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6888th Central Postal Directory Battalion

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Women's Army Corps 6888th Battalion Logo

6888th Central Postal Directory Battalion, nke a na-akpọ "Six Triple Eight", bụ ndị isi ojii nke Women's Army Corps (WAC). 6888th nwere ụmụ nwanyị 855, n'etiti ha bụ Latinas atọ, ma ndị debanyere aha ma ndị isi, ọ bụkwa Major Charity Adams duziri ya.[1] Ọ bụ naanị ndị isi ojii US Women's Army Corps e zigara mba ofesi n'oge Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ.[1] Ụkpụrụ otu ahụ bụ "Enweghị akwụkwọ ozi, mmụọ dị ala."[1]  A haziri battalion ahụ ka ọ bụrụ ụlọ ọrụ ise, isi ụlọ ọrụ, ụlọ ọrụ A, ụlọ ọrụ B, Ụlọ ọrụ C, na Ụlọ ọrụ D.[2]  Ọtụtụ n'ime ndị 6888 na-arụ ọrụ dị ka ndị odeakwụkwọ nzi ozi, mana ndị ọzọ bụ ndị osi ite, ndị na-arụzi ọrụ na ndị jikwa ọnọdụ nkwado ndị ọzọ, nke mere na 6888 bụ ngalaba nwere onwe ya.

Akụkọ ihe mere eme

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Onye uwe ojii Ruth L. James n'ọnụ ụzọ ámá nke ụlọ ọrụ ndị agha na Rouen n'oge "ụlọ mepere emepe" nke 1945 nke ọtụtụ narị ndị agha ndị ọzọ si Africa America gara.
Lieutenant nke abụọ Freda le Beau na-eje ozi Major Charity Adams soda na mmeghe nke ụlọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ nke ndị agha na Rouen
6888th Central Postal Directory Battalion African-American WACs, Hull & Cambridge, England, 04/14/1945

N'oge Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ, e nwere nnukwu ụkọ ndị agha bụ ndị nwere ike ijikwa ozi nzi ozi maka ndị agha US na mba ofesi.[1] Na 1944, Mary McLeod Bethune rụrụ ọrụ iji nweta nkwado nke First Lady, Eleanor Roosevelt, maka "ọrụ maka ụmụ nwanyị ojii na agha esenidụt." ọrụ ndị agha bara uru". [2][3]

Ụmụ nwanyị ndị debanyere aha gara ọzụzụ bụ isi na Georgia.[1] Ụmụ nwanyị ndị nọbu na WAC, dị ka Alyce Dixon, jere ozi n'ebe dị iche iche, gụnyere Pentagon, tupu ha abanye na 6888th.

Great Britain

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Ndị nke 6888 hapụrụ United States na Febụwarị 3, 1945, na-agba ụgbọ mmiri Île de France wee rute Glasgow [4] na Febụwaị 12. [2] Île de France zutere ọtụtụ Ụgbọ mmiri U-boat ndị German na njem ahụ, na-amanye ụgbọ mmiri ahụ ime ihe mgbochi.[5] Ụgbọ mmiri ahụ rutere Glasgow n'enweghị nsogbu. E ji ụgbọ okporo ígwè buga ndị agha ahụ na Birmingham.[4] N'abalị iri na ise n'ọnwa Febụwarị, a nyochara otu ahụ ma gaa nyocha n'ihu Lt. Gen. John C. H. Lee, Commanding General, Communications Zone, European Theater of Operations (ETO), na Maj Gen. Robert McGowan Littlejohn, Chief Quartermaster, ETO, onye ọrụ ya gụnyere akwụkwọ ozi.

Ndị ọrụ ndị agha kwenyere na akwụkwọ ozi a na-ezigaghị na-emebi mmụọ. Ọtụtụ mkpụrụedemede na ngwugwu nwere naanị aha mbụ nke ndị e bu n'obi nweta, nwere aha a na-ejikarị ma ọ bụ aha otutu eji eme ihe.[1] E mere atụmatụ na e nwere ihe dị nde iri na asaa n'azụ.[6]

