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Alaíde Foppa

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Alaíde Foppa (1914 – c. 1980?) bụ onye Guatemalan na-ede uri, odee, onye na-agụ nwanyị, onye nkatọ nka, onye nkuzi na onye ntụgharị asụsụ. Amụrụ na Barcelona, ​​​​Spain, ọ nwere nwa amaala Guatemalan wee biri na mba ọzọ na Mexico. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka prọfesọ na Guatemala na Mexico. E bipụtara ọtụtụ n'ime uri ya na Mexico na o mebere otu n'ime akwụkwọ mbụ nwanyị, Fem, na mba ahụ. Mgbe di ya nwụsịrị, ọ gara Guatemala ịga hụ nne ya ma megharịa akwụkwọ ikike ngafe ya. E jidere ya wee pụọ na Guatemala City na 19 Disemba 1980, chere na a ga-egbu ya. Ụfọdụ akwụkwọ na-ekwu na ụbọchị ọ furu efu dịka 9 Disemba 1980.

Akụkọ ndụ

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María Alaíde Foppa Falla mụrụ 3 Disemba 1914 na Barcelona, ​​​​Spain nye Tito Livio Foppa na Julia Falla. Nne ya bụ onye pianist[1] sitere na agbụrụ Guatemalan na nna ya bụ onye nnọchi anya Argentine-Itali. Ọ tolitere njem, na-ebi na Belgium, France na Italy.[2] Ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na Ịtali, na-amụ akụkọ ihe mere eme nke nkà na akwụkwọ. Ọ na-asụ Ịtali nke ọma ma rụọ ọrụ ọtụtụ afọ dị ka onye nsụgharị.[1]

N'afọ ndị 1940, Foppa nwetara ịbụ nwa amaala Guatemalan, [1] wee lụọ onye ekpe Guatemalan, Alfonso Solórzano.[2] Onye so na FDN, ọ bụ "onye Kọmunist nwere ọgụgụ isi", onye jisiri ike na Guatemala Institute of Social Security. Solórzano mechara bụrụ onye ndụmọdụ onye isi ala Guatemalan Jacobo Árbenz[3] Ya na Solórzano, ọ mụrụ ụmụ anọ, amụrụ na Mexico: Mario, Juan Pablo, Silvia[2] na Laura.[4] Ọkpara Foppa Julio bụ nwa Juan José Arévalo, onye bu ụzọ Árbenz dị ka onye isi ala Guatemala.

Foppa jere ozi na ngalaba nke ngalaba mmadụ na Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala (Mahadum San Carlos nke Guatemala) ma bụrụ onye guzobere Institutelọ Ọrụ Omenala Ịtali na mba Central America. A manyere ya na di ya ịgbapụ na mba ahụ na 1954 mgbe ndị agha na-akwado CIA kwaturu onyeisi oche nke Jacobo Árbenz[1].

Foppa biri na mba ọzọ na Mexico, na-arụ ọrụ dị ka onye prọfesọ na National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), bụ ebe ọ kuziri Ịtali na School of Philosophy and Letters wee nye nkuzi mbụ na mahadum Latin America na nkà mmụta mmekọrịta ụmụ nwanyị. [1] Ọ gụrụ nkuzi na ụlọ ọrụ ndị ọzọ, bipụta kọlụm wee jee ozi dị ka onye nkatọ nka n'akwụkwọ akụkọ mpaghara, [2] ma dee ọtụtụ uri ya na Mexico City. A kwenyere na e bipụtara akwụkwọ uri ndị ọzọ niile na Mexico, ma e wezụga akwụkwọ a na-akpọ Poesías nke e bipụtara na Madrid na La Sin Ventura nke e bipụtara na Guatemala, n'agbanyeghị na o dere ma dezie ụfọdụ n'ime ha n'ugbo ezinụlọ ya dị na Ngalaba Sacatepéquez, mgbe ọ na-eleta. nne ya.[2]   N'afọ 1972, o mepụtara mmemme redio "Foro de la Mujer" (Women's Forum) nke a na-agbasa na Radio Universidad, iji kwurịta enweghị nhata n'ime ọha mmadụ nke Mexico, ime ihe ike na otu esi emeso ime ihe ike dị ka ọha na eze karịa nchegbu onwe onye, na ịchọpụta ndụ ụmụ nwanyị. N'afọ 1975, ya na Margarita García Flores guzobere akwụkwọ Fem, magazin maka nyocha nke okwu site n'echiche ụmụ nwanyị. [3] Foppa kwadoro mbipụta ahụ site na ego nke ya. [1] Ndị nta akụkọ na ndị ụbụrụ na-aghọ nkọ na Mexico nyere aka n'ịtọ ntọala magazin ahụ. [4] Ọtụtụ ndị Latin America a ma ama na mbido afọ 1980 ejighị "Fem" kama ọ bụ "Humanism", dịka Griselda Alvarez mgbe Fem jụrụ ya.[4]

Foppa bụkwa onye na-ekere òkè mgbe niile na ihe omume ya na Amnesty International na International Association of Women Against Repression (AIMUR). [1] Ya na ndị ọzọ nọ n'òtù ndị nwere ọgụgụ isi na Guatemala, Foppa katọrọ gọọmentị maka mmebi ikike mmadụ na aha ya malitere ịpụta na ndepụta ndị e bipụtara nke "ndị na-agba ọchịchị mgba okpuru".

