Abigail Greene Aldrich
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Abigail Greene Aldrich Rockefeller (October 26, 1874 - Eprel 5, 1948) bụ onye America na-elekọta mmadụ na onye enyemaka. Ọ bụ onye a ma ama na ezinụlọ Rockefeller site n'alụmdi na nwunye ya na onye na-ahụ maka ego na onye na-ahụ maka ọdịmma ego John D. Rockefeller Jr., nwa nwoke Standard Oil co-guzobere John D. Rockefeller Sr. Nna ya bụ Nelson W. Aldrich, onye jere ozi dịka Senator. si Rhode Island. A maara Rockefeller maka ịbụ onye na-eme ka e guzobe Museum of Modern Art. Ọ bụ nne Nelson Rockefeller, onye jere ozi site na 1974 ruo 1977 dị ka onye isi oche 41st nke United States.
Oge ọ malitere
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]A mụrụ Abigail Greene Aldrich na Providence, Rhode Island, dị ka nwa nke anọ nke Senator Nelson Wilmarth Aldrich na Abigail Pearce Truman Chapman. E kewara ọtụtụ n'ime oge nwata ya n'etiti Providence na Warwick Neck (na Rhode Island), na Washington, D.C.[1]
N'ihi na nna ya ama ama dị ka onye omeiwu, Rockefeller ka ewebatara n'oge ọ bụ nwata na ndị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị dị elu. Ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị nne na nna ya nabatara gụnyere Senator Eugene Hale, Senator William P. Frye, General Ambrose Burnside, na Elizabeth Bacon Custer.[2]
Ọzụzụ nwata ya sitere n'aka ndị ọchịchị Quaker. Site na 1891 ruo 1893, edebanye aha ya na Miss Abbott's School for Young Ladies in Providence, Rhode Island. N'ebe ahụ, ọ mụrụ asụsụ Bekee, French, German, art akụkọ ihe mere eme, oge ochie, mgbatị ahụ, na ịgba egwú. Na Nọvemba 1893 o mere mpụta mbụ ya na nnọkọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ ya, nke kpalitere ịhụnanya ogologo ndụ ya maka mmemme ọha..[1][2]
Na June 30, 1894, na njem nke nna ya kwalitere, Rockefeller ji ụgbọ mmiri gaa Liverpool, malite ndụ nke njem dị ukwuu na Europe na mgbe e mesịrị na Eshia. Oge mbụ ọ nọrọ ọnwa anọ gụnyere ịkwụsị na England, Belgium, Netherlands, Germany, Austria, Switzerland, Italy, na France. Njem a na nke ga-abịa n'ọdịnihu gosipụtara nleta n'ọtụtụ ebe ngosi nka, na-agwa ya nghọta n'ọdịnihu dị ka onye na-anakọta nka. [1][2]
Alụmdi na nwunye John D. Rockefeller Jr.
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Na ngwụcha afọ 1894, ọ zutere John Davison Rockefeller Sr.., naanị nwa nwoke nke onye guzobere Standard Oil bụ John Davison Rockfeller Sr. na onye nkuzi ụlọ akwụkwọ bụ Laura Celestia "Cettie" Spelman, n'ụlọ enyi ya na Providence.[1] A na-edepụta ogologo oge ha na akwụkwọ nkwa ọlụlụ ya, nke e ji kọwaa nzukọ ya na ndị nwere ike ịlụ ya. Na mbido afọ 1895, ha malitere ịkwagharị ọnụ n'ehihie Sọnde.[2] Nzukọ ndị a gara n'ihu ruo na ngwụcha Ọgọst 1901, mgbe ha kwere nkwa ọlụlụ. Ha lụrụ n'ụbọchị nke 9 n'ọnwa Ọktoba n'afọ 1901, n'emume agbamakwụkwọ nke Gilded Age, n'ihu ihe dị ka otu puku ndị a ma ama n'oge ahụ, n'ụlọ nna ya n'oge ọkọchị, "Indian Oaks", na Warwick Neck, Kent County, Rhode Island.[2]
