Alcestis (egwuregwu)
Alcestis (/ ælˈsɛstɪs/; Greek: Ἄλκηστις, Alkēstis) bụ ọdachi Athens nke onye Gris oge ochie na-ede egwuregwu Euripides.[1] Emepụtara ya na mbụ na ememme City Dionysia na 438 BC. Euripides gosipụtara ya dị ka akụkụ ikpeazụ nke tetralogy nke egwuregwu na-enweghị njikọ na asọmpi nke ọdachi, bụ nke o nwetara ihe nrite nke abụọ; Nhazi a pụrụ iche, ebe akụkụ nke anọ na-abụkarị egwuregwu satyr.[2] Ụda ya na-enweghị isi, tragicomic - nke nwere ike ịbụ "ịhụnanya n'obi ụtọ" ma ọ bụ "oke ilu" - emela ka ọ bụrụ akara nke "egwuregwu nsogbu."[3] Alcestis bụ, ma eleghị anya ma e wezụga Rhesus, ọrụ Euripides kasị ochie na-adị ndụ, ọ bụ ezie na n'oge arụmọrụ mbụ ya ọ na-emepụta egwuregwu maka afọ 17. [1][2]
Ihe ndị mere tupu mmalite nke egwuregwu ahụ
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Ogologo oge tupu mmalite nke egwuregwu ahụ, Eze Admetus nyere ya ihe ùgwù nke ibi ndụ gafere oge e kenyere ya ọnwụ. Ọ bụ chi Apollo (onye mere ka ha ṅụọ mmanya) mere ka ndị Fates kwenye ikwe ka ha mee nke a. E mere nkwekọrịta a na-adịghị ahụkebe mgbe a chụpụrụ Apollo na Olympus maka otu afọ na otu ụbọchị ma jiri oge ahụ na-ejere eze Thessalian ozi, nwoke a ma ama maka ile ọbịa ya nke mesoro Apollo nke ọma. Apollo chọrọ ịkwụ ụgwọ maka ile ọbịa Admetus ma nye ya nnwere onwe pụọ n'ọnwụ. Otú ọ dị, onyinye ahụ na-abịa na ọnụahịa: Admetus ga-achọta onye ga-anọchi ya mgbe Ọnwụ bịara were ya.
Oge ọnwụ Admetus na-abịa ma ọ chọtabeghị onye ga-anọchi ya. Nna ya, Pheres, achọghị ịbanye ma chee na ọ bụ ihe nzuzu na a ga-agwa ya ka ọ hapụ ndụ ọ na-enwe obi ụtọ dịka akụkụ nke azụmahịa a dị ịtụnanya. N'ikpeazụ, nwunye Admetus raara onwe ya nye bụ Alcestis kwetara ka e were ya n'ọnọdụ ya n'ihi na ọ chọghị ịhapụ ụmụ ya n'enweghị nna ma ọ bụ bụrụ ndị na-enweghị onye ọ hụrụ n'anya. Na mbido egwuregwu ahụ, ọ fọrọ nke nta ka ọ nwụọ.
