Akara nzacha

Iberibe nzacha, nke a na-akpọkwa dị ka ebe nchekwa, bụ obere traktị dị n'akụkụ ala ahịhịa nke a na-eji belata mmetọ nke mmiri dị n'elu. A na-eji ha eme ihe n'ụzọ bụ isi n'ọrụ ugbo iji chịkwaa mmetọ isi iyi na-abụghị isi, agbanyeghị, enwere ike iji ha belata sedimenti na mmiri mmiri ozuzo na-esi na ebe a na-ewu ụlọ.[1] Enwere ụdị nzacha dị iche iche gụnyere ibe nzacha ahịhịa, ihe nzacha mmiri nke ọhịa, na ihe nchekwa ikuku. N'ọrụ ugbo, ha na-arụ ọrụ nke ọma n'ibelata mkpokọta nitrogen (N) na phosphorus (P) na mmiri na-asọpụta n'elu mmiri [2][3] ma na-arụkwa ọrụ n'ibelata sedimenti mbuze na iwepụ ihe ndị na-egbu egbu.[4]. Nke a na-enyere aka igbochi eutrophication na egbugbere ọnụ azụ na mfu nke ụdị ndụ dị iche iche. Iji nzacha nzacha bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị na mba ndị mepere emepe[5] ma iwu chọrọ n'akụkụ ụfọdụ.[6] Mmejuputa na nrụzi nke nzacha nzacha adịghị ọnụ ma egosila na ojiji ha bara uru.^[1]

Ọrụ

A na-ejikarị eriri nzacha eme ihe n'ọrụ ugbo iji chịkwaa mmetọ isi iyi adịghị. Ha na-arụ ọrụ site n'ibelata ọsọ mmiri, na-ekwe ka mmiri na-asọpụta na ụmụ irighiri ihe mgbaze na-abanye n'ime ala.[1] Ahịhịa na-ebulitekwa ụmụ irighiri ihe ndị a, ọkachasị nitrogen na phosphorus, na-ebelata mkpokọta ha na mmiri dị nso..

A pụkwara iji eriri nzacha mee ihe dị ka ọnyà sediment iji belata sediment na mmiri mmiri ozuzo site na ebe a na-ewu ụlọ.^[2]

Mmetụta na gburugburu ebe obibi

eutrophication na ọdọ mmiri kpatara site na mmetọ na-abụghị isi site na ọrụ ugbo A na-ejikarị eriri nzacha iji gbochie eutrophication n'elu mmiri. Eutrophication bụ nsogbu zuru ebe niile n'osimiri, ọdọ mmiri, estuaries, na oké osimiri ndị dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri, nke nitrogen na phosphorus na-aba ụba na-akpata; isi iyi nke bụ mmetọ na-enweghị isi site na ọrụ ugbo.^[3] Ihe oriri ndị a karịrị akarị na-eduga na uto na-enweghị nchịkwa nke osisi na algae (na phytoplankton na gburugburu mmiri nnu). Ka microorganisms na-emebi ha, oxygen na-agwụ, na-akpata hypoxia. Nke a nwere ike iduga na igbu azụ na ọnwụ nke anụmanụ ndị ọzọ, na-emepụta ọnọdụ nke mbelata dị iche iche nke ihe ndị dị ndụ.

Mmetụta na ahụike mmadụ

Site n'ibelata ọnụ ọgụgụ nke fatịlaịza kemịkal n'ime mmiri dị n'elu, eriri nzacha nwere mmetụta dị mma na ahụike mmadụ. Ọ bụ ezie na oke phosphorus dị na mmiri abụghị ihe na-egbu ụmụ mmadụ, nitrates na-eweta nnukwu ihe ize ndụ nye ahụike ụmụ mmadụ.^[3] Na oke, iri nitrates nwere ike ịkpata ọnọdụ siri ike a maara dị ka methemoglobinemia nke ikike ibu oxygen nke hemoglobin na-ebelata.^[4] Ụmụ ọhụrụ na-emetụta ya karịsịa, nke bụ ihe mere a na-akpọkarị ọrịa ahụ "ọrịa nwa na-acha anụnụ anụnụ".

N'ebe ụmụ mmadụ na-adabere na ịkụ azụ ma ọ bụ aquafarming maka nri, mbelata nke ọnụ ọgụgụ azụ na shellfish nwere ike ibute nri na-edozi ahụ na ọrịa ndị metụtara ya.

Ụdị

Akpụkpọ anụ

Akụkụ nzacha ahịhịa bụ obere, akụkụ nke ala ahịhịhịa. A na-akụ ụdị nzacha a na ahịhịa ma ọ bụ legumes na-adịgide adịgide nke nwere oke nitrogen. A na-eji ụdị dị iche iche eme ihe. Ahịhịa ndị a na-ahụkarị bụ switchgrass, orchardgrass, na fescue dị elu. Ụdị akwụkwọ nri bụ clovers na alfalfa.