Di na nwunye ahụ biri na 13 West 54th Street na Manhattan site na 1901 ruo 1913, mgbe di ya wuru nnukwu ụlọ nwere okpukpu itoolu na 10 West 54th Avenue, nke kachasị na New York City n'oge ahụ. Ha biri na "Nọmba 10" ruo 1938 mgbe ha kwagara n'ụlọ nwere ọnụ ụlọ iri anọ na 740 Park Avenue. Ha abụọ nwekwara ihe onwunwe na Pocantico Hills, Seal Harbor, Maine, Williamsburg, na Virginia. Ha ghọrọ nne na nna nke ụmụ isii: Abby Rockefeller Mauzé, John D. Rockefellers III, Nelson Rockefeller, Laurance Rockefeller, Winthrop Rockefelling, na David Rockefeller.[1]
Ọnwụ
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Abby Rockefeller nwere nkụchi obi wee nwụọ na Eprel 5, 1948, n'ụlọ ezinụlọ Rockefellers na 740 Park Avenue na New York City, mgbe ọ dị afọ 73.[3]
A kpọrọ ozu ya ọkụ ma gbasaa ntụ ya n'ebe a na-eli ozu na Pocantico, New York. E mere emume ncheta ya na Riverside Church . [3]
E tinyere akwụkwọ testament ya maka nnwale n'April 22, 1948, a tụkwara ihe onwunwe ya na $ 1,156,269. Dị ka ọchịchọ ikpeazụ ya si dị, e nyere ọrụ anọ dị mkpa na Museum of Modern Art (MoMA): Lady With a Parasol na Seated Woman, nke Georges Seurat; Street at Saintes-Maries na Corridor at Saint-Remy site na Vincent van Gogh. Ọ hapụrụ obere ihe osise ya n'Ebe Ngosi Ihe Mgbe Ochie Fogg. E nyere MoMA ihe onwunwe ya fọdụrụnụ nke $ 850,848, na-ewepu ụtụ isi nke $ 250,000.[3]
E mere ọtụtụ nraranye iji sọpụrụ ya na iji cheta mkpebi ya dị ka onye na-anakọta ihe osise. Otu n'ime ndị dị otú ahụ bụ Abby Aldrich Rockefeller Print Room na MoMA, nke e ji onyinye ya nke narị iri na isii mepee na Mee 15, 1949. E meghere Abby Aldrich Rockefeller Folk Art Center na 1957 na Colonial Williamsburg iji tinye ya n'ihe osise ọdịnala.[3]
Ọtụtụ ndị a ma ama nyere Rockefeller otuto mgbe ọ nwụsịrị. Karịsịa, bụ onyinye nke onye na-ese ihe Henri Matisse nke windo enyo maka Union Church na Pocantico, New York. N'oge opupu ihe ubi nke afọ 1954, mgbe ọ dị afọ iri asatọ na anọ, a gwara Matisse nke nọ n'àkwà n'oge ahụ ka ọ mepụta windo enyo maka Union Church dị ka ihe ncheta Rockefeller. O ji mwute jụ ọrụ ahụ n'ihi na ahụike ya na-akawanye njọ ga-egbochi ya ileta na ịmụ ebe ahụ. Mgbe Alfred Rockefeller zitere ya usoro foto nke ebe ahụ, Matisse gbanwere obi ya wee malite ịrụ ọrụ na ọrụ ahụ. Na Nọvemba 1, 1954, o dere na o ji obi ụtọ rụchaa ọrụ ahụ, ọ nwụkwara ụbọchị abụọ ka e mesịrị.[3]
Nkwado nke nka nke oge a na onyinye nye Museum of Modern Art
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Onye Nlekọta nke Nkà Ọgbara Ọhụrụ
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Abby Rockefeller malitere ịnakọta eserese, agba mmiri, na eserese nke ọtụtụ ndị na-ese ihe nkiri America oge a na 1925, yana ọtụtụ ndị ọgbara ọhụrụ Europe: Vincent van Gogh, Edgar Degas, Henri Matisse, Pablo Picasso, Paul Cézanne, na Henri de Toulouse- Lautrec. Ọ ghọrọ onye a ma ama na nkà ọgbara ọhụrụ.[4]
