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Akụkọ banyere mweghachi nke ihe nketa ọdịbendị Afrịka

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Nkwụghachi nke ihe nketa ọdịbendị Africa. Maka ụkpụrụ omume mmekọrịta ọhụrụ (na French: Rapport sur la restitution du patrimoine culturel africain. Vers une nouvelle éthique relationnelle ) bụ akụkọ sitere n'aka agụmakwụkwọ na onye edemede Senegalese Felwine Sarr na onye ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme nka nke France bụ Bénédicte Savoy, bipụtara na ntanetị na Nọvemba 2018 na ụdị French mbụ na nke mbụ. ntụgharị asụsụ Bekee akwadoro.

Onye isi ala France, Emmanuel Macron nyere ya ọrụ, ebumnuche nke akụkọ a bụ inyocha akụkọ ihe mere eme na ọnọdụ ugbu a nke mkpokọta French nwere ọha nke ihe osise ndị Africa sitere na nzụta ezighi ezi ma ọ bụ n'ụzọ ọzọ arụrịta ụka, yana nkwupụta na atụmatụ maka usoro ga-esote. nkwụghachi ụgwọ emechara . Kpọmkwem, akụkọ ahụ na-egosikwa aro maka ịkwado nkwụghachi ụgwọ, dị ka imekọ ihe ọnụ n'ọdịnala mba ụwa, nyocha nke ọma, usoro iwu, wee mechie na ndepụta nke ihe ọdịnala metụtara, yana ụzọ isi gosipụta ha n'ọdịnihu dị nso na Africa. ụlọ ngosi ihe mgbe ochie.

Ọrụ nke akụkọ a bụ nke mbụ onye isi ala France kwupụtara nkwụghachi ihe arụrụ arụ n'Africa, ọ kpalitekwara ọtụtụ arụmụka na atụmatụ maka iwepụ ụlọ ngosi ihe mgbe ochie n'ọtụtụ mba.

Na 2020, akụkọ ha na nzaghachi ọhaneze nwetara Bénédicte Savoy na Felwine Sarr n'ọkwa nke atọ na ọkwa kwa afọ nke "ndị kacha nwee mmetụta na ụwa nka ụwa", nke akwụkwọ akụkọ ArtReview guzobere; [1] na akwụkwọ akụkọ <i id="mwJA">Time</i> depụtara ha n'ime "100 kacha nwee mmetụta nke 2021".

Ihe oyiyi eze sitere na alaeze Dahomey akụkọ ihe mere eme, na-anọchite anya Eze Béhanzin nwere njiri mara shark

ndabere

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Akụkọ ahụ sochiri okwu Emmanuel Macron, onye isi ala France, na 28 November 2017 na Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso, nke o kwuru okwu banyere amụma France na Sub-Saharan Africa . [2] Onye isi ala France nyere ndị mmụta abụọ ọrụ ka ha nyochaa akụkọ ihe mere eme na nhazi nke mkpokọta steeti nwere na France, yana nkwupụta na ihe kpatara ya na usoro ndị ga-esochi maka nkwụghachi azụ . E gosipụtara mkpali ya maka nhazigharị isi nke ụkpụrụ omenala France gbasara Africa n'okwu ndị a: "M si n'ọgbọ nke ndị France bụ ndị a na-apụghị ịrụ ụka maka mpụ nke ọchịchị Europe ma bụrụ akụkụ nke akụkọ ihe mere eme anyị." [2]

Maka oge mbụ, onye isi ala France na gọọmentị ya ghọtara ikike omume nke nkwụghachi nke ihe nketa omenala, ihe ndị dị na ya bụ, dị ka iwu French si kwuo, a na-ewere dị ka ihe onwunwe na-enweghị atụ nke ala France. [3] Ndị bu ụzọ Macron akwadoghị nlọghachi nke arịa Africa na ihe ọdịnala ndị ọzọ na France; dịka ọmụmaatụ, Jacques Chirac kwadoro mkpokọta nka nke Africa ma kpọọ ya na aha gọọmentị nke Musée du quai Branly - Jacques Chirac . [note 1] Ya mere a na-ahụta nkwupụta Macron dị ka akụkọ ihe mere eme, n'agbanyeghị ole nka a ga-emecha laghachi na mba Africa. [4]

