American Association of University Women

American Association of University Women (AAUW), nke hibere na 1881, [1] bụ ọgbakọ anaghị akwụ ụgwọ na-akwalite nha anya maka ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụ agbọghọ site na nkwado, agụmakwụkwọ, na nyocha.[2][3] Nzukọ a nwere netwọk obodo nke ndị òtù 170,000 na ndị na-akwado ya, [3] alaka obodo 1,000, [3] na ndị mmekọ kọleji na mahadum 800.[4]. Isi ụlọ ọrụ ya dị na Washington, D.C. AAUW's CEO bụ Gloria L. Blackwell.

Akụkọ ihe mere eme

Narị afọ nke 19

N'afọ 1881, Emily Fairbanks Talbot, Marion Talbot na Ellen Swallow Richards kpọrọ ụmụ akwụkwọ iri na ise si kọleji asatọ ka ha bịa nzukọ na Boston, Massachusetts.^[1]^[2] Ebumnuche nke nzukọ a bụ ịmepụta nzukọ nke ụmụ nwanyị gụsịrị akwụkwọ na kọleji nke ga-enyere ụmụ nwanyị aka ịchọta ohere ka ukwuu iji agụmakwụkwọ ha, yana ịkwalite na inyere ụmụ nwanyị ndị ọzọ aka ịga kọleji. E hiwere Association of Collegiate Alumnae ma ọ bụ ACA (òtù AAUW bu ya ụzọ) na Jenụwarị 14, 1882. ACA rụkwara ọrụ iji melite ụkpụrụ agụmakwụkwọ maka ụmụ nwanyị ka agụmakwụkwọ dị elu nke ụmụ nwoke na ụmụ nwanyị wee bụrụ ndị ha nhata na oke na ihe isi ike.^[3]

Na mbido 1884, ACA na-ezukọ naanị na Boston. Otú ọ dị, ka ọtụtụ ụmụ nwanyị gafee mba ahụ nwere mmasị n'ọrụ ya, Njikọ ahụ hụrụ na mgbasawanye n'ime alaka dị mkpa iji gaa n'ihu n'ọrụ ahụ. Washington, D.C., bụ alaka mbụ e mepụtara na 1884, na alaka New York, Pacific (San Francisco), Philadelphia, na Boston sochiri na 1886.

N'afọ 1885, nzukọ ahụ malitere otu n'ime nnukwu ọrụ mbụ ya: ha ga-eme ka ikike ha dịrị. Nkwenye a na-ahụkarị n'oge ahụ na agụmakwụkwọ kọleji ga-emebi ahụike nwanyị ma mee ka ọ ghara ịmụ nwa. Ọ bụ dọkịta Boston gụrụ akwụkwọ na Harvard kwadoro akụkọ ifo a. ^[3] Kọmitii ACA nke Annie Howes duziri mepụtara usoro ajụjụ ndị e zigara ndị otu ACA 1,290; a natara azịza 705. Mgbe edepụtara nsonaazụ, data ahụ gosipụtara na agụmakwụkwọ dị elu emetụtaghị ahụike ụmụ nwanyị. Akụkọ ahụ, "Health Statistics of Female College Graduates", e bipụtara na 1885 na njikọ aka na Massachusetts Bureau of Statistics of Labor. Akụkọ nyocha mbụ a bụ otu n'ime ọtụtụ nke AAUW duziri n'oge akụkọ ihe mere eme ya.

N'afọ 1887, e guzobere mmemme mkpakọrịta maka ụmụ nwanyị. Ịkwado agụmakwụkwọ ụmụ nwanyị site na mkpakọrịta ga-anọgide na-abụ akụkụ dị mkpa nke ọrụ AAUW.

