd. ^[1]

ndabere

Mgbochi anụ kosher nke 1902 toro ka oge Gilded na-azụ na njedebe. The Gilded Age (1870–1900) na United Statesፍቃ ndị na-amanara mmadụ ihe dị ike na-achịkọta ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ okporo ụzọ ụzọ ụgbọ oloko, mpaghara, igwe na ụlọ ọrụ. [1] nwera ndị na-ahụ obi ike akara ọnụ ụzọ n'ụzọ dị egwu na ụlọ ọrụ, ma ndị eji ndị na-azụta akara na ọnụ ahịa dị ọnụ ala. Ọ bụ ebe na Congress na-akwado ọtụtụ iwu iwu na 1890, dị ka Sherman Antitrust Act, iwu ndị a na-emekarị ma igodo na-akwado ndị na-azụnara ihe. Nke a gara n'ihu ruo mgbe mbụ aka nke President Theodore Roosevelt, bụ onye duru agha na ịhụnanya obi na monopolies, na-enweta aha "buster obi ekele." ^[2]

Anụ Kosher

N'ozuzu, anụ kosher na-eme ka ọ dị ọnụ ahịa akụkụ anụ na- nke kosher n'ihi ihe dị iche iche na ihe ndị a na-ahụ na ya. [1] Irube isi n'iwu nri nri nke kashrut bụ mkpa dị mkpa nke ndụ ndị Juu Ọtọdọks . Enwere ike ịhụ iwu kashrut n'ime Torah, Mishnah, Talmud na ọrụ halachic dị iche iche. Isi ihe a na-eme maka anụ anụ ka ọ bụrụ kosher bụ na anụ ahụ ga-agbaji ụkwụ ya ma tatụ ọnụ. [2] N'ịgbakwụnye, onye na-egbu anụ nwe ikike nke a maara dị ka shochet ga-egbu anụmanụ ahụ dịka iwu ndị Juu si dị na usoro a mara ka shechita . [3] shechita aabo, a ga-enwe anụmanụ ahụ maka ọnya ọ lụba na-eyi ndụ egwu nke nwera ike ime ka anụ ahụ, ọkụ ọkụ mgbe e gbuchara ya nke ọma. N'ikpeazụ, a ga-ahụ arọ anụ ahụ ahụ dịka ihe ụfọdụ na-ekwu niile. [4] A na-agbazi anụ ahụ nnu iji ịhụ ọkụ ọkụ. Usoro a dị ogologo na ọtụtụ ọnwụ dị na ya bụ ihe na-eme ka anụ kosher nọmba anụ na-ahụ nke kosher. N'afọ 1902, ekọrọ anụ kosher ka ọ bụrụ cents 5-6 dị ọnụ ahịa kwa paụnd akụkụ anụ na-azụ kosher, 1 tupu ọnụ ahuhu ihie.. ^[3]

N'ime izu ole na ole sochiri ọgbata ahụ, ụmụ echere ndị Juu nọ n'Ebewụwa ntọala achọpụta na-nji ụzọ okike ha ga-esi mee . Ha na-agbagị n’okporo ụzọ ámá ndị dị na Lower East Side iji jide ụmụaka ndị na-eso ụzọ anụ. N'ime ihe na-ese okwu ma dị irẹ, ndị Illinois iwe ahụ gara n'ọnụ ụzọ na-na-egosi ite na ite onye ọ nsogbu iji hụ na ọ dịghị onye na-azụ anụ na-eche. A na-akwa onye ọ gbara e jidere anụ emo ma hel ya “akpụkpọ” [1] [2] Ụzọ ndị mere ka ọ dị nnọọ irẹ. Ihe echiche nke nta ka ọ bụrụ agụrụ anụ kosher niile. Ka ndị nche na-aga n'ihu, ndị otu boycott ndị ọzọ na-arụ ọrụ ehihie na iji iji kesaa akwụkwọ nta ozi na ụkwụ iji kwado nkwado. Otu akwụkwọ ozi dị otú ahụ na-agụ, sị: “Eriela anụ ebe ịhụnanya obi na-ewere anụ n’ọkpụ nke ndị inyom na ụmụ gị.” Ụmụnwaanyị ndị na-amụ anya gara na-ezu ohi n'ike egwu anụ na-ekpochapụ anụ ha. Ụmụnwaanyị ndị na-egosi aka na-iwe iwe a,tọkwara ịgbakọ ego iji gbapụta ndị nwoke a ụzọ. ^[4]

N'ihi atụmatụ ịga nke ọma nke boycott, na May 22, Retail Butchers Association (otu ndị na-egbu anụ kosher) kwadoro onwe ya na mkpọsa boycott ahụ ma kwụsị ire anụ kosher na ụlọ ahịa ha niile. Na mgbakwunye, ụlọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ kosher na NYC niile wepụrụ anụ na menus ha ruo mgbe ọnụ ahịa laghachiri. Ka ọ na-erule na Mee 27, ndị isi okpukpere chi Ọtọdọks ekwupụtala n'ihu ọha nkwado maka ichichi a, na ka ọ na-erule June 9 ọnụ ahịa ahụ agbadaruo cents 14 n'otu paụnd. ^[1]

