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Androcentrism

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Androcentrism (Greek oge ochie, ἀνήρ, "nwoke, nwoke"[1]) bụ omume, nke maara ma ọ bụ nke ọzọ, nke itinye echiche nwoke n'etiti echiche ụwa, omenala, na akụkọ ihe mere eme, si otú a na-eme ka omenaala wepụrụ nwanyị. Okwu metụtara ya bụ androcentric, ebe omume nke itinye echiche nke nwanyị na etiti bụ gynocentric.

A kọwawo Androcentrism dị ka ụdị mmekọahụ zuru ebe niile.[1][2] Otú ọ dị, a kọwawokwa ya dị ka mmegharị ahụ gbadoro ụkwụ na, na-emesi ike, ma ọ bụ na-achịkwa nke nwoke ma ọ bụ mmasị nwoke.[1]

Okwu mmalite

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Androcentrism (Greek oge ochie, ἀνήρ, "nwoke, nwoke"[1]) bụ omume, nke mara ma ọ bụ nke ọzọ, nke echiche echiche nwoke n'etiti echiche ụwa, omenala, na ihe mere eme, si otú a na -eme ka omenaala wepụrụ. Okwu okwu ya bụ androcentric, ebe omume nke echiche nke echiche na etiti bụ gynocentric..[2]

Sayensị

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Ruo narị afọ nke 19, a gbochiri ụmụ nwanyị nke ọma ịga ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị na mba ndị dị n'Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ.[1] Ruo ihe karịrị afọ 300, Harvard nabatara nanị ndị ikom ọcha sitere n'ezinụlọ a ma ama.[1] Ọtụtụ mahadum, dịka ọmụmaatụ Mahadum Oxford, na-ama ụma na-eme nọmba clausus ma gbochie ọnụ ọgụgụ ụmụ nwanyị na-agụsị akwụkwọ na-agụsị akwụkwọ na ha nabatara.[2]. N'ihi ohere ụmụ nwanyị mechara nweta mahadum na ndụ agụmakwụkwọ, nsonye ụmụ nwanyị na nyocha bụ isi bụ obere ihe. Ụkpụrụ ndị bụ isi na sayensị, ọbụna sayensị mmadụ, bụ nke ndị mmadụ na-emekarị.

Ọgwụ

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E nwere ọdịiche dị n'ihe gbasara ahụike nwoke na nwanyị na ụmụ nwanyị na-akpa ókè ma na-achọpụta ha n'ụzọ na-ezighi ezi na ọgwụ.[3] A na-eme nnyocha ahụike mbụ ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ naanị na ozu ndị nwoke.[4] A na-ewere ụmụ nwanyị dị ka "obere ụmụ nwoke" ma a naghị enyocha ha. Ruo taa, a na-ekwukarị na ọmụmụ ahụike maka ụmụ nwoke na ụmụ nwanyị sonyere na ya ma a naghị atụle ahụ nwanyị na nyocha anụmanụ, ọbụlagodi mgbe "ọrịa ụmụ nwanyị" metụtara. Otú ọ dị, ahụ nwanyị na nke nwoke dị iche, ruo n'ókè nke mkpụrụ ndụ. Otu ọrịa ahụ nwere ike ịnwe mgbaàmà dị iche iche na nwoke na nwanyị, na-akpọ maka ọgwụgwọ dị iche iche, na ọgwụ nwere ike ịrụ ọrụ dị iche iche n'ụzọ dị iche, gụnyere mmetụta dị iche iche. Ebe ọ bụ na mgbaàmà ụmụ nwoke na-apụta ìhè karị, ụmụ nwanyị na-enweghị mgbaàmà na nchọpụta na-ezighi ezi, ma nwee dịka ọmụmaatụ ohere 50% nke ịnwụ site na nkụchi obi. N'ebe a, ihe mgbaàmà nwoke na nke a maara bụ obi, na ubu mgbu, ihe mgbapụta nwanyị bụ ihe mgbu afọ na agbọ onunu.