N'afọ 1928, ọ were Donald Deskey rụọ ọrụ iji mepụta ọnụ ụlọ dị iche iche, nke a na-eme na art deco style, maka ụlọ Rockefeller. Akpọrọ ọnụ ụlọ ndị a Topside Gallery, wee jee ozi dị ka ebe ngosi maka mkpokọta nka na-eto eto Rockefeller. A na-agbagharị ihe osise dị n'ime ụlọ ahụ mgbe niile, na-eme ihe ngosi nlegharị anya nke mkpokọta nka ọgbara ọhụrụ na nke ọdịnala nke Rockefeller. Ndị ọbịa na gallery ahụ gbara igwe mbuli gaa n'ala nke asaa nke ụlọ Rockefeller, na-edobe gallery ahụ iche, n'agbanyeghị na ejikọtara ya, site na mpaghara ezinụlọ nkeonwe. Akụkọ banyere mmasị ya na ihe omume ya gbasara ngwa ngwa site n'oge a, ọtụtụ ndị nchịkọta na-esote malitere ịgbaso nduzi ya.[4]
Onye guzobere Museum of Modern Art (MoMA)
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Lillie P. Bliss, Mary Quinn Sullivan, na Rockefeller sonyeere iji chepụta ihe a maara ugbu a dị ka Museum of Modern Art (MoMA) na New York. Ngwa ngwa, ha gbakọtara nkwado nke ndị ọzọ ama ama gụnyere: Anson Goodyear, Murray Crane, na Paul J. Sachs. Ụlọ ọrụ ntọala ahụ nwere mmadụ asaa, yana Goodyear dịka onyeisi oche. A na-akwụ ụgwọ ụlọ mbụ maka ụlọ ngosi ihe mgbe ochie na 730 Fifth Avenue na New York na Alfred H. Barr Jr. ka a họpụtara dị ka onye nduzi mbụ nke ụlọ ngosi ihe mgbe ochie..[2][5]
Ebe ọ bụ na di ya nyere ya obere ego, ọ pụghị ịdabere na ya iji kwado ụlọ ngosi ihe mgbe ochie ọhụrụ ahụ. Nkwado ego ya pere mpe karịsịa n'ihi enweghị mmasị ya na nka nke oge a. N'ihi ya, ego maka ebe ngosi ihe mgbe ochie na nnweta nke ihe osise sitere na arịrịọ Rockefeller nke ọha na eze, ụlọ ọrụ, na ndị ama ama bi na New York. [3]
A họpụtara Rockefeller ka ọ bụrụ onye nlekọta nke MoMA n'ọnwa Ọktoba 1929 ma jee ozi dị ka onye na-ahụ maka akụ na ụba site na 1929 ruo 1934. Ọrụ ya ndị ọzọ gụnyere oge dị ka osote onye isi ala mbụ site na 1934 ruo 1936, na osote onyeisiala mbụ site na 1941 ruo 1945. Nwa ya nwoke Nelson Rockefeller sonyeere ya na ebe ngosi ihe mgbe ochie ahụ, malite dị ka onyeisi oche nke kọmitii ndụmọdụ nke obere ma na-arịgo ka ọ bụrụ onye isi oche.[2]
Isi n'etiti nchegbu Rockefeller na ebe ngosi ihe mgbe ochie ọhụrụ ahụ bụ ike nke nchịkọta na-adịgide adịgide. Ọ na-enyekarị ego nke ya na ebe ngosi ihe mgbe ochie maka ịzụta ihe ọhụrụ. N'afọ 1938, o nyere ebe ngosi ihe mgbe ochie ego mbụ ya, nke Nelson Rockefeller mụbara nke ọma.[2]
Ọtụtụ echiche gbasara mmepe nke ebe ngosi ihe mgbe ochie sitere na Rockefeller. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ọ bụ Rockefeller mere mkpọsa maka ịmepụta ọbá akwụkwọ ihe nkiri nke ebe ngosi ihe mgbe ochie. Ọzọkwa, ọ bụ echiche Rockefeller ịmepụta War Veterans' Art Center. Ụlọ ọrụ a bu n'uche ime ka ndị agha agha nke Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ dịghachi mma site na nka. Stephen Clark bụ onye nkwado ya na ọrụ ahụ, Kenneth Chorley bụ onye nlekọta ọrụ ụlọ ọrụ ahụ, Victor D'Amico bụ onye nlekọta nke ọrụ. Ụlọ ọrụ ahụ jeere ndị agha 1485 ozi ruo mgbe e mechiri ya na June 1948, na mgbalị iji jikọta ndị na-ese ihe ochie na ndị na-eme ihe nkiri na People's Art Center.[2]
