2013 California ndị mkpọrọ na-eme ngagharị iwe agụụ

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Ọgba aghara agụụ nke ndị mkpọrọ California nke afọ 2013 malitere n' July 8, 2013, na-emetụta ihe karịrị ndị mkpọrọ 29,000 na-eme mkpesa maka ojiji steeti ahụ na-eji omume ịgbachi naanị ya eme ihe ma kwụsị n' September 5, 2013.[1][2] Ọ bụ ndị mkpọrọ nọ naanị ha n'ụlọ mkpọrọ (SHU) n' Pelican Bay State Prison haziri ọgbaghara agụụ ahụ iji mee mkpesa maka ndị mkpọrọ nọ n' ebe ahụ bụ ndị nọ naanị ha ruo mg

Nchegbu banyere ihe ndị ruuru mmadụ n' ịnọ naanị ya[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Nchegbu banyere ahụike n' ikike mmadụ gbasara ojiji California na-eji naanị ya eme ihe abụghị ihe ọhụrụ.[3] Ajụjụ gbasara ma ahụike uche n' nke anụ ahụ nke ndị mkpọrọ nọ n'ụlọ mkpọrọ naanị ha abụrụla ihe a ma ama kemgbe omume ahụ malitere n' mmalite afọ 1800.[3] Mkpọrọ owu n' ụlọ mkpọrọ United States bụ omume nke ijide ndị mkpọrọ n'otu ọnụ ụlọ mkpọrọ maka n'etiti awa 22 n' 24 n'ụbọchị.[4] Ihe ka ọtụtụ n'ime ndị mkpọrọ nọ n'ụlọ mkpọrọ naanị ha na California nọ n'ime ụlọ mkpọrọ na-enweghị windo nke 11 site n' 7 ụkwụ.[5] Mkpokọta ndị a na-enwekarị ụlọ mposi, ịsa ahụ, oghere dị n'ọnụ ụzọ buru ibu maka efere nri, na àkwà.[5] California meghere ụlọ mkpọrọ Corona na Pelican Bay State n' ngwụcha afọ 1980, nke bụ abụọ n'ime ụlọ mkpọrọ mbụ n' nke kachasị ukwuu a ga-ewu.[6] N'okwu Madrid v. Gomez na 1995, ụlọ ikpe distrikti US maka Northern California kpebiri n' ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ukwuu nke ndị mkpọrọ nọ n' ngalaba SHU n'ime ụlọ mkpọrọ Pelican Bay nwere nsogbu ahụike uche.[3] Iwu California na-enye ohere ka etinye onye mkpọrọ ọ bụla n'ime ụlọ ọrụ SHU ruo oge a na-akparaghị ókè, ọ bụrụhaala n' a na-enyo ha enyo n' ha na-arụsi ọrụ ike n' ime otu òtù.[7] A pụrụ ịtụle ntọhapụ nke ndị mkpọrọ site n' ngalaba SHU naanị afọ isii ọ bụla.[7] Na Madrid, ụlọ ikpe kpebiri na ụlọ mkpọrọ Pelican Bay enweghị ike inye nlekọta uche n' nke anụ ahụ zuru oke maka ndị mkpọrọ, nakwa na Pelican bay SHU nọ n'ọnọdụ "nsogbu ahụike uche".[3] Ikpe Madrid mekwara ka ime ihe ike n' ntaramahụhụ obi ọjọọ n' nke a na-adịghị ahụkebe nke ndị nche na-enye ndị mkpọrọ n'ime ụlọ mkpọrọ SHU nke ụlọ mkpọrọ ahụ pụta ìhè, gụnyere omume ndị dị ka itinye ndị mkpọrọ n"ụlọ mkpọrọ n'èzí n'oge ihu igwe na-adịghị mma.[3] Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu n'afọ 2011 kwupụtara n' ụlọ mkpọrọ California jupụtara na ya ruo n'ókè nke n' a na-ewere ya dị ka ntaramahụhụ obi ọjọọ n' nke a na-adịghị ahụkebe, na-emebi mmezigharị nke asatọ.