E gosipụtara akụkọ ahụ n'ihu ọha na 23 Nọvemba 2018, ebe ọ bụ na mgbe ahụ akpatala ọtụtụ mmeghachi omume na mkparịta ụka French na mba ụwa banyere nkwupụta ya maka nkwụghachi nka nke Africa site na ụlọ ngosi ihe mgbe ochie na Europe ma ọ bụ America . [5] [6] N'agbanyeghị ọkwa Macron nke nkwụghachi n'oge, ihe iwu chọrọ maka nkwụghachi ụgwọ dị otú ahụ na-ebute nnukwu ihe mgbochi: na France, a na-ahụta akụ niile nke ọha na eze, gụnyere ọdịnaya nke mkpokọta ọha, dị ka ụlọ ngosi ihe mgbe ochie, ụlọ akwụkwọ ọbá akwụkwọ ma ọ bụ ụlọ ọrụ omenala ndị ọzọ, dị ka ihe onwunwe na-apụghị ịpụ apụ . [7]

Ndị ode akwụkwọ na ebumnuche ha

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Ihe oyiyi si Nigeria na Musée du quai Branly, Paris, France

Onye ọkà mmụta mmekọrịta ọha na eze Senegalese, onye na-egwu egwu na onye akụ na ụba Felwine Sarr bịara mara maka edemede ya Afrotopia, [8] ebe ọ na-atụ aro echiche postcolonial maka nghọta ugbu a na ọdịnihu nke mba Africa. Ọ na-arụ ụka na n'ihu mmepe nke ọchịchị onye kwuo uche Africa ekwesịghị iweta site na ịmepụta ụdị ọdịda anyanwụ; kama Afrịka kwesiri imeghachi onwe ya site na nchikota nke omenala na nke ugbua nke nzuko ohaneze . [9] Ihe nkuzi ya na nyocha agụmakwụkwọ na-elekwasị anya na postcolonial tiori, amụma akụ na ụba, mmepe, akụ na ụba, akụ na ụba, epistemology na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke echiche okpukpe. [10] Onye bụbu onye prọfesọ nke akụnụba na Mahadum Gaston Berger (Senegal), ọ sonyeere Mahadum Duke na United States na 2020. [11]

Ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme nke France bụ Bénédicte Savoy na-akụzi akụkọ ihe mere eme nka na Mahadum nka nke Berlin na Germany ma bụrụkwa prọfesọ na Collège de France na Paris. Savoy ebipụtala ọtụtụ ọrụ na isiokwu dị ka nka ụwa na ahịa ndị dị n'Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ, [12] na ụlọ ngosi ihe mgbe ochie na ọnọdụ mba ụwa ma ọ bụ na inweta ihe nketa omenala na-akwadoghị. [13] Kemgbe e bipụtara akụkọ ahụ, a makwara ya dị ka onye na-akwado nkwụghachi ihe nketa omenala Africa na mkpokọta German ma na-ekere òkè na nyocha na mkparịta ụka ọha na eze banyere okwu a. [14] [15]

N'akwụkwọ ozi nhọpụta ya, Macron gwara ndị odee abụọ ahụ ka ha soro ndị dị iche iche dị iche iche na-emekọ ihe n'Africa nakwa na France na-akparịta ụka na ọmụmụ ihe, gụnyere nyocha banyere akụkọ ihe mere eme nke colonial nke omenala Afrika. [16] : 115 Ọzọkwa, Macron rịọrọ atụmatụ ndị pụtara ìhè na usoro nhazi oge nwere ihe omume ndị a tụrụ aro maka nloghachi nke ihe ọdịnala. Site na nkwupụta ya doro anya, "Mkparịta ụka na nsonye ga-esorịrị usoro niile nke ọrụ a", [17] : 104 Ọ bụghị nanị na Macron gosipụtara ụzọ a kapịrị ọnụ, kamakwa meghere ọnụ ụzọ maka arụmụka ọha na eze banyere iwu omenala ọhụrụ ya na akụkọ sitere na ya. Kemgbe ahụ, arụmụka ọha na eze a abawanyela ma n'Africa, [18] Europe na US [19] [6]