Nkọwa
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]N'okwu mmalite nke egwuregwu ahụ, chi Apollo si n'obí Admetus na Pherae (Velestino nke oge a na Magnesia), na-eyi uwe ọcha ma na-ebu ụta ọla edo ya, na ebumnuche nke ịpụ iji zere ịbụ onye ọnwụ na-abịanụ nke Alcestis, onye a na-akasi obi n'ime. Ọ na-enye nkọwa nke ihe omume ndị na-eduga n'oge a. Ọ na-eto ọbịbịa nke Thanatos (Ọnwụ), onye, yi uwe ojii ma na-ebu mma agha, bịara n'obí eze n'ọrụ ya dị ka psychopomp iji duru Alcestis gaa n'okpuru ụwa. Thanatos na-ama Apollo aka na-agbachitere Alcestis ma na-ebo ya ebubo na ọ "na-agbagọ agbagọ" mgbe o nyeere Admetus aka ịghọ aghụghọ n'ọnwụ na mbụ.[3] Apollo mesiri ya obi ike ma, n'otu akụkụ nke ngwa ngwa stichomythic njakịrị, na-atụ aro ka a yigharịa ọnwụ Alcestis, nke a na-ajụ n'ụzọ mkparị. Thanatos mechiri, "ị nwere ike ọ gaghị enwe ihe na-abụghị nke gị. " N'ịbụ onye e meriri, Apollo ji iwe pụọ, na-ebu amụma ọbịbịa nke nwoke (Heracles) nke ga-alụso Alcestis ọgụ pụọ na Ọnwụ.[4] Nanị ya na ndị na-ege ntị, Thanatos dọrọ aka ná ntị na "nke a bụ chi nke ọtụtụ okwu; mana okwu / ezughị," tupu ya akpọpụta ọnụ ụzọ na-emeghe ọnụ mma agha ya wee jiri nwayọọ nwayọọ banye n'obí eze.[5]
Ntinye nke ndị ukwe, ma ọ bụ usoro "parodos", na-esote: ndị ukwe iri na ise nke Pherae, nke "coryphaeus" (onye ndú ndị ukwe) duziri, na-abanye n'òtù ndị egwú nke ihe nkiri ahụ. Onye na-eduzi ndị ukwe na-eme mkpesa na ha nọ n'ọnọdụ nke egwu, n'amaghị ma ha kwesịrị ime emume iru uju maka eze nwanyị ha. abụ abụ ahụ, nke ha na-agba egwu ka ha na-abụ abụ, nwere stanzas abụọ jikọtara ọnụ nke strophe na antistrophe. Ha na-abụ abụ banyere ịgbachi nkịtị nke na-ekele ọchụchọ ha maka ihe ịrịba ama nke iru uju, ihe akaebe nke ọnwụ Alcestis. "Mgbe ịdị mma nwụrụ," ha na-akwa ákwá, "ndị ezi mmadụ niile na-ata ahụhụ, kwa. " [6] Onye ndu ukwe ahụ mechiri site n'ịjụ ọchụchọ ndị ukwe na-achọ olileanya n'ọnọdụ ahụ: "Eze emebiela ememe ọ bụla. "[7]
| [...] Ònye ga-agọnahụ ya? |
| Enwere ihe dị elu |
| karịa nke a, na nwunye kwesịrị ịnwụ ọnwụ di ya? |
| obodo dum maara ya, ma kwado ya. |
| Nwaanyị na-ejere ya ozi (Episodion I) |
ihe omume mbụ na-amalite site na odibo, onye si n'obí eze banye n'anya mmiri. Mgbe onye ndú ndị ukwe ahụ na-agbanye ya maka akụkọ, ọ na-enye nzaghachi mgbagwoju anya: "Ọ dị ndụ. Ọ nwụọla. " [8] Alcestis guzo, ọ na'akọwa, n'oge a na njedebe nke ndụ na ọnwụ. Onye na-eduzi ndị ukwe ji nchegbu kwado na emere nkwadebe omenala niile maka olili ya n'ụzọ kwesịrị ekwesị. Nwa agbọghọ na-eje ozi na-esonyere onye ndú ndị ukwe n'ịja mma Alcestis. Ọ na-akọwa ogologo nkọwa nke ekpere Alcestis na nkwadebe ịnwụ n'ụtụtụ ahụ, mgbe Alcestis bere ákwá n'elu àkwà agbamakwụkwọ nke ga-ebibi ya, makụọ ụmụ ya na-ebe ákwá, ma gwa ha niile ka ha sị ya gaa nke ọma. Ọ na-akọwa otú Admetus si jide Alcestis na-ebe ákwá n'aka ya ka anya ya na-arapara n'ahụ ìhè anyanwụ ikpeazụ ọ ga-ahụ. Nwata na-eje ozi na-anabata onye ndú ndị ukwe n'obí eze wee banye n'ime iji gwa Admetus banyere ọbịbịa ha.