Akwụkwọ

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Nchoputa nke Dr. David Anderson na Dr. Mykol Hamilton edeputala ihe nlere anya nke umu nwanyi n'ime ihe omuma nke akwukwo 200 nke gunyere akwukwo umuaka kacha ere site na 2001 na ihe omuma nke afo asaa nke akwukwo Caldecott na-enweta ihe nrite.[1] ] Enwere ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ okpukpu abụọ ka ndị nwoke bụ isi na-eme ihe nkiri, na agwa nwoke pụtara na ihe atụ 53 pasent karịa agwa nwanyị. Ọtụtụ n'ime ahịrị nkata ahụ gbadoro ụkwụ na agwa nwoke na ahụmịhe ha nwere na ndụ.[5]

Nkà

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N'afọ 1985, otu ìgwè ụmụ nwanyị na-ese ihe si New York, Guerrilla Girls, malitere ime mkpesa maka nnọchiteanya dị ala nke ụmụ nwanyị na'ese ihe. Dị ka ha si kwuo, ndị na-ese ihe nwoke na echiche nwoke nọgidere na-achịkwa ụwa nka anya. N'ihe ngosi nke afọ 1989 (nke egosiri na bọs NYC) nke akpọrọ "Ndị inyom ga-agba ọtọ iji banye na Met. Museum?" ha kọrọ na ihe na-erughị 5% nke ndị na-ese ihe na ngalaba Modern Art nke Met Museum bụ ụmụ nwanyị, mana 85% nke ndị gba ọtọ bụ ụmụ nwanyị.[6]

Ihe karịrị afọ 20 ka e mesịrị, ụmụ nwanyị ka na-anọchite anya nke ọma n'ụwa nka. N'afọ 2007, Jerry Saltz (onye nta akụkọ si New York Times) katọrọ Museum of Modern Art maka ileghara ọrụ ụmụ nwanyị na-ese ihe anya. N'ime ọrụ nka 400 ọ gụrụ na Museum of Modern Art, naanị 14 bụ nke ụmụ nwanyị (3.5%). [7] Saltz chọpụtakwara ihe nnọchianya dị ịrịba ama nke ụmụ nwanyị na-ese ihe na ụlọ ọrụ nka isii ndị ọzọ ọ mụrụ.[8]

Asụsụ nwoke n'ozuzu

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  N'akwụkwọ, ojiji nke asụsụ nwoke na-ezo aka na ụmụ nwoke, ụmụ nwanyị, intersex, na ndị na-abụghị ndị binary nwere ike igosi ajọ mbunobi nwoke ma ọ bụ androcentric na ọha mmadụ ebe a na-ahụ ụmụ nwoke dị ka 'usoro', na ụmụ nwanyị, ndị intersex, da ndị na-adịghị na binary ka a na-ele anya dị ka 'ndị ọzọ'. Ọkà mmụta nkà ihe ọmụma Jennifer Saul na-ekwu na ojiji nke asụsụ nwoke na-eme ka ụmụ nwanyị, ndị na-abụghị ndị nwoke na nwanyị, na ndị na-anọghị na ọha mmadụ bụrụ ndị a chụpụrụ n'etiti.[9] N'afọ ndị na-adịbeghị anya, ụfọdụ ndị edemede amalitela iji asụsụ na-agụnye okike (dịka ọmụmaatụ, iji nnọchiaha ha / ha na iji okwu na-agụnyekwa okike dị ka mmadụ, onye, onye mmekọ, di, onye ọchụnta ego, onye mgbanyụ ọkụ, onyeisi oche, na onye uwe ojii).

Ọtụtụ nnyocha egosila na a naghị akọwa asụsụ nwoke dị ka nke na-agụnye nwoke na nwanyị n'ezie. Nnyocha nke uche egosiwo na, ma e jiri ya tụnyere okwu ndị na-enweghị ntụpọ dịka "ha" na "mmadụ", okwu nwoke na-eduga n'echiche uche nwoke na-enweghị atụ n'uche onye na-ege ntị na onye na-ekwurịta okwu.