Ihe dị n'ime akụkọ ahụ

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Ihe oyiyi nwanyị nwere nnukwu efere, Bamileke, Cameroon, na Musée du Quai Branly

N'ime akụkọ a, ndị odee tụlere ihe kpatara ya wee tụọ usoro maka iweghachi ihe ọdịnala Africa sitere na mkpokọta ọha French nwe obodo ma ọ bụ obodo ha. Dị ka ọrụ Macron si kwuo, akụkụ nke akụkọ ahụ metụtara kpọmkwem ndị ógbè ndị France na-achị na ndịda Sahara, na ihe nketa omenala e bugara France n'oge na mgbe oge ọchịchị. [note 2]

Isi mmalite mmalite, nke isiokwu ya bụ "Ogologo ogologo oge nke mfu" na-akọwa akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ihe nketa omenala Africa n'ihe gbasara ọchịchị ndị Europe. [16] : 7–26 Isiokwu etiti bụ ikenye ihe ọdịnala n'ike dị ka mpụ megide obodo ndị sitere. Ọzọkwa, mkpa nke ịnakọta, na-amụ ma na-egosipụta ihe nketa Africa, mbụ dị ka curios na mgbe e mesịrị dị ka ethnological ihe, site European ngosi ihe mgbe ochie na ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị na-egosi dị ka a Central akụkụ nke a "akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ime ihe ike" na ọchịchị.  : 20 

N'izo aka n'ebumnobi yiri nke ahụ maka ndị e gosipụtara na akụkọ nke ha, Sarr na Savoy na-echeta na na 1978, Amadou-Mahtar M'Bow, bụ onye na-eduzi UNESCO n'oge ahụ, rịọrọ ka e nwee ike imezigharị ihe nketa ọdịbendị zuru ụwa ọnụ n'etiti ndị ugwu na ndị ugwu. ndịda hemispheres. Ha na-ehota okwu M'Bow "Arịrịọ maka nlọghachi nke ihe nketa omenala na-enweghị atụ nye ndị kere ya":

Ọnọdụ akụkọ ihe mere eme na geopolitical

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Ọ bụ ezie na akụkọ Sarr / Savoy na arụmụka ndị na-eso ya na-ezo aka na nkwụghachi nke ihe nketa omenala sitere na Africa, nkwupụta Macron na nleta mbụ ya na Africa dị ka onyeisi oche nke France na-eguzo na mbara ala nke akụkọ ihe mere eme, ugbu a na ọdịnihu nke mmekọrịta ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị France na Africa. . [3] N'ihi ntọhapụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na-eto eto nke ụfọdụ mba Africa site na France, yana mmetụta China na Africa, amụma mba ofesi France nwere mmasị ịnọgide na-enwe ma kwalite mmekọrịta ya na mba ndị dị n'Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ Africa na ụwa Francophone sara mbara . [3] N'ikpeazụ, mkparịta ụka na nkwenye ziri ezi nke nkwụghachi ụgwọ bụ ihe atụ nke mgbanwe mgbanwe nke ọchịchị ndị Europe na Africa. [15] N'ihi mba ọ bụla na-achị n'oge gara aga na nyocha ọha ugbu a maka oge gara aga, nyochagharị akụkọ ihe mere eme a ewerela ụzọ dị iche iche na France, Great Britain, Belgium ma ọ bụ Germany. [15]

Mmeghachi omume na nkwụghachi mbụ na-eso akụkọ ahụ

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Ihe oyiyi Royal nke Dahomey na ụlọ ihe ngosi nka quai Branly, tupu nkwụghachi ha na Benin na njedebe nke 2021