Mfu

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Mgbe ụgbọ ala kụrụ di ya Solórzano ma gbuo ya, Foppa gara Guatemala, [5] iji leta nne ya [6] ma mezigharịa paspọtụ ya, [2] mana ekwere na o kpebiri ịrụ ọrụ maka ndị agha nnupụisi. Site n'otu akụkọ, ọ sonyeere ndị agha nnupụisi na Guatemala City, ebe ndị ọrụ nchekwa gọọmentị jidere ya ozugbo.[7] Ụmụ ya nwoke abụọ Mario na Juan Pablo, ọ bụ ezie na a mụrụ ha na Mexico, laghachiri ịlụ ọgụ na ndị agha guerrilla na Guatemala ma gbuo ha. Nwa ya nwanyị, Silvia, onye kwadokwara ndị nnupụisi ahụ, zoro na Cuba ruo oge ụfọdụ [5] ma n'oge Foppa lara n'iyi ọ laghachiri Guatemala. [6]

Nwa nwanyị Foppa bụ Laura bụ onye na-agba egwú ma na-eme ihe nkiri na Covarrubias Theatre nke ga-emeghe na 21 Disemba 1980. Mgbe ọ kpọrọ oku iji chọpụta na nne ya ga-alaghachi maka arụmọrụ ahụ, ọ mụtara site n'aka nne nne ya na onye ọkwọ ụgbọala ahụ, Leocadio Axtún Chiroy. Nwa ya nwoke nke okenye, Julio Solórzano Foppa, nwetara oku ekwentị site n'aka Laura onye gwara ya na nwa ya nwanyị nke okenye, Silvia nụrụ na nne ya furu efu na redio n'ogige ndị agha okpuru n'ugwu El Quiche.[6]

O doro anya na Foppa gara ịzụta okooko osisi ma were paspọtụ ya [6] na Guatemala City na 19 Disemba 1980. [3] Onye ọkwọ ụgbọala nne ya, Leocadio Axtún, sonyeere ya, onye kpọgara ya na Plaza El Amate, ebe a kwụsịrị ha, ọ nụtụghịkwa ihe ọ bụla ọzọ.[6] Akụkọ na-ekwu na ndị otu ọnwụ nke onye ụkọchukwu nọ n'ọkwá dị elu tara ya ahụhụ ma gbuo ya n'otu ụbọchị e jidere ya. Na mbido, akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ bu akụkọ na ndị otu nzuzo G-2 tọọrọ ya, tie ya ihe, ma manye ya ịbanye n'ụgbọala, nke gbapụrụ ọsọ, mana egwu nke ndị akaebe agaghị abịa.[8]

Mgbe akụkọ banyere ọpụpụ ahụ ruru ndị enyi na ndị ezinụlọ, ha gbakọrọ aka. Nwa ya nwanyị Laura, onye nwetara onyinye iji mụọ ịgba egwú na New York, jiri njem ahụ gaa leta ma United Nations na ụlọ ọrụ ikike mmadụ nke Organization of American States. Julio, ji ụgbọelu gaa Paris ma site n'enyemaka nke ndị enyi ya nweta ndị na-ege ntị na Nzukọ Ndị Ome Iwu na mgbalị itinye nrụgide mba ụwa na gọọmentị Guatemala.[6] Ndị enyi dere akwụkwọ ozi ma guzobe kọmitii iji chọọ ka ndị ọchịchị Guatemala mee ihe.[9]

Julio laghachiri Mexico wee zute Jorge Castañeda na Álvarez de la Rosa, odeakwụkwọ nke mba ọzọ na Mexico. Onye isi ala Mexico Jose Lopez Portillo nyere ikike ka ndị ọkà mmụta iwu, ndị nta akụkọ na ụmụ Foppa gaa nyochaa mfu ahụ; Otú ọ dị, tupu otu ahụ apụọ, a natara egwu zoro ezo na-agwa ha na a nabatara ha ka ha bịa mana "ndị Kọmunist mba ụwa, na mbọ ọ na-agba ime ka gọọmentị Guatemala yie ihe ọjọọ, nwere ike imerụ ha ahụ... ịbịa. " Otu ahụ kpebiri na Foppa adịkwaghị ndụ.

Na 2 Disemba 1999, ụmụ Foppa rịọrọ ka Audiencia Nacional de España mepee nyocha. Ọ bụ ezie na e meghere ikpe, ndị ọchịchị Guatemala azaghachighị.[10] N'afọ 2005, mgbawa n'ụlọ ọrụ ndị uwe ojii na-amaghị ama na mpụga Guatemala City kpughere ihe ndekọ ndekọ na-alaghachi na okike na 1880 nke ndị uwe ojii mba. Ndị otu ndị na-ahụ maka ikpe malitere inyocha akwụkwọ ndị dị na Guatemala National Police Archives, Julio Solórzano chọkwara ijide n'aka na akwụkwọ ndị ahụ ka dị. Ọ kpọtụrụ Karen Engle na Mahadum Texas' Rapoport Center for Human Rights ma mee ka ha kwenye itinye ihe ndekọ ahụ na digitize. O nwere olile anya na n'ime ihe ndekọ ahụ bụ ozi gbasara ikpe nne ya.