Ndị 6888 chepụtara usoro nke ha iji dozie akwụkwọ ozi.[5] Nke a gụnyere ịmepụta na idebe ndepụta kaadị nke aha ndị nwere otu aha ma ọ bụ aha yiri ya, na-eji nọmba ndị agha iji mee ka ha dị iche. Nke a mechara nwee kaadị nde asaa.[6] Ụmụ nwanyị nke 6888 na-arụ ọrụ awa 24 n'ụbọchị, ụbọchị asaa n'izu, n'oge atọ, na-arụzi ma na-ebubata akwụkwọ ozi - na-eme ka mmụọ dị elu - na-alụ ọgụ na Europe.[1] Oge ọ bụla ọ na-arụ ọrụ na-eme atụmatụ 65,000 akwụkwọ ozi.[7] N'ozuzu, otu ahụ na-ahụ maka akwụkwọ ozi maka ihe karịrị nde ndị agha na ndị nkịtị anọ, ma kpochapụ ihe ndị ọzọ na UK na France.[6]

Na mbido ọrụ ahụ, otu ọchịagha na-acha ọcha nwara iziga onye ọrụ ọcha ka ọ "gwara ha otu esi eme ya nke ọma" mana Major Adams zaghachiri, "Sir, n'elu ozu m, sir!".[2] Ndị agha ahụ rụchara ihe kwesiri ịbụ ọrụ ọnwa isii n'ime ọnwa atọ na Mee 1945.[5]

Ndị agha ahụ biri ma rụọ ọrụ na nwa oge, ụlọ osisi dị na King Edward's School na Edgbaston, nke ndị ọrụ agha Britain chọrọ na 1939 maka ndị agha Britain na ndị agha US.[1] Ndị uwe ojii iri atọ na abụọ ahụ bi n'ụlọ atọ chere ihu na, n'ihi na 6888 bụ ngalaba kewapụrụ iche, ụmụ nwanyị na-ehi ụra ma rie nri n'ebe dị iche iche site na ndị ọcha, ndị agha nwoke.[2]. Ihu igwe oyi mgbe ha rutere pụtara na ụmụ nwanyị ahụ ga-eyi uwe mkpuchi na uwe mgbakwunye mgbe ha na-arụ ọrụ n'ụlọ ndị na-adịghị ekpo ọkụ. [4]

Ụfọdụ n'ime ụmụ nwanyị ahụ chere na ndị Europe na-emeso ha karịa ndị mmadụ na United States.[8][9] Otú ọ dị, e nwere ihe akaebe nke mmeso nwoke na nwanyị na agbụrụ site n'aka ndị agha nwoke.[6]

Otu ụkọchukwu na-arụ ọrụ na Birmingham kpatara Adams nsogbu, na-enye ndị agha ya iwu ka ha ghara ịkọ ọrụ, kama ka ha gaa n'ọfịs ya, na-eme ka ha bụrụ AWOL.[1] Adams kwesịrị ''inye ya ndụmọdụ' ka ọ hapụ ụmụ nwanyị ahụ, "na-echetara ya na ọ bụ ya na-ahụ maka ọrụ ụmụ nwanyị".

France

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Ozugbo e mekọrịtachara ihe ndekọ azụ azụ na Birmingham, 6888 gafere Channel na Le Havre na Mee 1945 wee jiri ụgbọ oloko bufee ya na Rouen[1] iji lekọta akwụkwọ ozi ọzọ ebe ahụ, ụfọdụ n'ime akwụkwọ ozi ndị ahụ dị afọ atọ. 1] E kweghị ka ndị uwe ojii ndị agha nọ na ngalaba WAC nwee ngwa ọgụ, ya mere, ha ji jujitsu mee ka “ndị ọbịa na-achọghị” echekwaa.[1] 6888th sonyeere na emume ngagharị n'ebe e gburu Joan nke Arc.

Ka ọ na-erule Ọktoba 1945, a kpochapụrụ mail na Rouen ma ziga 6888th na Paris.[1] Ha gafere n’obodo ahụ ma biri na họtel mara mma, bụ́ ebe a na-enye ha ọgwụgwọ nke mbụ.[2] N'ime oge a, n'ihi na agha ahụ agwụla, ndị inyom 300 belatara ndị agha ahụ, a ga-ahapụkwa 200 ọzọ na Jenụwarị 1946. [4]

Mgbe agha biri

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Na Febụwarị 1946, otu ahụ laghachiri na United States ebe a gbasara ya na Fort Dix, New Jersey.[4] Enweghị nkwanye ugwu ọha na eze maka ọrụ ha n'oge ahụ.[2]