[8] Echiche na-akwado mkpebi abụọ a kọwara n' usoro ụlọ mkpọrọ California emezughị ihe kacha nta achọrọ maka ahụike uche n' nke anụ ahụ nke ndị mkpọrọ.[8] Otu afọ mgbe mkpebi ụlọ ikpe kachasị elu n' 2011, California ka nwere ihe karịrị ndị mkpọrọ 10,000 nọ n'ụlọ mkpọrọ naanị ha, ebe ndị mkpọrọ 1,557 nọ n'ebe obibi naanị ha ruo ma ọ dịkarịa ala afọ 10.[9] Ọ dịghị steeti ma e wezụga California ekwere na o jidere ọnụ ọgụgụ dị elu nke ndị mkpọrọ n'ụlọ mkpọrọ naanị ha ruo ogologo oge dị otú ahụ.[10] Human Rights Watch, otu òtù kwụụrụ onwe ya nke na-elekwasị anya n' ikike mmadụ, chọpụtara n' iji mkpọrọ naanị ya eme ihe ogologo oge na-ekwekọghị n' ịkwanyere ndị mkpọrọ ùgwù.[11] Amnesty International, otu NGO na-ahụ maka ihe ndị ruuru mmadụ n'ụwa niile, kwupụtara nkwado maka nchegbu nke onye agụụ na-agụ yana ikwu n' California erubeghị iwu mba ụwa na ụkpụrụ dị mkpa maka mmeso mmadụ n'ihi ojiji California na-eji naanị ya eme ihe.[12]

Nhazi nke ọgbaghara ahụ[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Ọgba aghara agụụ malitere na mbido Julaị 2013 site n'aka ndị mkpọrọ gafee ụlọ mkpọrọ dị n' California n' mgbalị ime mkpesa maka ịnọ naanị ha n' ọnọdụ obi ọjọọ n'ime ụlọ mkpọrọ.[13] Ọgbaghara ahụ malitere ma bụrụ nke ndị mkpọrọ nọ n' ime ụlọ mkpọrọ Pelican Bay SHU duziri.[14] Ndị isi nke ọgbaghara ahụ guzobere Pelican Bay State Prison SHU Short Corridor Collective n' 2011 iji mee mkpesa maka ịnọ naanị ha ogologo oge n' omume mkparịta ụka nke a na-ahụkarị n'ime ụlọ mkpọrọ ahụ.[15][5] N'oge ọ kachasị elu, ndị mkpọrọ 6,600 gafee ụlọ mkpọrọ 13 nke California sonyere n' ọgba aghara agụụ nke afọ 2011.[16] Ndị na-ahazi ya kwụsịrị ọgbaghara agụụ nke afọ 2011 mgbe ihe dị ka otu ọnwa gasịrị n'ihi nkwekọrịta nke Ngalaba Ntụziaka n' Nweghachi nke California iji mee mgbanwe.[5] Ọgbaghara nke afọ 2013 malitere n'ihi n' ndị Corridor Collective chere na CDCR emezughị nkwa ha, ndị Corridon Collective kwupụtakwara n' ha emeela ka ndị agbụrụ niile kwenye ịlụ ọgụ maka ọnọdụ ụlọ mkpọrọ ka mma.[5] Ndị mepụtara Corridor Collective n' ndị isi na-akwado ọgbaghara ahụ bụ Todd Ashker, Arturo Castellanos, Ronnie Dewberry, n' Antonio Guillen.[16] Onye ọ bụla n'ime ndị isi ahụ bụ ndị mkpọrọ n'ime ụlọ mkpọrọ Pelican Bay, ebe Ashker bụ onye otu Aryan Brotherhood, Castellanos bụ onye otu okporo ámá LA Florencia 13, Dewberry bụ onye Black Guerrilla Family, n' Guillen bụ onye otu Nuestra Familia.[5][16] E debere ndị ikom anọ ahụ jikọrọ aka malite ọgbaghara ahụ n'ime akụkụ dị mkpirikpi nke SHU n'ihi nkwenye ndị nche n' ha nwere mmetụta n'ime òtù ndị mkpọrọ, n' ọchịchọ ikewapụ ha.