ADEFRA
Ọgbọ ADEFRA - Schwarze Frauen na Deutschland (Ụmụ nwanyị ojii na Germany) bụ ọgbakọ omenala na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị German nke dabeere na Berlin maka ụmụ nwanyị ojii na ụmụ nwanyị ndị ọzọ nwere agba. Tọrọ ntọala na 1986, a na-ahụta ya dị ka otu ndị na-akwado ahịhịa mbụ maka ụmụ nwanyị Afro-German.
ADEFRA tọrọ ntọala na 1986 site n'aka obere ìgwè ndị Black femists na lesbians, gụnyere Katja Kinder, Elke Jank, Katharina Oguntoye, Eva von Pirch, Daniela Tourkazi, Judy Gummich, na Jasmin Eding. Ọ bụ Audre Lorde na ndị ọzọ na-eme ngagharị iwe mepụtara nkọwa onwe onye nke ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị "Afro-German," kpaliri ha ma sonyere n'otu akụkụ iji mepụta akwụkwọ Showing Our Colors: Afro-G German Women Speak Out . [1] [2] [3][4] A na-ewere ADEFRA dị ka otu ndị isi ojii mbụ na Germany nke ụmụ nwanyị ojii na ndị isi ojii.[5]
Aha otu ahụ, ADEFRA, bụ mkpirisi nke "Afrodeutsche Frauen" (ụmụ nwanyị Afro-German). [3] A na-ejikọkwa aha ahụ na okwu Amharic nke pụtara "nwaanyị na-egosi obi ike" [1] [4]
ADEFRA bụ òtù nwanne nwanyị na Initiative Schwarzer Deutscher.[3] N'otu, a na-ewere ha dị ka òtù ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Afro-German abụọ kachasị ukwuu ka ọ dị na mbido afọ 2000. [6]
Mgbe e guzobere ya, e guzobere otu ndị mmekọ n'ọtụtụ obodo Germany. Nzukọ ahụ nwere nzukọ mba kwa afọ ruo n'etiti afọ 1990. [1] [3] Mgbe ọdịda nke Mgbidi Berlin gasịrị, ndị otu ADEFRA rụrụ ọrụ iji mee ka ụmụ nwanyị ojii dị n'Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ na West Germany dị n'otu, na otu ahụ nwere nzukọ mba mbụ ya mgbe e jikọtara ya na Disemba 1990 na Munich.[4]
Nzukọ ahụ dị na Munich ruo na ngwụcha afọ 1990. N'afọ 2000, isi ụlọ ọrụ ya kwagara Berlin, ebe ọ dị ugbu a.[1] A maara ya ugbu a dị ka Generation ADEFRA . [3]
Onye otu ADEFRA bụ Ika Hügel-Marshall kọwara nzukọ ahụ dị ka "ebe ụmụ nwanyị ojii nwere ike ikwupụta nchegbu ha na isiokwu dịgasị iche iche dị ka ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, agụmakwụkwọ, ụzọ ndụ, na ahụike. " [1] Ebumnuche ya bụ ka oghere ebe ụmụ nwanyị ojii ga-ekerịta ahụmịhe ha ma jikọọ ibe ha, dịka ndị ojii nọ na Germany n'oge ntọala ya na-anọpụ iche ma na-etinye ihe ka ukwuu n'oge ha n'ebe ndị ọcha. [4][7][8] Nzukọ ahụ mekwara ka ịkpa ókè agbụrụ n'ime òtù ụmụ nwanyị German n'oge a tọrọ ntọala ya. [9]
ADEFRA ghere oghe nye ụmụ nwanyị ojii niile, n'agbanyeghị afọ ma ọ bụ usoro mmekọahụ; ndị otu gụnyere Peggy Piesche ekewapụtala ya dị ka "obodo ojii-nwanyị ojii."[1] [4] [10] Na mgbakwunye na ụmụ nwanyị si Africa. ndị mba ọzọ, otu ahụ agụnyela ndị otu obere obere ndị ọzọ na Germany, gụnyere ndị German Asia.[3.
Nzukọ ahụ na-enwe ọgụgụ, ogbako, na ihe omume ndị ọzọ na isiokwu ndị dị ka mmegide ịkpa ókè agbụrụ na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ndị Black Europe. [4][8][10] Ọ na-enwekwa nzukọ ndị buru ibu, gụnyere nzukọ afọ 20 nke afọ 2006 Generation ADEFRA - Schwarze Autonomie in Deutschland?Ọgbọ ADEFRA - Schwarze Autonomie na Deutschland?, nke e jikọtara ya na ihe ngosi na Museum Europäischer Kulturen . [1] [10] Ọ na-elekwasị anya karịsịa na inye ikike site na agụmakwụkwọ, gụnyere site na ọrụ Black European Studies (BEST), ọ na-etinye aka na atụmatụ mba ụwa. [1] [7]
N'afọ 1980, ADEFRA bipụtara magazin nke ya, Afrekete, nke Elke Jank dezigharịrị. [1] [7]
Ndị a ma ama
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Ihe odide
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 Hügel-Marshall (2008). Invisible woman: Growing up black in Germany. New York: Peter Lang. ISBN 978-1-4331-0278-3. OCLC 226911801.
- ↑ Generation "Adefra": 20 Years of the Black Women's Movement in Germany. Staatliche Museen zu Berlin (2006). Archived from the original on 2021-01-24. Retrieved on 2021-03-30.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 Florvil (2017-07-05). From ADEFRA to Black Lives Matter: Black Women's Activism in Germany (en-US). AAIHS. Retrieved on 2021-03-31.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 Eding (2005). "...And I Let Myself Go Wherever I Want To". Agenda: Empowering Women for Gender Equity (63): 131–132. DOI:10.2307/4066641. ISSN 1013-0950.
- ↑ Ellerbe-Dueck (2011). "Revendications politiques et émancipation des femmes noires1 en Allemagne et en Autriche" (in fr). Cahiers du Genre 51 (2). DOI:10.3917/cdge.051.0155.
- ↑ Wright (Spring 2003). "Others-from-within from without Afro-German subject formation and the challenge of a counter-discourse". Callaloo 26 (2): 296–305, 548. DOI:10.1353/cal.2003.0065.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 Hickmon (2019-12-10). What Audre Lorde Learned in Berlin About Afro-German Identity (en-US). Literary Hub. Archived from the original on 2019-12-10. Retrieved on 2021-03-31.
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 Lewis (2015-06-11). Jasmin Eding and ADEFRA: On Self-Definition and Empowerment (en-US). The FemGeniuses. Retrieved on 2021-03-31.
- ↑ El-Tayeb (2003). "'If You Can't Pronounce My Name, You Can Just Call Me Pride': Afro-German Activism, Gender and Hip Hop" (in en). Gender & History 15 (3): 460–486. DOI:10.1111/j.0953-5233.2003.00316.x. ISSN 0953-5233.
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 Eggers (2010). "Knowledges of (Un)Belonging: Epistemic Change as a Defining Mode for Black Women's Activism in Germany". Cross / Cultures, Suppl. Hybrid Cultures-Nervous States 129: 189–202, 319–320.