A na-echekwa ihe nketa Rockefeller na ebe ngosi ihe mgbe ochie n'ụdị ọtụtụ nraranye gụnyere Abby Aldrich Rockefellers Print Room, nke meghere na 1949, mgbe ọ nwụsịrị. Ụlọ ahụ nwere onyinye Rockefeller nke 1600 prints, nke e nyere afọ itoolu tupu mgbe ahụ.[2] A na-akpọkwa ogige ihe osise Abby Aldrich Rockefeller iji sọpụrụ ya. Ọ bụ onye na-ese ụkpụrụ ụlọ bụ Philip Johnson chepụtara ogige ahụ ma meghee ya na 1953. [6]
Nkwado nke nka ọdịnala na onyinye nye Abby Aldrich Museum of Folk Art
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Onye Nlekọta nke Nkà Ọdịnala
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]N'afọ 1929, Rockefeller ghọrọ onye ahịa mbụ nke Downtown Gallery, nke onye na-ere ihe osise, Edith Halpert, na-elekọta. Halpert na-ere foto na weathervanes nke narị afọ nke iri na itoolu nke a chịkọtara na New England. Oge ahụ zuru oke maka Rockefeller n'ihi na ya na di ya amalitela inye aka n'ọrụ mweghachi na ihe a maara ugbu a dị ka Colonial Williamsburg . [7] Afọ ndị ọ na-anakọta ihe malitere na ngwụcha afọ 1920 ruo afọ 1942. [8]
Nchịkọta ya gụnyere: ihe osise, weathervanes, akara ụlọ ahịa, ite, quilts, na ihe ndị ọzọ na-achọ ụlọ mma. Ụfọdụ n'ime ụdị ihe kachasị amasị ya na nchịkọta ya bụ: foto ụmụaka na nka ụmụ akwụkwọ, n'ụdị calligraphy, ihe ncheta, na theorems.[7]
Akụkụ mbụ nke nchịkọta ahụ sitere na New England na Pennsylvania, ọ bụ ezie na mgbe e mesịrị ọ gụnyere Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, na Georgia.[8]
Nchịkọta Rockefeller toro site n'enyemaka nke Holger Cahill na Edith Halpert. N'èzí ọrụ nke ndị nlekọta abụọ a, a chọtara ọtụtụ n'ime ihe ndị dị na nchịkọta ahụ n'ebe ha si. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, na 1934, Rockefeller zigara Cahill na ndịda United States iji chịkọta ihe ọhụrụ maka nchịkọta ahụ. Na njem a, Cahill chọtara ihe n'ime ụlọ ndị mmadụ, ụlọ elu, na ụlọ ahịa ọkwá nkà. Na Orangeburg, South Carolina, Cahill chọtara otu n'ime ihe kachasị mkpa Rockefeller nwetara, ihe na-acha mmiri nke akpọrọ The Old Plantation . [7][8]
A zụrụ akụkụ nke nchịkọta Rockefeller n'aka Elie Nadelman, onye tụfuru akụ ya na ụba ya n'ihi Oké Ndakpọ Akụ̀ na Ụba. Nchịkọta nka ọdịnala nke Nadelman zụrụ ma kewaa n'etiti Rockefeller, Henry Francis du Pont, Cloisters nke Metropolitan Museum of Art, na Brummer Galleries.[7]
Ihe ngosi Mbụ nke Nchịkọta ahụ
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]N'afọ 1930 na 1931, ụlọ ngosi ihe mgbe ochie Newark gosipụtara nchịkọta nke nka ọdịnala America. Ihe dị ka pasent 10 nke ihe ndị a sitere n'aka otu onye nyere onyinye a na-amaghị aha ya, n'ezie onye nyere onyinye ahụ bụ Abby Rockefeller.[7][8]