Alcestis, n'elu àkwà ọnwụ ya, rịọrọ ka n'ihi àjà ya, Admetus alụọ di ọzọ, ma ọ bụ chefuo ya ma ọ bụ tinye nne nne na-ewe iwe na-elekọta ụmụ ha. Admetus kwenyere na nke a ma kwe nkwa ibi ndụ dị nsọ iji sọpụrụ ya, na-ezere omume obi ụtọ nke bụ akụkụ dị mkpa nke ezinụlọ ya. Alcestis nwụrụ mgbe ahụ.
Ozugbo nke ahụ gasịrị, enyi ochie Admetus bụ Heracles rutere n'obí eze, n'amaghị banyere iru uju dakwasịrị ebe ahụ. N'achọghị ịhapụ onye ọbịa, eze kpebiri na ya agaghị ebu Heracles ibu na akụkọ mwute ma gwa ndị na-ejere ya ozi ka ha nabata ya ma mechie ọnụ ha. Site n'ime nke a, Admetus mebiri nkwa ya nye Alcestis ka ọ ghara ime oriri na ọṅụṅụ n'oge na-esote ọnwụ ya. Heracles na-aṅụbiga mmanya ókè ma malite ịkpasu ndị na-ejere ya ozi iwe, ndị hụrụ eze nwanyị ha n'anya ma na-ewe iwe na a naghị ekwe ka ọ lụọ ya újú n'ụzọ kwesịrị ekwesị. N'ikpeazụ, otu n'ime ndị na-ejere ya ozi na-ewe iwe na onye ọbịa ahụ ma gwa ya ihe merenụ.
Ihere na-eme Heracles ihere nke ukwuu maka mmejọ ya na omume ọjọọ ya wee kpebie ịwakpo ma chee Ọnwụ ihu mgbe a na-achụ àjà olili ozu na ili Alcestis. Mgbe ọ laghachiri, ọ na-eweta nwanyị kpuchiri ekpuchi nke ọ gwara Admetus na ọ meriri na asọmpi. Ọ rịọrọ onye ọbịa ya ka ọ kpọrọ ya ma lekọta ya mgbe Heracles na-aga Ọrụ ya. Mgbe ọtụtụ mkparịta ụka gasịrị, ọ mechara manye Admetus na-achọghị ijide ya n'aka, mana mgbe ọ na-eweli ihe mkpuchi ahụ, ọ chọpụtara na o yiri ka ọ bụ Alcestis, n'azụ ndị nwụrụ anwụ. Heracles lụsoro Ọnwụ ọgụ ma manye ya ịhapụ ya. Ọ pụghị ikwu okwu ruo ụbọchị atọ, mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, a ga-eme ka ọ dị ọcha ma weghachite ndụ ya.
Nkọwa ndị nkatọ
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Nchịkọta nke Alcestis abụwo isiokwu arụmụka n'etiti ndị nkatọ akwụkwọ. Ọ na-eji ma ihe ndị dị egwu ma ndị na-atọ ọchị, ma (mgbe mbụ a na-eme ya) na-ewepụta oghere nke a na-echekwa maka Egwuregwu satyr. Conacher na-enyocha otú Euripides si gbasaa akụkọ ifo nke Admetus na Alcestis, ma gbakwunye ihe ndị na-atọ ọchị na akụkọ ọdịnala. Beye na-ekwukwa banyere akụkọ ifo na akụkọ ifo nke egwuregwu ahụ. [citation needed]
Alcestis bụkwa ederede ama ama maka ọmụmụ ụmụ nwanyị. Ndị nkatọ egosila na isi egwuregwu a na-elekwasị anya bụ Admetus kama Alcestis. Dị ka ihe atụ, Segal edewo banyere akụkụ ndị nna ochie nke egwuregwu ahụ. Rabinowitz, Vellacott, na Burnett enyochawo ọdịdị nke ịchụ àjà, karịsịa n'oge ochie, bụ́ ndị na-akọwa na ụkpụrụ omume ndị Gris oge ochie dị nnọọ iche na nke oge a. Nkọwa egwuregwu ọgbara ọhụrụ dị iche iche, nke na ndị nkatọ (dị ka Michelini na Gounaridou) achọpụtala na ha ekwenyeghị n'ọtụtụ ihe ọ bụla. Gounaridou na-arụ ụka na Euripides pụtara ka a ghọta egwuregwu ahụ n'ọtụtụ ụzọ dị iche iche. A na-arụrịta ụka gbasara akparamàgwà na mkpali nke Admetus na Alcestis, na ajụjụ nke ịchọ ọdịmma onwe onye nanị nke Admetus gbasiri ike.
