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Afrịka kpakpando

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Afrịka kpakpando

Templeeti:Infobox military award Africa Star bụ ihe nrite agha, nke United Kingdom guzobere na 8 Julaị 1943 maka inye ndị agha Britain na Commonwealth ndị jere ozi na North Africa n'etiti 10 June 1940 na 12 May 1943 n'oge Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ.[1][2]

E guzobere eriri atọ ka a na-eyi na eriri nrite: North Africa 1942-43, 8th Army na 1st Army.[1]

Ndị kpakpando Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ

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Na 8 Julaị 1943, 1939–43 Star (nke e mechara kpọwa 1939–1945 Star) na Africa Star ghọrọ kpakpando mkpọsa abụọ mbụ e guzobere, na Mee 1945 United Kingdom guzobere ngụkọta kpakpando asatọ na eriri itoolu iji kwụọ ụgwọ ọrụ mkpọsa n'oge Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ.[3] Otu kpakpando mkpọsa ọzọ, Arctic Star, na otu eriri ọzọ, Bomber Command Clasp, agbakwunyere na 26 Febụwarị 2013, ihe karịrị afọ iri isii na asaa mgbe agha ahụ biri.[1][2][4]

Gụnyere Arctic Star na eriri Bomber Command, ọ dịghị onye a ga-enye ihe karịrị kpakpando mkpọsa isii, na ise n'ime eriri iri enyere na-egosi ọrụ nke ga-eru eru maka kpakpando nke abụọ. Naanị otu eriri nwere ike iyi na otu kpakpando mkpọsa ọ bụla. Ọnụ ọgụgụ kachasị elu nke kpakpando isii nwere ike ịbụ ndị a:[1][4][3]

  • Star nke 1939-1945 na, mgbe enyere ya, ma ọ bụ Agha nke Britain ma ọ bụ eriri Bomber Command.
  • Naanị otu n'ime Atlantic Star, Air Crew Europe Star ma ọ bụ France na Germany Star. Ndị na-enweta ihe karịrị otu nwetara nke mbụ ruru eru, nke abụọ gosipụtara site na eriri kwesịrị ekwesị.
  • Arctic Star.[4][5]
  • Africa Star na, ma ọ bụrụ na enyere ya, nke mbụ nwetara maka North Africa 1942-43, 8th Army ma ọ bụ 1st Army.
  • Ma ọ bụ Pacific Star ma ọ bụ Burma Star. Ndị na-enweta ego abụọ ahụ nwetara nke mbụ ruru eru, na eriri kwesịrị ekwesị iji nọchite anya nke abụọ.
  • The Italy Star.

Ndị niile natara kpakpando mkpọsa nwetakwara ihe nrite agha.[6]

Ụlọ ọrụ

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N'etiti 10 June 1940 na 12 May 1943 ndị agha Britain lụrụ ọgụ na North Africa megide ndị Germany na ndị Itali, ndị na-achịkwa nnukwu mpaghara nke Egypt, Libya na Tunisia ma si otú a yie egwu Suez Canal na ụzọ ụgbọ mmiri na-abịanụ. N'oge esemokwu ọzara, nguzozi ike na-agbanwe n'etiti akụkụ abụọ ahụ, ruo mgbe ndị agha Germany fọdụrụnụ nyefere onwe ha na Tunis na 12 Mee 1943. Ụfọdụ ndị ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme na-ewere mmeri e meriri ndị agha Germany na North Africa dị ka oge mgbanwe n'agha nke dugara na mmeri nke Germany.[7]

A mara ọkwa nguzobe nke Africa Star na 8 Julaị 1943 ma n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ a mara ọkwa na a ga-enye ndị ọrụ ruru eru n'ikpeazụ n'afọ ahụ. Ebumnuche nke ihe nrite ndị ahụ n'onwe ha abụghị ka ha dị ruo mgbe agha kwụsịrị. E yigharịrị ụfọdụ mbipụta nke eriri maka ndị agha mba ọzọ, mana ọtụtụ natara na ngwụcha afọ 1943.[2][8] Ka ọ na-erule n'ọnwa Machị afọ 1944, ndị ọrụ 1,500,000 enwetala eriri Africa Star, yana onyinye ndị ọzọ e nyere na njedebe nke agha ahụ.[9]