[7] N'ụzọ dị irè, itinye ndị ikom a n'ime otu oghere mere ka ha nwee ike ikwurịta okwu site n' iti mkpu n'etiti mkpụrụ ndụ ha iji hazie nnukwu agụụ.[7] Ndị ikom ahụ jiri netwọk ezinụlọ ha na ndị agbata obi ha gbasaa ozi ahụ n'ime na n'èzí usoro ụlọ mkpọrọ nke ọgbaghara na-abịanụ, na-ezigakwa akwụkwọ ozi na ọtụtụ ìgwè ndị na-akwado ụlọ mkpọrọ iji mee ka okwu ahụ pụta.[7] Ndị mkpọrọ nọ n'ime ngalaba SHU na-ejikwa usoro ndị dị ka ikwu okwu site na mposi ụlọ mposi, ide ozi mmụọ n'akwụkwọ ọbá akwụkwọ, ma ọ bụ izipu ozi koodu site n'aka ndị òtù ezinụlọ iji kwurịta okwu.[7] Ndị na-eme ngagharị iwe mere ọtụtụ arịrịọ maka ụlọ mkpọrọ, gụnyere ịrịọ ka a kwụsị ịnọ naanị ha ogologo oge yana ntaramahụhụ otu, nri ka mma n' nke na-edozi ahụ, yana ịkwụsị iwu gbasara njirimara na ọgwụgwọ nke ndị a na-enyo enyo n' ndị òtù òtù.[13] A na-akpọ otu n'ime omume ndị a dịka iwu "debriefing", ebe California na-etinye ndị a na-enyo enyo na ha bụ ndị otu n'ụlọ mkpọrọ, ma kweta itinye ha n'ime ndị mmadụ n'ozuzu ma ọ bụrụ n' ha enye njirimara nke ndị otu ndị ọzọ.[13] Tinyere ọgbaghara agụụ, ọtụtụ ndị mkpọrọ malitekwara ịjụ ịga ọrụ n' klas.[17]

Nchegbu ahụike[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Mgbe ụbọchị ole n' ole nke ịjụ nri gasịrị, ahụ kwụsịrị inwe agụụ ma malite imebi protein n'ime uru ahụ iji mepụta glucose dị ka California Correctional Health Care Services si kwuo.[5] Mgbe izu abụọ nke ịjụ nri gasịrị, ndị na-eme ngagharị iwe agụụ ga-amalite ịghara inwe nkwekọrịta ma nwee nsogbu iguzo ma malite inwe mmetụta nke oke oyi n' ịdị umengwụ.[5] Ozugbo mmadụ erighị nri ruo ụbọchị 45 ma ọ bụ karịa, ihe ize ndụ nke ọnwụ n'ihi nkwụsị obi dị elu.[5] Ndị ọka iwu na ndị dọkịta nke ndị mkpọrọ gosipụtara nchegbu banyere ihe ize ndụ ahụike nke ndị na-eme ngagharị iwe. Otú ọ dị, ndị ọrụ ụlọ mkpọrọ tinyere usoro obi ọjọọ n'ọrụ na mgbalị ịmanye ndị mkpọrọ ịkwụsị ọrụ ha.[18] A machibidoro ndị mkpọrọ ịnweta ọgwụ ha, a machibidoro ha nlekọta ahụike.[18] Ụfọdụ n'ime ndị mkpọrọ ahụ na-ajụ naanị nri siri ike, a na-egbochikwa ha ịnweta mmiri ọ bụla ọzọ karịa mmiri.[18] Ụzọ obi ọjọọ ndị a nke ntaramahụhụ nwetara ọtụtụ mmeghachi omume site n'aka ndị ọrụ ahụike, a katọkwara Ngalaba Nchịkwa n' Nweghachi nke California (CRCD).[18] N'ihi ya, ndị na-eme mkpesa n' ikpe mkpegharị gbasara nlekọta ahụike n'ụlọ mkpọrọ steeti, onye na-ahụ maka nlekọta ahụike ụlọ mkpọrọ n' CDCR jikọrọ aka nyefee arịrịọ n'ụlọ ikpe mpaghara United States maka Northern District of California n' August 19, 2013, maka iwu na-enye ikike inye nri n'okpuru ọnọdụ akọwapụtara nke ndị mkpọrọ na-ahụ n' ụmụka agụụ. Ọkàikpe Thelton E. Henderson nyere iwu ahụ n'otu ụbọchị ahụ.