N'afọ 1932, a gbazinyere ihe Rockefeller chịkọtara n'amaghị aha ya, n'oge a na Museum of Modern Art maka ihe ngosi akpọrọ American Folk Art: The Art of the Common Man in America . [9] N'ime ihe 175 e gosipụtara, 174 n'ime ihe ndị ahụ bụ nke Rockefeller, otu ihe fọdụrụnụ bụ nke Henry Cahill.[7] Ihe ngosi ahụ nwere ihe ịga nke ọma, ma ghọọ ihe ngosi njem mbụ nke nka ọdịnala America, na-eleta obodo isii nke America site na 1932 ruo 1934. [8]
Ihe ndị egosiri n'oge ngosi abụọ mbụ a sitere na New England na Pennsylvania ma mepụta ụdị nka dịgasị iche iche gụnyere: ihe osise mmanụ, pastel, watercolors, ihe osise na velvet, ihe osine na iko, ihe osis osisi, ihe osisi ígwè, na chalkware.[10]
Mmepe nke Abby Aldrich Rockefeller Folk Art Museum
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]N'afọ 1934, Rockefeller malitere ịgbazinye akụkụ nke nchịkọta ya maka ngosi na-adịgide adịgide na Ludwell-Paradis House na Colonial Williamsburg. A na-etinye ihe ngosi ndị ahụ n'okpuru nduzi nke Edith Halpert ma meghee ya maka ọha na eze na 1935, na-anọgide na-emeghe ruo Jenụwarị 1956. [8] A kwụnyere ihe ndị ọzọ na Colonial Williamsburg n'ụlọ ngosi dị nso ma ọ bụ ụlọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ na-arụ ọrụ, na-agwakọta ya na ihe ịchọ mma dị ugbu a.[7]
N'afọ 1939, e nyere ihe osise iri ise na anọ nke nchịkọta nka ọdịnala na Museum of Modern Art. [8]
N'afọ 1954, afọ isii mgbe ọnwụ Abby Rockefeller gasịrị, mbipụta March nke magazin Antiques bipụtara ọkwa na ebe ngosi ihe Oge Ochie ọhụrụ ga-enwe nchịkọta nka Rockefellers. John D. Rockefeller, Jr. nyere ego maka iwu ọrụ ahụ na ịzụta ihe ọhụrụ. Onyinye a buru ibu nke na ebe ngosi ihe mgbe ochie ahụ nwere ike inweta ihe karịrị otu narị ihe ọhụrụ n'afọ mbụ ya.[8]
Ọrụ ebere
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Òtù Ndị Ntorobịa Ụmụ nwanyị (YWCA)
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Onyinye agbamakwụkwọ John D. Rockefeller Jr. nyere Abby bụ ego, nke o nyere na Young Women's Christian Association (YWCA) nke Providence na Rhode Island. Mgbe e mesịrị, ọ na-arụsi ọrụ ike na YWCA nke New York.[2]
Site na 1918 ruo 1936 ọ rụrụ ọrụ na YWCA, ọ bụ ezie na mgbe ọ lara ezumike nká n'ọrụ idu ndú, a na-ewere ya dị ka onye otu nsọpụrụ. Ọ bụ onye otu YWCA's National Board, ma jee ozi dị ka osote onye isi oche na onyeisi oche nke ọtụtụ kọmitii. N'ụzọ dị ịrịba ama, na 1918 a họpụtara ya dị ka onyeisi oche nke Kọmitii Ụlọ nke War Work Council. A haziri kọmitii ahụ n'oge Agha Ụwa Mbụ na ebumnuche nke inye ọnọdụ ndụ ka mma maka ụmụ nwanyị na-arụ ọrụ. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ọ kpọrọ onye na-ese ụkpụrụ ụlọ Duncan Candler ka ọ chepụta ụlọ na Charleston, South Carolina iji nye ụmụ nwanyị na-arụ ọrụ na ụlọ ọrụ ejiji ụgbọ mmiri.[2]
Rockefeller bụ onye nduzi nke YWCA na-arụ ọrụ ma nwee Grace Dodge Hotel na Washington D.C., nke e wuru n'ọnwa Ọktoba 1921. Rockefeller nyochara akụkọ ego ma lekọta mgbasa ozi maka họtel ahụ, na ebumnuche bụ isi nke ijere ndị ọrụ nwanyị ozi. Ọ jụrụ ịkpa ókè agbụrụ na ụgwọ ọrụ, ọnọdụ, na nhazi ndụ nke ndị ọrụ na Grace Dodge Hotel.[2]