Ebe ọ bụ na e bipụtara akụkọ ahụ, nyocha ya na ndụmọdụ ya kpasuola ọtụtụ okwu nkatọ, nkwenye ma ọ bụ nke na-adịghị mma, ma na France na mba ndị ọzọ dị na Europe. [20] [6] Ụlọ ihe ngosi nka na isi mmalite gọọmentị dị na Germany na Netherlands enyela ụkpụrụ nduzi ọhụrụ maka nkwụghachi ụgwọ n'ọdịnihu, nyocha ihe ngosi na imekọ ihe ọnụ mba ụwa. [21] E nyeghachila Namibia ego ọzọ site na Germany [22] na Indonesia site na Netherlands. [23] N'April 2021, Ethnological Museum na Berlin na Mahadum Aberdeen dị na Scotland kwupụtara nlọghachi nke Benin Bronzes site na 2022. [24]

N'adịghị ka ụfọdụ mmeghachi omume ọha na eze sitere n'aka ndị ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme na ndị nta akụkọ, bụ ndị kpalitere ọhụụ nke ihe ngosi nka ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ihe efu, akụkọ ahụ adịghị akwado ịlaghachi azụ nke ihe nketa ọdịbendị Africa niile sitere na France. [25] Kama, Sarr na Savoy na-atụ aro na a ga-eme ndokwa maka ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke mba abụọ na gọọmentị Africa maka iweghachi ihe ndị dị mkpa na ndabere nke ndị ọkachamara Africa tụrụ aro. [16] : 70–81 Otú ọ dị, dị ka ndụmọdụ izugbe, ndị odee na-arịọ arịrịọ maka nkwụghachi azụ nke ihe omenala ndị enwetara n'ụzọ iwu na-akwadoghị. Ha na-ajụ n'ụzọ doro anya iweghachi ihe ndị dị otú ahụ nwa oge nke Macron kwuru na ụfọdụ ndị na-ahụ maka ihe ngosi nka na-akwado ya, dị ka Stéphane Martin, onye bụbu onye isi ụlọ ihe ngosi nka nke quai Branly. [26] Na ogbako na June 2019, nke ihe dị ka ndị ọkachamara 200 na ndị nnọchiteanya nke Ministri Culture si Europe na Africa bịara, Minista Omenala France kwere nkwa na "France ga-enyocha arịrịọ niile nke mba Africa na-enye", mana ọ gwara ha ka ha ghara "ilekwasị anya na ya. naanị okwu nkwụghachi". [27]

Na 24 Disemba 2020, gọọmentị France weputara iwu ọhụrụ nke na-enye ohere maka nkwụghachi nke ọtụtụ ihe ọdịnala sitere na mkpokọta French na Senegal na Republic of Benin . [28] Ugbua na Nọvemba 2019, praịm minista France ewepụtala saber akụkọ ihe mere eme na Museum of Black Civilizations na Dakar, Senegal, nke a na-ekwu na ọ bụ nke Omar Saïdou Tall, onye ndu ime mmụọ a ma ama na narị afọ nke 19 nke West Africa onye lụrụ ọgụ megide ndị ọchịchị France na afọ 1850. [29] [30] [note 3] Ihe atụ a, yana ihe oyiyi 26 nke Africa ndị agha France kwakọọrọ n'oge a chụrụ n'obí eze nke Abomey na 1892 na nke onye isi ala France Alfred Dodds nyere onye bu ya ụzọ Musée du quai Branly na Paris, mejupụtara nkwụghachi ụgwọ mbụ na-adịgide adịgide n'okpuru iwu ọhụrụ ahụ. [31] Gọọmenti Benin arịọlarị nkwụghachi a n'afọ 2016, mana gọọmentị France mbụ gọnahụrụ ya. [32]

Weebụsaịtị na njide nke mkpokọta French

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Na Septemba 2021, ibe weebụ " Le Monde en musée ", nke Institut National d'Histoire de l'Art (INHA) bipụtara. Ọ na-enye ohere ịnweta maapụ nkọwapụta nke ihe sitere na Africa na Oceania n'ihe karịrị mkpokọta ọha French 240. Emebere ya ka ọ bụrụ ngwa nyocha nke ọha na eze na njikọ dị n'etiti ụlọ ngosi ihe mgbe ochie na ụlọ ọrụ nyocha, n'agbanyeghị ebe ha nọ n'ụwa. Maka mkpokọta nke ọ bụla, a na-enye aha gọọmentị na nkọwa nke njide ya, yana ozi gbasara njirimara ha. [33]