E guzobere ihe atọ: 'North Africa 1942-43', '8th Army' na '1st Army', nke ọ bụ naanị nke mbụ a ga-enweta ka a ga-eyi na eriri nke Africa Star.[10]

Ihe nrite

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Ihe nrite

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E nyere Africa Star maka opekata mpe otu ụbọchị ọrụ na mpaghara ọrụ nke North Africa n'etiti 10 June 1940 na 12 May 1943. Ebe ọrụ ahụ gụnyere mpaghara niile dị n'etiti Suez Canal na Strait of Gibraltar, tinyere Malta, Alaeze Ukwu Etiopia, Kenya, Sudan, Somalilands na Eritrea. Mpaghara ndị na-adịghị n'ókè Mediterenian ruru eru maka Africa Star n'etiti 10 June 1940 na 27 November 1941 gụnyere.[1][3]

  • Ndị ọrụ Royal Navy na Merchant Navy ruru eru maka onyinye nke Africa Star site na ọrụ na Mediterenian n'etiti ụbọchị abụọ a, ma ọ bụ maka ọrụ na mkpọsa na Abyssinia, Somaliland na Eritrea n'etiti 10 June 1940 na 27 September 1941. Ndị ọrụ ụgbọ mmiri na-azụ ahịa ruru eru ịrụ ọrụ n'ụsọ oké osimiri Morocco n'etiti 8 Nọvemba 1942 na 12 Mee 1943. Maka ọrụ ụgbọ mmiri, ọ dịghị ọnọdụ na e kwesịrị inweta Star 1939-45 tupu e nye ya Africa Star.[1]
  • Ndị ọrụ agha ga-abanye na North Africa mgbe e guzobere otu ọrụ, ebe ọrụ na Abyssinia, Sudan, Somaliland na Eritrea ruru eru.[1]
  • Ndị ọrụ Air Force ga-ada ma ọ bụ jiri ụgbọelu gafee ebe ọ bụla a na-arụ ọrụ. E nyekwara ndị ọrụ ụgbọelu ụgbọelu Africa Star na-efe n'elu ụzọ ụfọdụ a kapịrị ọnụ.[1][10]
  • Ndị otu Australian Imperial Force ruru eru maka onyinye nke Africa Star maka ọrụ na Syria n'etiti 8 June na 11 July 1941.[11]

Ọrụ na West Africa erughị eru maka onyinye nke Africa Star.[1]

Ihe mgbochi

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Iwu ndị e wepụtara na 1945 na-enye ohere naanị otu eriri, nke mbụ ruru eru, ka a na-eyi ya na Africa Star. N'agbanyeghị nke a, ma ndị agha nke asatọ na ndị agha nke mbụ nyere ma na-eyi ya, tinyere, General Dwight Eisenhower na Field Marshal Harold Alexander.[3][12][13]

  • E nyere North Africa 1942-43 Clasp maka ọrụ na 18th Army Group Headquarters n'etiti 15 February 1942 na 12 February 1943 gụnyere, maka ndị ọrụ Navy na ndị ọrụ ụgbọ mmiri na-arụ ọrụ n'ụsọ oké osimiri, ma ọ bụ maka ọrụ Air Force na mpaghara ndị a kapịrị ọnụ site na 23 October 1942 ruo 12 May 1943 gụnyere. Na undress, a silver rosette na-eyi na ribbon bar na-egosi onyinye nke a clamp.[3]
  • E nyere 8th Army Clasp maka ọrụ na Eighth Army n'etiti 23 Ọktoba 1942 na 12 Mee 1943 gụnyere. A na-eyi nọmba Arabic "8" na eriri ahụ na-enweghị uwe iji gosipụta onyinye nke eriri a.[3]
  • E nyere 1st Army Clasp maka ọrụ na First Army n'etiti 8 Nọvemba 1942 na 12 Mee 1943 gụnyere. A na-eyi nọmba Arabic "1" na eriri ahụ na-enweghị uwe iji gosipụta onyinye nke eriri a.[3]