Kansụl Ezigbo Mmekọrịta
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Site na Fifth Avenue Baptist Church, e guzobere Good Fellowship Council, na-akpọ ndị niile nọ n'ógbè ahụ ka ha sonye. Nzukọ ndị ahụ bu n'uche imeghe mkparịta ụka banyere nsogbu ndị agbata obi gụnyere: ọkụ okporo ụzọ, ịdị ọcha, ụlọ akwụkwọ, na ọdịmma ụmụaka. Na mbụ, a haziri klọb ahụ maka ụmụ nwanyị, mana e mesịrị kwe ka ụmụ nwoke sonye.[2]
Abby Rockefeller jere ozi dị ka onyeisi oche nke Good Fellowship Council ma na-eduzi nzukọ kwa ọnwa mgbe ọ na-eleta ọtụtụ obere klọb obodo. Mmadụ 300 ruo 400 bịara nzukọ ahụ.[2]
Nzukọ ndị ahụ gosipụtara ọtụtụ ndị ọkà okwu ọbịa, gụnyere Onye isi oche nke American Federation of Labor, ndị dọkịta na-ahụ maka nlekọta ụmụaka, ndị ọkachamara na iwu mbata, na ndị na-ese ụkpụrụ ụlọ na-ahụkarị na oghere azụmahịa. Ndị otu klọb ahụ na-enye ihe ngosi egwu a na-enye n'asụsụ ala na ụdị ejiji mgbe niile.[2]
Ụlọ Obodo Bayway
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]N'ọnwa Ọktoba 1920, Rockefeller chọrọ ịmepụta ihe ngosi maka ndị ọrụ Bayway Refinery nke Standard Oil, na Elizabeth, New Jersey. Ebumnuche nke ihe owuwu ahụ bụ ka ọ bụrụ ihe atụ nke ụlọ onye ọrụ, ọ bụ ezie na n'oge na-adịghị anya, ebumnuche nke ụlọ ahụ gbasaa na otu nke mmụta obodo. Ụlọ ahụ nwere klas nri, Klọb Nne, na ụlọ ọgwụ ụmụaka. N'afọ 1926, a gbasaa ụlọ ahụ iji tinye ụlọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ, kichin buru ibu, ụlọ ọgwụ ụmụaka buru ibu, gymnasium, na ọfịs maka ndị ọrụ mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya. N'afọ 1939, mgbakwunye ọzọ mepụtara ebe ịgba bowling na ụlọ egwuregwu ndị ọzọ. N'afọ 1947, mmadụ 9700 jiri Bayway Community Cottage mee ihe n'ụzọ ụfọdụ.[2]
Ụlọ Mba Nile nke New York
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Abby Rockefeller bụ onye isi oche nke kọmitii na-emepụta ihe nke International House of New York. Dị ka onyeisi oche, ọ gbalịsiri ike ịgbakwunye ihe ndozi America n'ime ime ụlọ ahụ, na-adọta n'ụzọ dị ukwuu na nwata ya na Providence, Rhode Island maka mkpali. Ruo afọ iri abụọ na ise ọ bụ onye ọbịa na International House, na ọtụtụ afọ ya na di ya na-anabata oriri ekeresimesi maka ndị bi na ya.[2]
Colonial Williamsburg
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]N’etiti afọ 1920, Reverend Dr. W.A.R kpọtụụrụ Abby na di ya. Goodwin, onye bụ onye isi oche nke Bruton Parish Church na onye nkuzi na kọleji William na Mary na Williamsburg, Virginia. Mgbe ha hụchara ụlọ ụka Dr. Goodwin eweghachitere, ha nyochara echiche ya banyere nnukwu mweghachi nke obodo ahụ na ebube ya ụbọchị tupu mgbanwe America, dị ka isi obodo nke Virginia Colony. Ha kwenyesiri ike n'ịkwado ọrụ ahụ, nke malitere na 1927 [1] na, mgbe ọ nọ n'obodo, biri na Bassett Hall, otu n'ime ụlọ mbụ 88 dị ndụ gụnyere na mweghachi Godwin.