2023 akụkọ ihe nketa ekekọrịtara: eluigwe na ala, nkwụghachi na mgbasa nke ọrụ nka

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Na 27 Eprel 2023, Ministri nke Mba Ọzọ na Omenala nke France bipụtara akụkọ Jean-Luc Martinez, onye nnọchi anya mba ụwa na ngalaba nke Heritage na Onye isi oche na onye isi oche nke Louvre, nke akpọrọ ihe nketa nketa: eluigwe na ala, nkwụghachi na mgbasa ozi. nke ọrụ nka . Akụkọ a na-enye echiche na ụzọ maka nyochaa na nhazi arịrịọ nkwụghachi. Dị ka etiti aro, ọ na-atụ aro a ga-eme n'ọdịnihu iwu na itoolu njirisi dị ka iwu ndabere nke n'ọdịnihu restitutions, guzobe nke bilateral Commission nke ndị ọkachamara na-eme nchọpụta si France na mba si malite, na nkịtị restitution atumatu na Germany, Belgium na Netherlands. N'ikpeazụ, a na-atụ anya ụdị pụrụ iche maka "ihe nketa nketa" maka "ụfọdụ ọrụ ihe atụ nke na-emezughị ụkpụrụ niile" ya mere kwesịrị ịnọ na nchịkọta French, n'agbanyeghị na ọkwa ọhụrụ nke nwekọrịta. Enyere akụkọ a ka ọ bụrụ ntuziaka maka ntụle ya na ndị omeiwu na ebumnuche nke ịkwadebe usoro iwu nke a ga-edobe n'aka ndị omeiwu France. [34] Dị ka otu akụkọ nke ọbá akwụkwọ mahadum Cambridge bipụtara, Otú ọ dị, ọ bụ nanị ntakịrị akụkụ nke ihe osise na mkpokọta French ga-emezu ọnọdụ maka nkwụghachi. [35]

Mmeghachi omume sitere na mba Africa

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Dị ka ndị nkọwa si mba Africa dị ka Benin, Etiopia, Mali, Nigeria, ma ọ bụ Namibia, ruo ọtụtụ iri afọ, rịọrọ maka nkwụghachi na France, Great Britain, Germany na mba ndị ọzọ, [16] : 23–26 Akụkọ nke Sarr na Savoy kpalitere okwu dị mma ma wepụta atụmanya dị elu: Kwame Opoku, onye odeakụkọ omenala Ghana na onye bụbu onye ọrụ nke ụlọ ọrụ United Nations na Vienna, [36] kọrọ na 2019 na International Council of African Museums (AFRICOM) enweela "akwado nkwado" maka nkwụghachi ụgwọ dịka akụkọ Sarr/Savoy tụrụ aro. [18] Ụfọdụ ndị na-ahụ maka ọrụ n'Afrịka emeghachikwara nke ọma n'atụmatụ ndị ọdịda anyanwụ nwere otu akụkụ gbasara nkwụghachi. Flower Manase, onye nlekọta na National Museum of Tanzania, kwuru na nke mbụ, ndị ọkachamara n'Africa ga-etinye aka dị ka ndị mmekọ nha anya, na-ekerịta akụkọ nke ha ma tinye obodo ndị sitere na ya. [37]