N'afọ 2010, ezinụlọ Foppa, Grupo de Apoyo Mutuo (GAM) (Mutual Support Group) na Centro de Reportes Informativos sobre Guatemala (CERIGUA) (Center of Informative Reports on Guatemala) na òtù ndị ọzọ chọrọ ka ndị ọchịchị Guatemala malite nyocha banyere ọpụpụ Foppa. [10][11] N'afọ 2012, ụlọ ọrụ Inter-American Commission on Human Rights (IACHR) tinyere akwụkwọ mkpesa megide enweghị ihe Guatemala mere n'okwu ahụ. [12] N'afọ 2014, nwa nwanyị Foppa bụ Silvia kwetara na enweghị mkpebi ọ bụla sitere n'ihe ikpe ọ bụla - na Spain, n'ihu Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu nke Guatemala, ma ọ bụ site na ikpe IACHR. Ebe Foppa nọ na ihe mere ya ka a ghara ịza ya. N'afọ 2014, Maricarmen de Lara mere ihe nkiri nke akpọrọ ¡Alaíde Foppa, la sin ventura! (Alaide Foppa, onye na-enweghị ihu ọma) ka a tọhapụrụ.[13]

Foppa, A., & Franco, J. (1981). [Alaide Foppa de Solórzano]. Signs, 7(1), 4-4. Retrieved from Àtụ:JSTOR

Ọrụ ndị a họọrọ

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  • Abụ (Madrid) (1945)
  • La Sin Ventura (Guatemala) (1955)
  • Mkpịsị aka m (Mexico) (1958)
  • Ọ bụ ezie na ọ bụ abalị (Mexico) (1962)
  • Guirnalda de primavera (Mexico) (1965)
  • Ekele nke ahụ m (Mexico) (1970)
  • Okwu na oge (Mexico) (1979)

Hụkwa

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  • Ndepụta nke ndị furu efu

Ihe odide

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  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Zamora Márquez. "Abiertos tres juicios por desaparición de feminista Alaíde Foppa", Cimac Noticias, 5 December 2014. Retrieved on 22 April 2015. (in Spanish) Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Zamora Márquez (2014)" defined multiple times with different content
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 "Cien años de Alaíde Foppa", El Periódico, 3 December 2014. Retrieved on 22 April 2015. (in Spanish) Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Cien Años (2014)" defined multiple times with different content
  3. ↑ Parra Toledo. "Fem publicación feminista pionera en América Latina se convierte en revista virtual", La Jornada, 3 October 2005. Retrieved on 23 April 2015. (in Spanish)
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Mariscal, Sonia. (2014). “I am not a feminist!!!” Feminism and its Natural Allies, Mexican Feminism in the 70s/80s. Thinking Gender 2014. UCLA: UCLA Center for the Study of Women. Retrieved from: http://escholarship.org/uc/item/7c7114jz
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Poniatowska. "Alaíde Foppa: 31 años después", La Jornada, 21 October 2012. Retrieved on 22 April 2015. (in Spanish)
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 Vargas. "Alaíde Foppa: El corazón tiene el tamaño de un puño cerrado", El Periódico, 30 November 2014. Retrieved on 22 April 2015. (in Spanish) Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Vargas (2014)" defined multiple times with different content
  7. ↑ Guillermoprieto (2002). Looking for history : dispatches from Latin America. New York: Vintage Books, 83. ISBN 030742667X. OCLC 712672478. 
  8. ↑ City of the Disappeared – three decades of searching for Guatemala's missing. Amnesty International. Amnesty International (19 November 2012). Retrieved on 23 April 2015.
  9. ↑ 1980: Alaíde Foppa de Solorzano. PEN International. PEN International. Retrieved on 23 April 2015.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 CERIGUA demands inquiry into journalist's disappearance. IFEX network. International Free Expression Network (23 November 2010). Retrieved on 23 April 2015. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name "IFEX" defined multiple times with different content
  11. ↑ Dore, A., Asher, A., Bernikow, L., Chevigny, B., & Christ, R. et al. (1981). Missing Person. The New York Times Review of Books, 28(20). Retrieved September 29, 2017, from http://www.nybooks.com/articles/1981/12/17/missing-person/
  12. ↑ "CIDH conoce denuncia por desaparición forzada de Alaíde Foppa en 1980", Sin Embargo, 27 June 2012. Retrieved on 23 April 2015. (in Spanish)
  13. ↑ López García. "Hija de Alaíde Foppa trae a México reclamo de justicia", Diario Rotativo, 22 December 2014. Retrieved on 23 April 2015. (in Spanish)
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