Nkọwa

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Ndị na-ese ihe na Royal Mint mepụtara kpakpando itoolu. Kpakpando niile nwere mgbaaka suspender nke na-agafe anya nke e guzobere n'elu ebe kachasị elu nke kpakpando ahụ. Ha bụ kpakpando nwere isi isii, nke a na-etinye na ọla kọpa zinc alloy na-acha odo odo iji daba n'ime okirikiri 44 milimita n'obosara, nke nwere obosara kachasị elu nke 38 milimita na 50 milimita n"ịdị elu site na ala nke kpakpando ahụ ruo n'elu anya.[10]

N'ihu

Ihu ya nwere etiti nke Royal Cypher "GRI VI", nke okpueze kpuchiri. Otu okirikiri, nke okpueze kpuchiri n'elu ya, gbara koodu ahụ gburugburu ma dee "THE AFRICA STAR".[10]

N'ụzọ dị iche

Ihe dị iche bụ ihe doro anya.

Aha

Kọmitii Nsọpụrụ nke Britain kpebiri na a ga-enye ndị agha Britain ihe nrite agha nke abụọ na-enweghị aha, iwu nke mba British Commonwealth niile tinyere ma e wezụga mba atọ.[14] A na-emetụta aha onye nnata ahụ n'azụ kpakpando ndị e nyere ndị India, ndị South Africa na, mgbe mkpọsa nke ndị otu ndị agha gara aga duziri, ndị Australia.[15] N'ihe banyere ndị India, aha na-agụnye nọmba ike nke onye nnata, ọkwa, mbido, aha nna na aka ọrụ ma ọ bụ ndị otu, na n'ihe banyere Ndị South Africa nke nọmba ike, mbido na aha nna, na isi obodo.[1][10]

Ihe mgbochi

North Africa 1942-43 Clasp 8th Army Clasp 1st Army Clasp

A na-eji ọla kọpa na-acha odo odo na-eme ihe atọ ahụ ma nwee etiti nwere ọnụ n'ime nke yiri ọnụ nke stampụ. E dere ha "NORTH AFRICA 1942-43", "8th ARMY" na "1st ARMY' n'otu n'otu ma mee ha ka a dụkọta ha na eriri nrite ahụ. Iwu na-enye ohere naanị otu eriri, nke mbụ e nwetara, ka a na-eyi ya na kpakpando. Mgbe a na-eyi eriri ahụ naanị ya, a na-eyikarị nọmba Arabic ọlaọcha "8", nọmba "1" ma ọ bụ rosette na eriri ahụ iji gosipụta onyinye nke eriri ahụ.[1][3][10]

Ribbon

Ribbon ahụ dị milimita 32 n'obosara, nwere eriri buff dị milimita 5 n'obogologo, eriri na-acha anụnụ anụnụ nke Navy dị milimita 1⁄2, eriri buff na-acha ọcha nke Navy dị millimita 5 n"obosara. Ihe na-acha odo odo na-anọchite anya ájá nke Ọzara Sahara ebe Royal Navy na Merchant Navy, ndị agha na ndị Air Forces na-anọchi anya ihe na-acha anụnụ anụnụ, ọbara ọbara na nke na-acha ọcha.[10]

Ihe nrite a na ihe nrite Nchebe yana nke ndị ọzọ na-eme mkpọsa Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ, ma e wezụga Arctic Star, bụ nke Eze George VI chepụtara.[3][16]

Usoro ejiji

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Usoro ejiji nke kpakpando agha ụwa nke abụọ na-ekpebi site na ụbọchị mmalite mkpọsa ha na oge mkpọsa ahụ. Nke a bụ iwu a na-eyi, ọbụlagodi mgbe onye natara ya ruru eru maka ha n'usoro dị iche. A na-eyi ihe nrite nchekwa na ihe nrite agha n'azụ kpakpando. A na-eyi ihe nrite ọrụ afọ ofufo nke Canada mgbe ihe nrite nchekwa gasịrị na tupu ihe nrite agha, yana ihe nrite ndị ọzọ nke Commonwealth na-eyi mgbe ihe nritu agha gasịrị.[17]