Ndị ọzọ na-akọwa ọdịbendị Africa, dị ka onye nta akụkọ Tanzania Charles Kayuka, arụtụla aka n'ụdị ihe ngosi ngosi nka nke ọdịda anyanwụ nke agbụrụ, nke na-akọwa ihe kpatara na ha anaghị enwe mmasị dị ukwuu na ndị ọbịa obodo na Africa. [38] Arụmụka ọzọ nke ajụjụ ya mkpa ọ dị mkpa omenala ọdịnala maka ọha ndị Africa nke oge a, nke zuru ụwa ọnụ:   N'ime akụkọ ha, Sarr na Savoy, agbanyeghị, atụlewo ọdịiche dị otú ahụ site n'ịkpọ oku maka nkwado mba ụwa na itinye aka na obodo. [16] : 85–86 Banyere ihe ga-esi na ya pụta maka amụma omenala obodo na steeti Africa, Felwine Sarr kwuru na N'ajụjụ ọnụ ya na otu akwụkwọ akụkọ German nwere: [39]  

Hụkwa

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  • Nkà Africa na mkpokọta Western
  • Na-apụ apụ
  • Decolonization nke ngosi ihe mgbe ochie
  • Mmemme Inventories Mba Nile (ọrụ maka ihe nketa ọdịnala sitere na Kenya na mkpokọta Western)

Ihe ndetu

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  1. ↑ Chirac was one of the effective supporters of the Musée du quai Branly - Jacques Chirac.
  2. ↑ The report does not cover North African countries, whose cultures have been marked by indigenous populations such as the Berber ethnic groups and by Arab-Islamic influence.
  3. ↑ As French historian Francis Simonis pointed out, the sabre of Hadj Omar Tall actually is not an African object, but a European weapon, made for the French Army in the 19th century, and was later taken back to France from Ségou in the modern state of Mali.