Laa azụ na 1883, otu ìgwè ụmụ nwanyị kọleji yiri nke ahụ tụlere ịmepụta alaka Chicago, Illinois nke ACA; Otú ọ dị, ha tụgharịrị uche ma guzobe nzukọ nke ha. Ha guzobere Western Association of Collegiate Alumnae (WACA) na Jane M. Bancroft dị ka onye isi oche mbụ ya. WACA nwere ebumnuche sara mbara ma nwee kọmitii ise: nka mara mma, ọrụ n'èzí, ọrụ ụlọ, akwụkwọ akụkọ na ọrụ odeakụkọ, na agụmakwụkwọ dị elu nke ụmụ nwanyị na West. N'afọ 1888, WACA nyere Ida Street, onye gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Vassar College, onyinye mbụ ya nke $ 350, iji mee nchọpụta na Mahadum Michigan. N'afọ 1889, WACA jikọtara ya na ACA, na-agbasawanye ikike nke otu ahụ.

Narị afọ nke 20

N'afọ 1919, ACA sonyere na mgbalị ka ukwuu nke otu ụmụ nwanyị America duziri nke mechara nweta $ 156,413 iji zụta gram nke radium maka Marie Curie maka nnwale ya.

N'afọ 1921, ACA jikọtara ya na Southern Association of College Women iji mepụta AAUW, ọ bụ ezie na alaka mpaghara nọgidere na-abụ ọkpụkpụ azụ nke AAUW. Iwu mgbasawanye ahụ mụbara nke ukwuu ma nha na mmetụta nke Association, site na obere, nzukọ mpaghara gaa na netwọk mba niile nke ụmụ nwanyị gụrụ akwụkwọ na kọleji, na 1929, e nwere ndị otu 31,647 na alaka 475. ^[3]

N'oge Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ, AAUW malitere ịnakọta ego iji nyere ndị ọkà mmụta nwanyị ndị Nazi na-eduzi ndị na-enweghị ike ịga n'ihu n'ọrụ ha aka. War Relief Fund natara ọtụtụ arịrịọ maka enyemaka ma rụọ ọrụ n'akwụsịghị akwụsị iji chọta nkuzi na ọnọdụ ndị ọzọ maka ụmụ nwanyị gbara ọsọ ndụ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ na mahadum America na mba ndị ọzọ. Ndị otu AAUW n'otu n'otu sonyere site na ịbịanye aka na akwụkwọ nkwado maka ndị na-akwaga mba ọzọ. N'afọ 1940, afọ mbụ ya, Kọmitii Enyemaka Agha nwetara $ 29,950 maka nkesa na alaka 350 na-enye aka. ^{[citation needed]}

Nzukọ ahụ bụ "nke na-adịghị etinye aka na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị" ruo n'afọ ndị 1960. ^[4] N'aka nke ọzọ, ụmụ nwanyị nọ n'ọrụ amụbaala ruo n'ókè nke na ha mejupụtara 38% nke ndị ọrụ na njedebe nke afọ 1960. Ụmụ nwanyị na-agụsị akwụkwọ na kọleji na-achọ ezigbo ọrụ. Ndị otu na 1960 bụ ụmụ nwanyị 147,920, ọtụtụ n'ime ha bụ ndị nọ n'etiti.^[5]

Ihe omume

AAUW bụ otu n'ime isi iyi ego kachasị ukwuu n'ụwa maka ụmụ nwanyị gụsịrị akwụkwọ na kọleji.^[6] Kwa afọ, AAUW enyewo $ 3.5 ruo $ 4 nde na mkpakọrịta, enyemaka, na onyinye maka ụmụ nwanyị na maka ọrụ ọrụ obodo. Ntọala ahụ na-enyekwa ego maka nyocha ndị ọsụ ụzọ na ụmụ nwanyị, ụmụ agbọghọ, na agụmakwụkwọ. Nzukọ ahụ na-akwado ọmụmụ German maka agụmakwụkwọ ụmụ nwanyị.