Ihe si na ya pụta bụ Colonial Williamsburg, ụlọ ihe ngosi nka dị ndụ nke ghọworo otu n'ime ebe ndị njem nlegharị anya kacha ewu ewu n'ụwa. Otu n'ime ụlọ ngosi ihe mgbe ochie dị n'ime ogige ahụ, Abby Aldrich Rockefeller Folk Art Museum, bụ aha ya maka nsọpụrụ ya..[11]
Hụkwa
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]- Colonial Williamsburg
- Ezinụlọ Rockefeller
- John D. Rockefeller Jr.
- Nelson W. Aldrich
Ebem si dee
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 Abby Aldrich Rockefeller, 1874-1948 (en). Rockefeller Archive Center. Retrieved on March 13, 2020."Abby Aldrich Rockefeller, 1874-1948". Rockefeller Archive Center. Retrieved March 13, 2020. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid
<ref>tag; name ":0" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ 2.00 2.01 2.02 2.03 2.04 2.05 2.06 2.07 2.08 2.09 2.10 2.11 2.12 2.13 2.14 2.15 2.16 2.17 Chase, Mary Ellen, 1887-1973. (1966). Abby Aldrich Rockefeller. Avon Books. OCLC 14866465. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid
<ref>tag; name ":3" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 Kert (February 2002). Rockefeller, Abby Aldrich (1874-1948), philanthropist, American National Biography Online. Oxford University Press. DOI:10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.1700743. Kert, Bernice (February 2002). Rockefeller, Abby Aldrich (1874-1948), philanthropist. American National Biography Online. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.1700743. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid
<ref>tag; name ":02" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ 4.0 4.1 Jeffers (November 2004). "Abby Aldrich Rockefeller Patron of the modern". Magazine Antiques. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid
<ref>tag; name ":1" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ Kantor (2002). Alfred H. Barr, Jr. and the intellectual origins of the Museum of Modern Art. ISBN 9780262112581. OCLC 248036763.
- ↑ (1998) Philip Johnson and the Museum of Modern Art., Johnson, Philip, 1906-2005., Museum of Modern Art (New York, N.Y.). ISBN 0-87070-117-7. OCLC 39265271.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 7.6 (1980) Perspectives on American folk art, Quimby, Ian M. G., Swank, Scott T., Henry Francis du Pont Winterthur Museum., 1st, New York: Published for the Henry Francis du Pont Winterthur Museum, Winterthur, Del. [by] Norton. ISBN 0-393-01273-5. OCLC 5726677. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid
<ref>tag; name ":42" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5 8.6 8.7 Abby Aldrich Rockefeller Folk Art Center. (1989). Treasures of American folk art from the Abby Aldrich Rockefeller Folk Art Center, Rumford, Beatrix T., Weekley, Carolyn J., 1st, Boston: Little, Brown and Company. ISBN 0-8212-1726-7. OCLC 18350922. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid
<ref>tag; name ":22" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ American Folk Art: The Exhibition of 1932, Edited by Peter A.G. Brown (Abby Aldrich Rockefeller Folk Art Collection, 1968), Exhibition catalogue.
- ↑ Cahill (March 1992). "Folk Art: Its Place in the American Tradition". Parnassus 4 (3): 1–4. DOI:10.2307/770785. ISSN 1543-6314.
- ↑ Abby Aldrich Rockefeller Folk Art Museum (en-US). www.colonialwilliamsburg.org. Retrieved on March 20, 2020.