Ntụaka

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  1. ↑ ArtReview. Power 100 (en). artreview.com. Retrieved on 2021-09-21.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Emmanuel Macron's speech at the University of Ouagadougou (en). elysee.fr (28 November 2017). Retrieved on 2019-07-26.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Ellis (5 April 2019). Museums in the changing world order: restitution to Africa reaches tipping point. theartnewspaper.com. Retrieved on 2019-07-27. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":6" defined multiple times with different content
  4. ↑ Opoku (10 December 2017). "Macron promises to return African artefacts in French museums: a new era in African-European relationships or a mirage?". Modern Ghana. 
  5. ↑ Submission of the Savoy/Sarr report on the restitution of African heritage (fr). elysee.fr (23 November 2018). Retrieved on 2019-07-20.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 Hunt (27 November 2018). Restitution Report: museum directors respond (en). www.theartnewspaper.com. Retrieved on 2021-08-05. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":5" defined multiple times with different content
  7. ↑ The Sarr-Savoy report & restituting colonial artifacts (en-US). Center for Art Law (2019-01-31). Retrieved on 2019-07-20.
  8. ↑ Boukari-Yabara (2016). Felwine Sarr. Afrotopia. Cairn. Retrieved on 2019-07-26.
  9. ↑ Afrotopia or The Future is Open (en-US). Akademie Schloss Solitude (2019-04-30). Retrieved on 2019-07-26.
  10. ↑ Results for 'Felwine Sarr (en). worldcat.org. Retrieved on 2021-08-09.
  11. ↑ Forum for scholars and publics at Duke University. Felwine Sarr (en-US). fsp.duke.edu. Retrieved on 2021-08-09.
  12. ↑ Bénédicte Savoy (2018). Acquiring cultures: histories of world art on Western markets. ISBN 978-3-11-054508-1. OCLC 1039210631. 
  13. ↑ Andrea Meyer (2014). The museum is open: towards a transnational history of museums 1750-1940. ISBN 978-3-11-029882-6. OCLC 874163864. 
  14. ↑ Technische Universität Berlin (2020-10-07). Restitution of knowledge (en). www.tu.berlin. Retrieved on 2021-08-04.
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 15.2 Shaw (21 October 2020). Black Lives Matter movement is speeding up repatriation efforts, leading French art historian says (en). www.theartnewspaper.com. Retrieved on 2021-08-04. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":7" defined multiple times with different content
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 16.2 16.3 16.4 Sarr and Savoy, 2018
  17. ↑ "Le dialogue et la participation devront accompagner toutes les étappes de ces travaux". Sarr and Savoy, 2018, p.104
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 Opoku (21 May 2019). Coordination of African Positions on Restitution Matters (en). Modern Ghana. Retrieved on 2019-07-31. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":0" defined multiple times with different content
  19. ↑ Scher (2019-06-11). Better Safe Than Sorry: American Museums Take Measures Mindful of Repatriation of African Art (en-US). ARTnews. Retrieved on 2019-07-26.
  20. ↑ Rykner (2019-07-27). Emmanuel Macron met fin à l'inaliénabilité des collections publiques (fr). La Tribune de l'Art. Retrieved on 2019-07-27.
  21. ↑ Hickley (14 March 2019). Culture ministers from 16 German states agree to repatriate artefacts looted in colonial era. theartnewspaper.com. Retrieved on 2019-07-21.
  22. ↑ Kößler. Hendrik Witbooi's Bible (en-US). africasacountry.com. Retrieved on 2021-08-12.
  23. ↑ Hickley (2020-10-08). The Netherlands: Museums confront the country's colonial past (en). UNESCO. Retrieved on 2021-08-12.
  24. ↑ "Benin Bronzes: Germany to return looted artefacts to Nigeria", BBC News, 2021-04-30. Retrieved on 2021-08-12. (in en-GB)
  25. ↑ Brown (2019-01-24). 'The idea is not to empty museums': authors of France's blockbuster restitution report say their work has been misrepresented (en-US). Artnet News. Retrieved on 2021-08-06.
  26. ↑ Commission de la culture, de l'education et de la communication (2020-02-19). Commission de la culture, de l'éducation et de la communication: compte rendu de la semaine du 17 février 2020 (fr). www.senat.fr. Retrieved on 2021-08-05.
  27. ↑ Noce (5 July 2019). France retreats from report recommending automatic restitutions of looted African artefacts. theartnewspaper.com. Retrieved on 2019-07-27.
  28. ↑ LOI n° 2020-1673 du 24 décembre 2020 relative à la restitution de biens culturels à la République du Bénin et à la République du Sénégal (1) (24 December 2020). Retrieved on 2021-04-20.
  29. ↑ Hickley (16 July 2020). France takes first legal step towards restitutions to Benin and Senegal as cabinet examines new law. www.theartnewspaper.com. Retrieved on 2020-07-17.
  30. ↑ Simonis. "La première œuvre qui est "restituée" à l'Afrique est un objet européen", Le Monde.fr, 2019-11-24. Retrieved on 2020-07-17. (in fr)
  31. ↑ Musée du quai Branly – Jacques Chirac. Restitution of 26 works to the Republic of Benin. quaibranly.fr. Retrieved on 2021-08-07.
  32. ↑ Vidjingninou (2020-02-27). Le Bénin attend toujours la restitution de son patrimoine promis par la France (fr-FR). JeuneAfrique.com. Retrieved on 2021-09-21.
  33. ↑ Bosc-Tiessé (2021-09-28). Le monde en musée. Cartographie des collections d'objets d'Afrique et d'Océanie en France (fr). monde-en-musee.inha.fr. Institut National d'Histoire de l'Art (INHA). Retrieved on 2021-10-17.
  34. ↑ Presentation of the report Shared heritage: universality, restitution and circulation of works of art by Jean-Luc Martinez (en-GB). www.culture.gouv.fr. Retrieved on 2023-12-07.
  35. ↑ Fabry-Tehranchi (2023-11-27). France and the restitution of cultural property. Languages across Borders/Cambridge University Library. Retrieved on 2023-12-07.
  36. ↑ Ombudsman appointed for UN in Vienna. www.un.org (2003-04-09). Retrieved on 2021-08-09.
  37. ↑ Manase (May 2020). From the vision to the practice of restitution (en). www.goethe.de. Retrieved on 2021-08-05.
  38. ↑ Bloch (26 February 2019). Tansania und die Kolonialzeit - Der afrikanische Blick (de-DE). Deutschlandfunk Kultur. Retrieved on 2019-07-27.
  39. ↑ Savoy (18 January 2019). Europa ist auf einem Auge blind (de). www.tagesspiegel.de. Retrieved on 2019-07-27.

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