AAUW Legal Advocacy Fund (LAF), mmemme nke Foundation, bụ nnukwu ego iwu nke United States lekwasịrị anya na ịkpa oke mmekọahụ megide ụmụ nwanyị na agụmakwụkwọ ka elu. LAF na-enye ego na usoro nkwado maka ụmụ nwanyị na-achọ ikpe ikpe maka ịkpa oke mmekọahụ na agụmakwụkwọ dị elu. Kemgbe 1981, LAF enyerela ụmụ akwụkwọ nwanyị, ngalaba, na ndị nchịkwa aka ịma aka ịkpa oke mmekọahụ, gụnyere iyi egwu mmekọahụ, akwụghị ụgwọ akwụghị ụgwọ, ịgọnarị oge na nkwalite, na ahaghị nhata na mmemme egwuregwu ụmụ nwanyị.

AAUW na-akwado grassroots na nkwado mgbalị, nnyocha, na Campus Action Projects na ndị ọzọ izi ihe mmemme na njikọ ya na-aga n'ihu na isiokwu mmemme, Education dị ka ọnụ ụzọ ámá na Women's Economic Security.[1] Tinyere òtù atọ ndị ọzọ, ọ tọrọ ntọala CTM Madison Family Theatre na 1965. AAUW sonyeere ndị otu ndị inyom ndị ọzọ na August 2011 iji malite HERVotes [2] iji chịkọta ndị inyom na-eme ntuli aka na 2012 maka ichekwa ahụike na ikike akụ na ụba.[3]. N'afọ 2011, AAUW Action Fund bidoro atụmatụ ịgba ụmụ nwanyị ume ịtụ vootu na ntuli aka 2012. Mgbasa ozi a bu n'obi ịbawanye ọnụ ọgụgụ ụmụ nwanyị votu na ịkwalite atụmatụ na-akwado agụmakwụkwọ na nha anya maka ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụ nwanyị.. ^{[<span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (November 2011)">clarification needed</span>]}^[7]

Akụkọ nyocha AAUW nke afọ 2011 na-ekwu maka iyi egwu mmekọahụ na klaasị asaa ruo 12.

A na-eme mgbakọ mba AAUW ugboro abụọ. AAUW na-akwado nzukọ ndị isi ụmụ akwụkwọ, nke a na-akpọ National Conference of College Women Student Leaders (NCCWSL) nke e mere iji nyere ụmụ akwụkwọ kọleji aka ịnweta ihe onwunwe, nkà, na netwọk ha chọrọ iji duzie mgbanwe na ụlọ akwụkwọ na obodo niile. A na-eme nzukọ ndị isi ụmụ akwụkwọ kwa afọ na Washington, D.C.

Isiakwụkwọ mpaghara na-anabata ndị ọkà okwu ugboro ugboro na-eme ka isiokwu dịgasị iche iche metụtara ụmụ nwanyị dị ka Molly Murphy MacGregor, onye guzobere National Women's History Alliance.^[8]

Nkwupụta sitere na òtù 16 na-ahụ maka ikike ụmụ nwanyị gụnyere American Association of University Women, National Women's Law Center, National Women's Political Caucus, Girls, Inc., Legal Momentum, End Rape on Campus, Equal Rights Advocates na Women's Sports Foundation kwuru na , "Dị ka òtù ndị na-alụ ọgụ kwa ụbọchị maka ohere nha anya maka ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụ agbọghọ niile, anyị na-ekwu site na ahụmahụ na nka mgbe anyị na-ekwu na nchebe enweghị ịkpa ókè maka ndị transgender-gụnyere ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụ agbọghọ ndị transgender-adịghị adabara na nha anya ụmụ nwanyị ma ọ bụ nke ọma. -ịbụ, ma na-aga n'ihu ha" na "anyị na-akwado iwu na atumatu na-echebe ndị transgender site na ịkpa ókè, gụnyere itinye aka na egwuregwu, ma jụ aro na ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụ nwanyị cisgender na-erite uru site na mwepu nke ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụ agbọghọ ndị na-eme transgender."^[9]