Ebe a na-enyocha ala ahịhịa

Mgbasa ahịhịa na-arụ ọrụ n'otu ụzọ ahụ dị ka ahịhịhịa ahịhịrị, agbanyeghị na ha jupụtara na ahịhụ ahịhọn. Ojiji nke ahịhịa ahịhịhịa nwere uru ụfọdụ, ọkachasị mmụba nke ụdị dị iche iche, dị iche na ahịhịrị ahịhụ, na usoro mgbọrọgwụ ha nwere ọtụtụ ọkwa na ogwe osisi siri ike na-eme ka ha dịkwuo mma maka ihu igwe ọjọọ.^[5]

Ihe mgbochi mmiri dị n'oké osimiri

Dị ka ahịhịa ahịhịhịa, ahịhịrị ahịhụ bụ ahịhọta ahịhụrụ ahịhọ ndị a na-akụghị, kama, osisi ndị obodo na ahịhịka ndị ọzọ jupụtara na ha. Ha nwere ike ịkwado anụmanụ ndị dị n'ala. N'adịghị ka ala a na-emetọghị, ihe mgbochi osimiri na-akwado ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ukwuu nke ụdị nnụnụ na arthropod. Otú ọ dị, ha enweghị ike ịkwado ọtụtụ ụdị dị ka ala na-enweghị nsogbu.

Ihe mgbochi ikuku

Wind buffers (nke a na-akpọkwa windbreaks) bụ ahịrị osisi ma ọ bụ obere osisi a kụrụ akụ nke a na-eji gbochie mbuze ala n'ọhịa. Tụkwasị na nke a, enwere ike iji ha gbochie snow ịkwaga n'okporo ụzọ ma nwee ike belata mkpọtụ n'okporong ụzọ awara awara.^[6]

Ịdị irè

Akara nzacha dị nnọọ irè n'ibelata nitrogen (N) na phosphorus (P) na mmiri na-asọba n'elu.^[7] Zhou et al. (2014) chọpụtara na ahịhịa ahịhịhịa na-ebelata ọnụ ọgụgụ nitrate, nitrogen zuru ezu, na phosphorus zuru ezu na mmiri na-agbapụta site na 35%, 73%, na 82% n'otu n'otu. Abu-Zreig, Majed, et al. (2003) chọpụtara na ahịhịa ahịhịhịa na-arụ ọrụ n'ibelata ọnụ ọgụgụ phosphorus, na nsonaazụ sitere na 61% ruo 89% maka ahịhịrị ahịhọta 2m na ahịha ahịhọrọ 15m. Nke a na-egosi na eriri nzacha dị irè ọbụna na obere obosara.

E gosikwara na ihe nzacha na-arụ ọrụ nke ọma n'ịgbanye ihe. Nnyocha nke mwepụ nke sediment chọpụtara na ahịhịa ahịhịhịa nwere arụmọrụ nke 96% n'ime afọ 4.^[8] Dị ka ọ dị na mbelata nitrogen na phosphorus, arụmọrụ nke sediment trap nke eriri nzacha dịgasị iche site n'ọtụtụ ihe, gụnyere ọnọdụ dị n'okpuru ala, ọnọdụ elu, na njirimara sediment.^[9]

Mgbasawanye

Ojiji nke eriri nzacha bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị n'ụwa niile mepere emepe.^[10] Iwu na-ekwu maka iji ha eme ihe n'ebe ụfọdụ. Minnesota, dịka ọmụmaatụ, chọrọ ka ndị ọrụ ugbo wụnye eriri nzacha n'akụkụ mmiri niile na ọwara mmiri.^[11]

Ọnụ ego

Isi ego a na-akwụ na eriri nzacha bụ mbelata nke ihe ọkụkụ n'ihi mfu nke ala a na-akọ ugbo.^[12] Ihe ndị ọzọ a na-efu bụ ndị metụtara ịmepụta, ịkụ, na idebe eriri nzacha. A chọpụtara na ego onwe onye na-efu kwa afọ nke idebe eriri nzacha abụọ na mmiri Missouri bụ $ 62.40 / ac. (4046.86m²), ọ bụ ezie na ọnụahịa dịgasị iche site na ebe n'ihi ọnụ ahịa ala dị iche iche.^[1]