Ihe Nketa

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E nyere ndị otu 6888th Central Postal Directory Battalion European African Middle Eastern Campaign Medal, Good Conduct Medal, na World War II Victory Medal n'oge ha na-eje ozi.[5] N'afọ 2019, ndị agha US nyere ndị 6888 Meritorious Unit Commendation.[10][11]

Na Febụwarị 25, 2009, a kwanyere batalion ahụ ugwu na Women in Military Service for America Memorial na Arlington National Cemetery.[1]  Ihe omume a bụ ndị otu atọ bụbu ndị otu 6888 gụnyere Alyce Dixon, Mary Ragland na Gladys Shuster Carter.[1]  Onye isi ala Barack Obama na nwunye mbụ Michelle Obama kwanyere Dixon na Ragland ugwu na 2009. [12]

Na Machị 15, 2016, ewebatara 6888th Central Postal Directory Battalion n'ime U.S. Army Women's Foundation Hall of Fame.[lower-alpha 1] Battalion veteran Elsie Garris gara emume mmeghe.

Na Nọvemba 30, 2018, Fort Leavenworth raara ihe ncheta nye ụmụ nwanyị nke 6888th Central Postal Directory Battalion.  Ụmụ nwanyị ise sitere na ndị agha ahụ—Maybeel Campbell, Elizabeth Johnson, Lena King, Anna Robertson, na Deloris Ruddock—nọ na nraranye ahụ.uddock - nọ na nraranye ahụ.[13]

Na Mee 13, 2019, Onye nnọchi anya US na UK Woody Johnson nyere ihe ncheta na-acha anụnụ anụnụ na King Edward's School iji cheta ihe 6888th rụzuru mgbe ọ nọ na Birmingham. Ihe ncheta ahụ na-egosi ugbu a n'ụzọ nke njem ndị a na-eduzi nke Birmingham's Black Heritage Walks Network haziri.[14][15]

Na Febụwarị 12, 2021, ndị omebe iwu US Jerry Moran (R-Kan.) na Jacky Rosen (D-Nevada) [1] webatara iwu bipartisan iji nye ndị otu Women's Army Corps nrite ọla edo nke Congressional, ndị ekenyere na 6888th Central Postal Directory Battalion n'oge Agha IIwa nke Abụọ. Onye nnochite anya U.S. Gwen Moore (D-Wis.) webatara iwu ibe ya n’Ụlọ ahụ ebe ọ gafere n’otu ọnụ.[11]

Na Machị 14, 2022, Onye isi ala Biden bịanyere aka n'akwụkwọ iwu maka inye ndị agha ihe nrite ọla edo nke Congress. [6]

Ka ọ na-erule 2022, ọ bụ naanị mmadụ isii lanarịrị: Romay Davis,[lower-alpha 2] Cresencia Garcia,[lower -alpha 3] Fannie McClendon,[lower (alpha 4] Gladys E. Blount,[lower) [lower-alpha 5] Lena King,[lower[lower-alpha 7]

Ndị agha ahụ abụwo isiokwu nke ọtụtụ ihe nkiri na ihe nkiri. N'afọ 2019, e wepụtara ihe ngosi The SixTripleEight: No Mail, Low Morale nke ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme James Theres duziri. Theres tụụrụ Colonel Edna Cummings aro, onye nyere aka iduzi mgbalị maka ihe ncheta nke Six Triple Eight na Fort Leavenworth, na a ga-enye ụmụ nwanyị ahụ ihe nrite ọla edo nke Congress.[16] N'afọ 2022, akụkọ nke 6888th Central Postal Directory Battalion kpaliri mmepe nke egwu ọhụrụ, nke nwere aha ọrụ nke "6888: The Musical", na Blair Underwood dị ka onye na-emepụta ihe.[17] Tyler Perry dere, duzie, ma mepụta ihe nkiri Netflix na-abịanụ, Six Triple Eight, dabere na 6888 Postal Directory Battalion, nke Kerry Washington dị ka Charity Adams.[18]

Ụmụ nwanyị atọ sitere na batalion ndị e gburu na ihe mberede Jeep—Mary H. Bankston, Mary Jewel Barlow na Dolores Mercedes Browne—e liri na Normandy American Cemetery, atọ n'ime nanị ụmụ nwanyị anọ a ga-etinye n'ebe ahụ n'akụkụ ihe karịrị ụmụ nwoke 9,000. (Onye nke anọ, Elizabeth Ann Richardson, bụ onye ọrụ afọ ofufo nke Red Cross gburu n'ihe mberede ụgbọelu Piper Cub na nso Rouen na Julaị 1945.)