Ndị a ma ama

Hụkwa

Ndepụta nke akwụkwọ akụkọ ụmụ nwanyị na United States
Òtù Ọrụ Ụmụnwaanyị Na-eto Eto

Ihe odide

↑ Cullen-Dupont (2000). "American Association of University Women", Encyclopedia of Women's History in America, 2nd, Facts on File, 10–11. ISBN 978-0-8160-4100-8.
↑ Lunardini (1994). What every American should know about women's history : 200 events that shaped our destiny. Holbrook, Massachusetts: Bob Adams, Inc., 112. ISBN 978-1-55850-417-2.
↑ ^3.0 ^3.1 ^3.2 Levine (1995). "Introduction", Degrees of Equality: The American Association of University Women and the Challenge of Twentieth-Century Feminism. Temple University Press, 6, 9–11, 19. ISBN 9781566393263. “American Association of University Women .” Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":0" defined multiple times with different content
↑ "Things to be done which money and men will never provide": The Activism of Montana's AAUW. Women's History Matters. The Montana Historical Society (23 December 2014). Retrieved on 21 December 2015.
↑ Levine (1995). "Mainstream Feminism and the New Activism, 1960-1979", Degrees of Equality: The American Association of University Women and the Challenge of Twentieth-Century Feminism. Temple University Press, 140–141. ISBN 9781566393263.
↑ AAUW Fellowships and Grants. Aauw.org. Archived from the original on 2013-02-15. Retrieved on 2014-01-18.
↑ Scott (7 November 2012). Women and the 2012 Election. AAUW. Archived from the original on 22 November 2019. Retrieved on 20 August 2019.
↑ AAUW hosts Molly Murphy MacGregor to speak about women's voting rights. Retrieved on 23 April 2019.
↑ Statement of Women’s Rights and Gender Justice Organizations in Support of Full and Equal Access to Participation in Athletics for Transgender People. Archived from the original on 2022-09-09. Retrieved on 2023-12-11.

[Cullen-DuPont2000-1] Cullen-Dupont (2000). "American Association of University Women", Encyclopedia of Women's History in America, 2nd, Facts on File, 10–11. ISBN 978-0-8160-4100-8.

[Lunardini-2] Lunardini (1994). What every American should know about women's history : 200 events that shaped our destiny. Holbrook, Massachusetts: Bob Adams, Inc., 112. ISBN 978-1-55850-417-2.

[:0-3] 3.0 ^3.1 ^3.2 Levine (1995). "Introduction", Degrees of Equality: The American Association of University Women and the Challenge of Twentieth-Century Feminism. Temple University Press, 6, 9–11, 19. ISBN 9781566393263. “American Association of University Women .” Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":0" defined multiple times with different content

[4] "Things to be done which money and men will never provide": The Activism of Montana's AAUW. Women's History Matters. The Montana Historical Society (23 December 2014). Retrieved on 21 December 2015.

[:1-5] Levine (1995). "Mainstream Feminism and the New Activism, 1960-1979", Degrees of Equality: The American Association of University Women and the Challenge of Twentieth-Century Feminism. Temple University Press, 140–141. ISBN 9781566393263.

[6] AAUW Fellowships and Grants. Aauw.org. Archived from the original on 2013-02-15. Retrieved on 2014-01-18.

[7] Scott (7 November 2012). Women and the 2012 Election. AAUW. Archived from the original on 22 November 2019. Retrieved on 20 August 2019.

[8] AAUW hosts Molly Murphy MacGregor to speak about women's voting rights. Retrieved on 23 April 2019.

[9] Statement of Women’s Rights and Gender Justice Organizations in Support of Full and Equal Access to Participation in Athletics for Transgender People. Archived from the original on 2022-09-09. Retrieved on 2023-12-11.

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