Ahụike
Ihe dị ndụ (site na Grik oge ochie) 'ngwá ọrụ, ngwá ọrụ, ngwá ahịa', -ισμός ()) bụ usoro ndụ ọ bụla na-arụ ọrụ dị ka ụdị ndụ.[1] Ihe niile dị ndụ nwere mkpụrụ ndụ (echiche mkpụrụ ndụ).[1] Echiche nke ihe dị ndụ dabeere n'echiche nke obere ọrụ nke ndụ. A tụwo aro àgwà atọ ka ha rụọ ọrụ dị mkpa na iru eru dị ka ihe dị ndụ:
- enweghị nkwekọrịta - nhazi nke a na-apụghị ikewa na-enweghị mmebi ọrụ ya.[2]
- onye ọ bụla - ihe ahụ nwere otu oge nke ịdị iche nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa, otu mkpụrụ ndụ ihe Nketa na nnwere onwe.[3]
- ọdịiche - ozi mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa ga-anọgide na-emeghe usoro (mkpụrụ ndụ).[4]
Ihe ndị dị ndụ gụnyere ụmụ anụmanụ nwere ọtụtụ mkpụrụ ndụ, osisi, na fungi; ma ọ bụ microorganisms nwere otu mkpụrụ ndụ dịka protists, bacteria, na archaea.[5] Ụdị ihe niile dị ndụ nwere ike ịmụba, uto na mmepe, mmezi, na ụfọdụ mmeghachi omume na ihe mkpali. Ọtụtụ ihe ndị nwere ọtụtụ mkpụrụ ndụ na-adị iche n'ime anụ ahụ na akụkụ ahụ pụrụ iche n'oge mmepe ha.
Otu mkpụrụ ndụ nwere ike ịbụ ma ọ bụ prokaryote ma ọ bụ eukaryote. Prokaryotes na-anọchite anya ngalaba abụọ dị iche iche - nje na archaea. Eukaryotic ihe did ndu na-akọwa site na ọnụnọ nke membrane-bound cell nucleus ma nwee akụkụ ndị ọzọ membrane-bind a na-akpọ organelles (dị ka mitochondria na anụmanụ na osisi na plastids na osisi na algae, ha niile na-ewere na ha sitere na endosymbiotic bacteria).[6] Fungi, ụmụ anụmanụ na osisi bụ ihe atụ nke alaeze nke ihe ndị dị ndụ n'ime eukaryotes.
Atutu na onuogugu umu no na uwa sitere na nde naira abuo ruo otu nde nari, nke nde 1.7 ka e edeturu. Ihe kariri pasenti iri iteolu na iteolu nke umu, nke ruru ihe kariri nde nari ise, nke biri o 1 n,[7] 1.7 .[8],[9]extinct[10][11]
N'afọ 2016, a chọpụtara usoro mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa 355 sitere na nna nna ikpeazụ zuru ụwa ọnụ (LUCA) nke ihe niile dị ndụ sitere n'ụwa.[12][13]
Okwu mmalite[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 (2017) Mosby's Dictionary of Medicine, Nursing and Health Professions, 10th, St. Louis, Missouri: Elsevier, 1281. ISBN 978-0-3232-2205-1.
- ↑ Rosen (September 1958). "A relational theory of biological systems" (in en). The Bulletin of Mathematical Biophysics 20 (3): 245–260. DOI:10.1007/BF02478302. ISSN 0007-4985.
- ↑ Santelices (April 1999). "How many kinds of individual are there?". Trends in Ecology & Evolution 14 (4): 152–155. DOI:10.1016/S0169-5347(98)01519-5. PMID 10322523.
- ↑ Piast (June 2019). "Shannon's information, Bernal's biopoiesis and Bernoulli distribution as pillars for building a definition of life". Journal of Theoretical Biology 470: 101–107. DOI:10.1016/j.jtbi.2019.03.009. PMID 30876803.
- ↑ Hine (2008). A dictionary of biology, 6th, Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-920462-5.
- ↑ Cavalier-Smith (1987). "The origin of eukaryotic and archaebacterial cells". Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 503 (1): 17–54. DOI:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1987.tb40596.x. PMID 3113314.
- ↑ Larsen (2017). "Inordinate Fondness Multiplied and Redistributed: the Number of Species on Earth and the New Pie of Life". The Quarterly Review of Biology 92 (3): 229–265. DOI:10.1086/693564. ISSN 0033-5770.
- ↑ Anderson (2018). "Describing the Undiscovered". Chironomus: Journal of Chironomidae Research (31): 2–3. DOI:10.5324/cjcr.v0i31.2887.
- ↑ McKinney (1996). "How do rare species avoid extinction? A paleontological view", in Kunin, W.E.: The Biology of Rarity: Causes and consequences of rare – common differences. ISBN 978-0-412-63380-5. Retrieved on 26 May 2015.
- ↑ Stearns (2000). Watching, from the Edge of Extinction. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-08469-6. Retrieved on 30 May 2017.
- ↑ Novacek. "Prehistory's Brilliant Future", New York Times, 8 November 2014. Retrieved on 25 December 2014.
- ↑ Weiss (July 2016). "The physiology and habitat of the last universal common ancestor". Nature Microbiology 1 (9): 16116. DOI:10.1038/nmicrobiol.2016.116. PMID 27562259.
- ↑ Wade. "Meet Luca, the Ancestor of All Living Things", The New York Times, 25 July 2016. Retrieved on 25 July 2016.