[19] Usoro inye nri n'ike, nke a na-akpọkarị "inye nri" n'ime usoro ụlọ mkpọrọ, nwere ike ịdị njọ dịka itinye tubes inye nri n"imi ma ọ bụ afọ onye mkpọrọ.[20] Tupu iwu a, a naghị ekwe ka ndị mkpọrọ bịanye aka n'iwu ka a ghara ịkpọlite ha n'ọnwụ site na iwu California.[20] Ndị ọrụ gọọmentị kwuru na nchegbu banyere ndị mkpọrọ a na-amanye ha isonye na agụụ site n'aka ndị òtù dị iche iche dị ka ihe mere ha ji nye ha nri, nke Ọkàikpe Henderson kwetara ileghara iwu ndị mkpọrọ ahụ bịanyere aka na ya "ekweghị ka ha mee ka ha dịghachi ndụ" n'ihi nchegbu ndị a.[20] N'agbanyeghị nchegbu nke CDCR n' a na-amanye ndị mkpọrọ isonye, ọ bụ naanị otu ihe ngosi nke nrụgide doro anya ka ndị ọrụ ụlọ mkpọrọ dekọrọ.[7] Ka ọ na-erule oge e tinyere iwu ahụ n'ọrụ, e nwere ihe na-erughị ndị mkpọrọ 200 ka na-ebu ọnụ, ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ ka nọ n'ụlọ ọgwụ.[18] Naanị otu onye nwụrụ site na ọgbaghara ahụ. Billy "Guero" Sell nwụrụ n' Julaị 22, 2013, mgbe ọ rịọrọ maka nlekọta ahụike ruo ụbọchị asaa nke dugara n'ọnwụ ya.[18]

Omume iwu[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Ikpe ahụ, Todd Ashker, n' ndị ọzọ, vs. Gọvanọ nke Steeti California, n' ndị ọzọ, bụ ndị mkpọrọ 10 nke Pelican Bay State Prison bụ ndị bi n' Security Housing Unit (SHU) kpọtara. Ikpe ahụ kwuru n' mkpọrọ ogologo oge n' SHU mebiri mmachibido iwu nke asatọ nke ntaramahụhụ obi ọjọọ n' nke a na-adịghị ahụkebe yana usoro nke iri n' anọ maka usoro kwesịrị ekwesị.[21] E doziri ikpe ụlọ ikpe ahụ n' Septemba 1, 2015, nke mere ka a kwụsị ịnọ naanị ya n' California ma belata ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị nọ n'ụlọ mkpọrọ naanị ha n'ozuzu ha.[21] Ụlọ ikpe ahụ kpebiri n' Jenụwarị 2019 n' California na-aga n'ihu imebi iwu, nakwa n' a ga-enwe afọ ọzọ nke nlekota.[22] Ọtụtụ ndị mkpọrọ na-eche n' a ka nwere ọtụtụ mgbanwe dị mkpa ebe ọ bụ n' a megharịghị usoro mkparịta ụka maka ndị mkpọrọ nwere njikọ.[18]

  1. ↑ John. "Inmates end California prison hunger strike", Los Angeles Times, 2013-09-05. Retrieved on 2017-06-02. (in en-US)
  2. ↑ Medina. "Hunger Strike by California Inmates, Already Large, Is Expected to Be Long", The New York Times, July 11, 2013. Retrieved on February 14, 2017.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 Arrigo (2007-11-08). "The Psychological Effects of Solitary Confinement on Prisoners in Supermax Units: Reviewing What We Know and Recommending What Should Change" (in en). International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology 52 (6): 622–40. DOI:10.1177/0306624X07309720. PMID 18025074. 