Hụkwa

Nchịkwa mbuze
Eutrophication
Mmetọ na-abụghị isi iyi
Runoff

Ebem si dee

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 Qiu, Z. (2003). "A VSA-based strategy for placing conservation buffers in agricultural watersheds". Environmental Management. 32: 299–311.
↑ Vegetated filter strips - Minnesota Stormwater Manual (en). stormwater.pca.state.mn.us. Retrieved on 2017-12-02.
↑ ^3.0 ^3.1 Carpenter (1998-08-01). "Nonpoint Pollution of Surface Waters with Phosphorus and Nitrogen" (in en). Ecological Applications 8 (3): 559–568. DOI:[0559:nposww2.0.co;2 10.1890/1051-0761(1998)008[0559:nposww]2.0.co;2]. ISSN 1939-5582. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":7" defined multiple times with different content
↑ Ward (November 2005). "Workgroup Report: Drinking-Water Nitrate and Health—Recent Findings and Research Needs". Environmental Health Perspectives 113 (11): 1607–1614. DOI:10.1289/ehp.8043. ISSN 0091-6765. PMID 16263519.
↑ Natural Resource Ecology and Management (en). www.nrem.iastate.edu. Retrieved on 2017-12-02.
↑ Windbreaks (en). nac.unl.edu. Archived from the original on 2017-09-30. Retrieved on 2017-12-02.
↑ Zhou (2014-01-01). "Nutrient removal by prairie filter strips in agricultural landscapes" (in en). Journal of Soil and Water Conservation 69 (1): 54–64. DOI:10.2489/jswc.69.1.54. ISSN 0022-4561.
↑ Helmers (2012-09-01). "Sediment Removal by Prairie Filter Strips in Row-Cropped Ephemeral Watersheds" (in en). Journal of Environmental Quality 41 (5): 1531–9. DOI:10.2134/jeq2011.0473. ISSN 0047-2425. PMID 23099945.
↑ Osman Akan A. (2017-03-01). "Suspended Sediment Trap Efficiency of Vegetative Filter Strips". Journal of Hydrologic Engineering 22 (3): 06016018. DOI:10.1061/(asce)he.1943-5584.0001469.
↑ Choi (2016-12-01). "Vegetative Filter Strip (Vfs) Applications for Runoff and Pollution Management in the Saemangeum Area of Korea" (in en). Irrigation and Drainage 65: 168–174. DOI:10.1002/ird.2043. ISSN 1531-0361.
↑ "New state funding will help landowners install buffer strips along Minnesota's waters", Twin Cities, 2017-07-12. Retrieved on 2017-12-02. (in en-US)
↑ Helmers, Matthew J., et al. “Buffers and Vegetative Filter Strips.” Gulf Hypoxia and Local Water Quality Concerns Workshop September 26–28, 2005, Ames, IA, 2006, p. 17, https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2015-07/documents/2006_8_24_msbasin_symposia_ia_session4-2.pdf .

[:6-1] 1.0 ^1.1 Qiu, Z. (2003). "A VSA-based strategy for placing conservation buffers in agricultural watersheds". Environmental Management. 32: 299–311.

[:0-2] Vegetated filter strips - Minnesota Stormwater Manual (en). stormwater.pca.state.mn.us. Retrieved on 2017-12-02.

[:7-3] 3.0 ^3.1 Carpenter (1998-08-01). "Nonpoint Pollution of Surface Waters with Phosphorus and Nitrogen" (in en). Ecological Applications 8 (3): 559–568. DOI:[0559:nposww2.0.co;2 10.1890/1051-0761(1998)008[0559:nposww]2.0.co;2]. ISSN 1939-5582. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":7" defined multiple times with different content

[4] Ward (November 2005). "Workgroup Report: Drinking-Water Nitrate and Health—Recent Findings and Research Needs". Environmental Health Perspectives 113 (11): 1607–1614. DOI:10.1289/ehp.8043. ISSN 0091-6765. PMID 16263519.

[5] Natural Resource Ecology and Management (en). www.nrem.iastate.edu. Retrieved on 2017-12-02.

[6] Windbreaks (en). nac.unl.edu. Archived from the original on 2017-09-30. Retrieved on 2017-12-02.

[:1-7] Zhou (2014-01-01). "Nutrient removal by prairie filter strips in agricultural landscapes" (in en). Journal of Soil and Water Conservation 69 (1): 54–64. DOI:10.2489/jswc.69.1.54. ISSN 0022-4561.

[:3-8] Helmers (2012-09-01). "Sediment Removal by Prairie Filter Strips in Row-Cropped Ephemeral Watersheds" (in en). Journal of Environmental Quality 41 (5): 1531–9. DOI:10.2134/jeq2011.0473. ISSN 0047-2425. PMID 23099945.

[9] Osman Akan A. (2017-03-01). "Suspended Sediment Trap Efficiency of Vegetative Filter Strips". Journal of Hydrologic Engineering 22 (3): 06016018. DOI:10.1061/(asce)he.1943-5584.0001469.

[:4-10] Choi (2016-12-01). "Vegetative Filter Strip (Vfs) Applications for Runoff and Pollution Management in the Saemangeum Area of Korea" (in en). Irrigation and Drainage 65: 168–174. DOI:10.1002/ird.2043. ISSN 1531-0361.

[:5-11] "New state funding will help landowners install buffer strips along Minnesota's waters", Twin Cities, 2017-07-12. Retrieved on 2017-12-02. (in en-US)

[12] Helmers, Matthew J., et al. “Buffers and Vegetative Filter Strips.” Gulf Hypoxia and Local Water Quality Concerns Workshop September 26–28, 2005, Ames, IA, 2006, p. 17, https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2015-07/documents/2006_8_24_msbasin_symposia_ia_session4-2.pdf .

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