  • The 1939-1945 Star, site na 3 Septemba 1939 ruo 2 Septemba 1945, oge zuru ezu nke Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ.
  • The Atlantic Star, site na 3 Septemba 1939 ruo 8 Mee 1945, oge Agha nke Atlantic na Agha na Europe.
  • The Arctic Star, site na 3 Septemba 1939 ruo 8 Mee 1945, oge nke Arctic Convoys na Agha na Europe.[5]
  • The Air Crew Europe Star, site na 3 Septemba 1939 ruo 5 June 1944, oge ruo D-Day na-ewepu otu.
  • The Africa Star, site na 10 June 1940 ruo 12 May 1943, oge nke North African Campaign.
  • The Pacific Star, site na 8 Disemba 1941 ruo 2 Septemba 1945, oge Agha Pacific.
  • The Burma Star, site na 11 Disemba 1941 ruo 2 Septemba 1945, oge nke mkpọsa Burma.
  • The Italy Star, site na 11 June 1943 ruo 8 May 1945, oge nke Italian Campaign.
  • The France and Germany Star, site na 6 June 1944 ruo 8 May 1945, oge nke North-West Europe Campaign.
  • Ihe nrite nchebe, site na 3 Septemba 1939 ruo 8 Mee 1945 (2 Septemba 1945 maka ndị na-eje ozi na Far East na Pacific), oge Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ.[18]
  • Ihe nrite agha, site na 3 Septemba 1939 ruo 2 Septemba 1945, oge zuru ezu nke Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ.

Ihe atụ nke ejiji maka onyinye atọ:

Usoro ejiji site na ụbọchị mmalite mkpọsa
Ndị Ọrụ Ụgbọelu Europe Star Afrịka kpakpando Kpakpando Pacific
Air Crew Europe Star Africa Star Pacific Star

Njikọ mpụga

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Ihe odide

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  1. ↑ 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09 1.10 Stephen Stratford Medals site: British Military & Criminal History, 1900 to 1999. 1939–45 Star (Access date 1 April 2015)
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 War Service (Decorations) – Statement in the House of Commons by Winston Churchill on 3 August 1943 (HC Deb 03 August 1943 vol 391 cc2091-3) (Access date 9 April 2015)
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8 Committee on the Grant of Honours, Decorations and Medals in Time of War (May 1945). Campaign Stars and the Defence Medal (Regulations). HM Stationery Office. Retrieved on 2010-08-01.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 The National Archives – Ministry of Defence – Arctic Star and Bomber Command Clasp (Access date 1 April 2015)
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 New Zealand Defence Force – The Arctic Star (Access date 12 April 2015)
  6. ↑ Captain H. Taprell Dorling.. Ribbons and Medals., 97–98. Published A.H.Baldwin & Sons, London. 1956. 
  7. ↑ GOV.UK - Defence and armed forces – guidance - Medals: campaigns, descriptions and eligibility - Africa Star (Access date 9 April 2015)
  8. ↑ Overseas Service (Recognition) - Statement in the House of Commons by Clement Attlee on 8 July 1943 (HC Deb 08 July 1943 vol 390 c2250). Archived from the original on 5 February 2023. Retrieved on 15 June 2023.
  9. ↑ War decorations and medals – statement in the House of Commons by Winston Churchill on 22 March 1944. Hansard (22 March 1944). Archived from the original on 13 October 2016. Retrieved on 8 October 2018.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 10.5 10.6 Extract from the Regulations: The Africa Star (Access date 8 October 2018). Archived from the original on 8 October 2018. Retrieved on 15 June 2023.
  11. ↑ Commonwealth of Australia Gazette No. S134 dated 10 April 1995
  12. ↑ The Churchill Society, London - As visible in Alexander's photograph on the Churchill Society website. Archived from the original on 2010-04-25. Retrieved on 2023-06-15.
  13. ↑ As visible in a photograph of Field Marshal Alexander
  14. ↑ Joslin, Litherland and Simpkin.. British Battles and Medals.. 
  15. ↑ A distinction almost denied: the naming of Australia's Second World War medals, Trevor Turner. Orders & Medals Research Society Journal, September 2018, pp 148-157
  16. ↑ Forces War Records - Medals - 1939-1945 Star (Access date 2 April 2015)
  17. ↑ Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named LonGaz
  18. ↑ Captain H. Taprell Dorling.. Ribbons and Medals.. 

Templeeti:British campaign medalsTempleeti:Australian Campaign MedalsTempleeti:New Zealand campaign medalsTempleeti:South African military decorations and medals

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