Mmeghachi omume na ngagharị iwe

Akwụkwọ ozi dị n'ofe NYC nwere ike ọrụ omume dị iche iche maka ụdị ya. The Forward, akwụkwọ Yiddish, akwụkwọ boycott ahụ site n'iji aha akwụkwọ na-eto ha "Bravo, Bravo, Bravo, ndị inyom Juu!" Ọtụtụ ndị Juu na-ahụ maka kpatara nsogbu na eze riri n'ihi nchụpụ ahụ. [1] [2] N'aka nke ọzọ, akwụkwọ ozi bụ́ The New York Times akwụkwọ nchụpụ ahụ na ụzọ ha si ele ya anya n'ụzọ na-adịghị mma, na-akpọ ụmụ ndị gbara ọsọ ahụ "klas dị ize ndụ." [1] The Times omume boycotts ndị a dị oke oke na ọkara agha. Tribune katọkwara usoro ịntanetị iwe, na-ekwu na ndị omekome ahụ "mere ndụ nhụsianya nye ndị uwe ojii." marmar, Times kwuputara Nkwado maka echiche nke echiche aka obi. Ida Tarbell na Lincoln Steffens, ndị nta ndị muckraker abụọ bụ ndị ji ọtụtụ ndụ ha na-awakpo ụlọ ọrụ na ndị isi na-arụ, obi ụtọ na i nyere nke boycott nke ndị ohi na atumatu ha arụ arụ. [1] akwụkwọ ndị New York Herald , ndị na-egosi mmemme ahụ dị ka ihe na-ahụ maka nka nhazi nke onye nhazi nke ndị inyom nke ọnụ. Akwụkwọ diski ahụ ike na ọrụ ụmụ na-eme ka a na-akọ na-ekwu na "ụmụ bụ ndị isi mgbanaka n'oge niile" ^[5] ^[6]

Mmetụta agbakwunyere

Nkwụsị ahụ bịara bụrụ ihe a ma ama nke na mmetụta ya mesịrị gbasaa ruo n'ógbè ndị Juu ndị ọzọ dị na Harlem, Brooklyn, Newark, Boston, na Philadelphia, bụ ebe ngagharị iwe yiri nke ahụ mere. Ọtụtụ n'ime ndị inyom haziri ihichapụ anụ kosher nke 1902 yana ụmụ ha na-ekere òkè dị ukwuu na New York Labour movement, karịsịa ndị ọrụ ọrụ uwe. ^[1]

N'afọ 1907 na 1908, ịgbazinye ụlọ gbawara n'ụdị egwuregwu nke Manhattan iji mee aha ọnụ ọnụ ụlọ dị elu. Ha nwanne n'ihu ọha na mkpali maka boycott na ụzọ eji eme ihe sitere na mkpochapụ anụ nke 1902. ^[5] ^[7]

Ntụaka

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 The Kosher Meat Boycott of 1902 (en). www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org. Retrieved on 2017-04-28."The Kosher Meat Boycott of 1902". www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org. Retrieved 2017-04-28.
↑ Theodore Roosevelt - U.S. Presidents - HISTORY.com. HISTORY.com. Retrieved on 2017-04-28.
↑ Green. "This Day in Jewish History 1902: Women Start Kosher Meat Boycott That Vanquishes a Monopoly", Haaretz, 2016-05-15. Retrieved on 2017-04-28. (in en)
↑ Jewish women protest kosher meat prices on Lower East Side | Jewish Women's Archive (en). jwa.org. Retrieved on 2017-04-28.
↑ ^5.0 ^5.1 "Women resume riots against meat shops" – The 1902 Great Meat Boycott | LES History Month. Archived from the original on 2017-08-11. Retrieved on 2017-04-28.""Women resume riots against meat shops" – The 1902 Great Meat Boycott | LES History Month". Retrieved 2017-04-28.
↑ Hyman (1980-01-01). "Immigrant Women and Consumer Protest: The New York City Kosher Meat Boycott of 1902". American Jewish History 70 (1): 91–105.
↑ "New York women boycotted kosher butchers", The Jewish Voice. Retrieved on 2017-04-28. (in en)

[:0-1] 1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 The Kosher Meat Boycott of 1902 (en). www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org. Retrieved on 2017-04-28."The Kosher Meat Boycott of 1902". www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org. Retrieved 2017-04-28.

[2] Theodore Roosevelt - U.S. Presidents - HISTORY.com. HISTORY.com. Retrieved on 2017-04-28.

[:1-3] Green. "This Day in Jewish History 1902: Women Start Kosher Meat Boycott That Vanquishes a Monopoly", Haaretz, 2016-05-15. Retrieved on 2017-04-28. (in en)

[4] Jewish women protest kosher meat prices on Lower East Side | Jewish Women's Archive (en). jwa.org. Retrieved on 2017-04-28.

[:2-5] 5.0 ^5.1 "Women resume riots against meat shops" – The 1902 Great Meat Boycott | LES History Month. Archived from the original on 2017-08-11. Retrieved on 2017-04-28.""Women resume riots against meat shops" – The 1902 Great Meat Boycott | LES History Month". Retrieved 2017-04-28.

[:3-6] Hyman (1980-01-01). "Immigrant Women and Consumer Protest: The New York City Kosher Meat Boycott of 1902". American Jewish History 70 (1): 91–105.

[7] "New York women boycotted kosher butchers", The Jewish Voice. Retrieved on 2017-04-28. (in en)

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