  4. ↑ Solitary Confinement: Torture in U.S. Prisons (en). Center for Constitutional Rights. Retrieved on 2017-06-02.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7 5.8 Caldwell. 50 Days Without Food: The California Prison Hunger Strike Explained (en-US). Mother Jones. Retrieved on 2019-05-29. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":11" defined multiple times with different content
  6. ↑ Reiter (2012-12-01). "Parole, snitch, or die: California's supermax prisons and prisoners, 1997–2007" (in en). Punishment & Society 14 (5): 530–563. DOI:10.1177/1462474512464007. ISSN 1462-4745. 
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 7.6 Is Solitary Confinement an Impossible Idea? -- New York Magazine - Nymag (en). New York Magazine. Retrieved on 2019-06-04. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":14" defined multiple times with different content
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Liptak. "Supreme Court Upholds Order to Reduce Calif. Prison Population", The New York Times, 2011-05-23. Retrieved on 2019-05-29. (in en-US)
  9. ↑ California prisons' use of solitary confinement violates court settlement - SFChronicle.com (en-US). www.sfchronicle.com (2019-01-29). Retrieved on 2019-05-29.
  10. ↑ The Shocking Abuse of Solitary Confinement in U.S. Prisons (en-US). Amnesty International USA (2012-09-27). Retrieved on 2019-05-29.
  11. ↑ "US: Look Critically at Widespread Use of Solitary Confinement", Human Rights Watch, 2012-06-18. Retrieved on 2017-06-02. (in en)
  12. ↑ Why 30,000 California Prisoners Are On Hunger Strike. Amnesty International USA (July 10, 2013). Archived from the original on June 1, 2020. Retrieved on February 14, 2017.
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 Carroll. "California inmates launch biggest hunger strike in state's history", The Guardian, 2013-07-09. Retrieved on 2019-05-29. (in en-GB)
  14. ↑ Matt Smith and Carma Hassan (12 July 2013). Hunger strike on for 12,000 California inmates. CNN. Retrieved on 2019-05-29.
  15. ↑ Lovett. "Hunger Strike by Inmates Is Latest Challenge to California's Prison System", The New York Times, 2011-07-07. Retrieved on 2019-05-29. (in en-US)
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 16.2 Carroll. "California prison hunger strike leader: 'If necessary we'll resume. This is war'", The Guardian, 2013-09-27. Retrieved on 2019-05-29. (in en-GB)
  17. ↑ Carroll. "California prison guards retaliating against hunger-strikers, lawyers say", The Guardian, 2013-07-19. Retrieved on 2019-05-29. (in en-GB)
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 18.2 18.3 18.4 18.5 18.6 California inmates hunger strike to improve prison conditions, 2013 | Global Nonviolent Action Database (en). nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu. Retrieved on 2017-10-01. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":5" defined multiple times with different content
  19. ↑ "California gets OK to force-feed some hunger-striking inmates", Reuters, August 20, 2013. Retrieved on 2017-06-02.
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 20.2 Staff. "California hunger strike: judge approves force-feeding", The Guardian, 2013-08-20. Retrieved on 2019-05-29. (in en-GB)
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 Ashker v. Governor of California (en). Center for Constitutional Rights. Retrieved on 2017-06-02.
  22. ↑ Ashker v. Governor of California (en). Center for Constitutional Rights. Retrieved on 2019-06-04.
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