Ihe edeturu

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Ntụaka

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  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Boyd. The History and Experience of African Americans in America's Postal Service: The 6888th: Women Who Managed the Military's Mail. Smithsonian National Postal Museum. Archived from the original on 2 April 2010. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":0" defined multiple times with different content
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 Thomas-Lester. "Neither Rain, Nor Racial Bias", The Washington Post, 26 February 2009. Retrieved on 5 February 2016. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":4" defined multiple times with different content
  3. ↑ "Margaret E. Jones, Retired Army Major", Aiken Standard, 27 April 2000. Retrieved on 5 February 2016.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 Fargey (14 February 2014). African-Americans in the U.S. Army: 6888th Central Postal Directory Battalion. U.S. Army Center of Military History. Archived from the original on 18 April 2023. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":1" defined multiple times with different content
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 Stephenson. Women of Courage, Tenacity & Strength. Our Heritage. Archived from the original on 7 February 2016. Retrieved on 5 February 2016. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":3" defined multiple times with different content
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 Yang (March 18, 2022). 'Long-overdue': all-Black, female second world war battalion to receive congressional gold medal. www.theguardian.com. Archived from the original on March 18, 2022. Retrieved on March 18, 2022.Yang, Maya (March 18, 2022). "'Long-overdue': all-Black, female second world war battalion to receive congressional gold medal". www.theguardian.com. Archived from the original on March 18, 2022. Retrieved March 18, 2022. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Guardian2022" defined multiple times with different content
  7. ↑ (2013) in Bielakowski: Ethnic and Racial Minorities in the U.S. Military: A-L. ABC-CLIO, 654. ISBN 9781598844276. Retrieved on 2021-12-26. 
  8. ↑ Mary Ragland. African Americans in the U.S. Army. U.S. Army. Archived from the original on 30 March 2015. Retrieved on 5 February 2016.
  9. ↑ Flash. "Six Triple Eight: The battalion of black women erased from history", BBC News Online, 2023-07-05. Retrieved on 2023-07-06.
  10. ↑ Six Triple Eight Congressional Gold Medal Campaign. American Veterans Center. Retrieved on 2024-01-23.
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Black female WWII unit recognized with congressional honor. NBC News (2022-03-01). Retrieved on 2024-01-23."Black female WWII unit recognized with congressional honor". NBC News. Associated Press. 2022-03-01. Retrieved 2024-01-23. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name "AP 2022" defined multiple times with different content
  12. ↑ Kruzel. First Lady Advocates for Military Women, Families in Predecessor's Mold. DoD News. U.S. Department of Defense. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved on 5 February 2016.
  13. ↑ Parade honoring Joan d'Arc, Rouen, France May 27, 1945 (en). Women of the 6888th Central Postal Directory Battalion (2019). Archived from the original on April 5, 2019. Retrieved on April 9, 2019.
  14. ↑ The Old Edwardians Gazette, Issue 303, July 2023.
  15. ↑ The SixTripleEight: No Mail, Low Morale (en). The National WW2 Museum of New Orleans (2021). Archived from the original on 2023-08-13. Retrieved on 2023-08-13.
  16. ↑ Jennie Rothenberg Gritz (March 2023). Women Who Shaped History: How an All-Black Female WWII Unit Saved Morale on the Battlefield. Smithsonian Magazine. Archived from the original on 2023-02-23. Retrieved on 2023-02-23.
  17. ↑ Lang (3 March 2022). Barrier-Breaking All-Black Female WWII Battalion Inspires New Musical From Glair Underwood. Variety. Variety Media, LLC. Archived from the original on 23 February 2023. Retrieved on 23 February 2023.
  18. ↑ Jackson (February 16, 2023). Tyler Perry, Kerry Washington Share First Look at Netflix World War II Film 'Six Triple Eight'. Variety. Variety Media LLC. Archived from the original on February 23, 2023. Retrieved on February 23, 2023.

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