Mgbanwe
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Enwere ma ọ dịkarịa ala opera asaa dabere na egwuregwu ahụ, isii n'ime ha akpọrọ Alceste: opera nke 1674 nke Jean-Baptiste Lully, opera nke 1750 nke George Frideric Handel, opera nke 1767, nke Christoph Willibald Gluck - nke a ma ama maka ibipụta ya na aro ya maka ịtụgharị ihe nkiri, opera nke 1773, nke Anton Schweitzer, na opera nke 1768 nke Pietro Alessandro Guglielmi.
Egwuregwu opera Alkestis nke Rutland Boughton nke afọ 1922 dabeere na nsụgharị Gilbert Murray.[9] Ọ bụ ụlọ ọrụ British National Opera Company mere ya na Covent Garden ma ụlọ ọrụ British Broadcasting Company na-agbasa ya, ha abụọ na 1924. [9]
Onye isi ihe nkiri America Robert Wilson mere mmepụta nke egwuregwu na 1986 na American Repertory Theatre na Cambridge, Massachusetts na na 1987 na Staatstheater na Stuttgart.[1] Mmepụta ahụ gbakwunyere egwuregwu Euripides site n'ihe ndị sitere n'ọtụtụ ebe dị iche iche jikọtara ya site na nyocha ha gbasara isiokwu ọnwụ na ịlọ ụwa.[2]. Ọ malitere na Heiner Müller's Explosion of a Memory (Nkọwa nke Foto) (1985) dị ka okwu mmalite; Iberibe a bụ akụkọ nrọ nke ejiri ederede akpaka mejupụtara ya. Müller kọwara ya dị ka nkọwa nke "odida obodo gafere ọnwụ" nke bụ "nfefe nke Euripides' Alcestis nke na-ehota Noh play Kumasaka, the Eleventh Canto of the Odyssey, and Hitchcock's The Birds."[3] Mmepụta ahụ jikwa a Egwuregwu kyogen nke Japan bụ onye isiokwu ya gbachiri nke Alcestis, ntule laser, akara egwu Laurie Anderson, na ihe ọkpụkpụ nke onye dere Robert Rutman.. [10][11]
Egwuregwu T. S. Eliot bụ The Cocktail Party nke oge a nke Alcestis; emere ya na Edinburgh Festival na 22 August 1949, nke E. Martin Browne duziri.
Nsụgharị
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Ihe edeturu
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]- ↑ Banham (1998, 353) and Brockett and Hildy (2003, 37).
- ↑ Banham (1998, 352) and Brockett and Hildy (2003, 16).
- ↑ Line 32, trans. Fitts and Fitzgerald (1960, 150)
- ↑ Line 63, trans. Fitts and Fitzgerald (1960, 152).
- ↑ Line 72, trans. Fitts and Fitzgerald (1960, 153).
- ↑ Line 110, trans. Fitts and Fitzgerald (1960, 154).
- ↑ Line 131, trans. Fitts and Fitzgerald (1960, 155).
- ↑ Line 141, trans. Fitts and Fitzgerald (1960, 155).
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 Scholes (1924-01-04). "Rutland Boughton's "Alkestis"". The Radio Times 2 (15).
- ↑ Brockett and Hildy (2003, 550).
- ↑ Weber (1989, 93–102).