Nnyocha atọ nke Mykol Hamilton na-egosi na ọ bụghị naanị nwoke → ajọ mbunobi ndị mmadụ kamakwa ndị mmadụ → ajọ mbido nwoke.[10] N'ikwu ya n'ụzọ ọzọ, ajọ mbunobi nwoke na-anọgide ọbụna mgbe ndị mmadụ na-ahụ naanị asụsụ na-anọpụ iche na nwoke ma ọ bụ nwanyị (ọ bụ ezie na ajọ mbunobe na-ebelata). N'ime ọmụmụ abụọ ya, ọkara nke ndị sonyere (mgbe ha gosipụtara asụsụ na-anọpụ iche na nwoke) nwere ihe oyiyi nwoke na nwoke mana ndị ọzọ sonyere egosighi ajọ mbunobi nwoke ma ọlị. N'ọmụmụ ihe nke atọ ya, ọ bụ naanị ụmụ nwoke gosipụtara ajọ mbunobi nwoke (mgbe ha gosipụtara asụsụ na-anọpụ iche na nwoke) - ụmụ nwanyị gosipụtara ajọ ajọ mbunobe nwoke na nwanyị. Hamilton kwusiri ike na nke a nwere ike ịbụ n'ihi eziokwu ahụ bụ na ụmụ nwoke etolitela na-enwe ike iche echiche karịa ụmụ nwanyị nke "onye ọ bụla" dị ka "ya," ebe ọ bụ na "ya" metụtara ha. Ọzọkwa, n'ime nhọrọ abụọ maka asụsụ na-anọpụ iche, asụsụ na-adịghị etinye aka nke na-akpọ ụmụ nwanyị aha (dịka, "ya ma ọ bụ ya") na-ebelata androcentrism nke ọma karịa asụsụ na-enweghị atụ nke na-ekwughị banyere okike ọ bụla (dịka., "mmadụ"). [11][12]

Onye na-ahụ maka ụmụ nwanyị Sally Slocum na-ekwu na e nweela ajọ mbunobi nwoke ogologo oge n'echiche ụmụ mmadụ dịka okwu eji eme ihe mgbe ọ na-ezo aka na ọha mmadụ, ọdịbendị, na mmadụ. Dị ka Slocum si kwuo, "A na-eji okwu 'nwoke' eme ihe n'ụzọ doro anya nke na ọ gaghị ekwe omume ikpebi ma ọ na-ezo aka na ụmụ nwoke ma ọ bụ naanị ụdị mmadụ n'ozuzu ya, gụnyere ụmụ nwoke na ụmụ nwanyị. "[13]

A ga-ekpe asụsụ ụmụ nwoke ikpe dị ka 'ụkpụrụ' na ihe ọ bụla ụmụ nwanyị na-eme n'asụsụ ga-ekpe ikpe megide nke a. A ga-akọwa okwu nke otu ndị nọ n'okpuru ọha na eze dị ka asụsụ na-ezughị ezu megide nke ndị otu na-achịkwa ọha na eze na-eji. Achọpụtala na ụmụ nwanyị na-eji ihe mkpuchi na qualifiers karịa ụmụ nwoke. A na-ele okwu ụmụ nwanyị anya dị ka nke na-anwa ime ihe ma were ya dị ka okwu na-enweghị ike. Nke a dabere n'echiche na okwu nwoke bụ ụkpụrụ.

Ihe nnọchianya nwoke

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N'ịntanetị, ọtụtụ avatar na-anọpụ iche na nwoke ma ọ bụ nwanyị (dị ka onyinyo nke ihu na-amụmụ ọnụ ọchị). Otú ọ dị, mgbe avatar bụ mmadụ ma nwee ọdịiche dị n'etiti nwoke na nwanyị, ọ na-adịkarị ka ọ bụ nwoke.[14][15]

Ihe ngosi nke ọkpụkpụ na-enwekarị ọdịdị nwoke karịa nwanyị, ọbụlagodi mgbe ọdịdị nke ọkpụ ahụ bụ nwanyị.[16]

Mmetụta

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Echiche androcentric na-emetụta ụmụ nwoke nke ukwuu.[17] Agbanyeghị, echiche ahụ nwere mmetụta dị ukwuu n'ụzọ onye ọ bụla nọ n'ime ya si eche echiche. N'ime nnyocha nke afọ 2022, nke e gosiri mmadụ 3815 nhọrọ nke ihe oyiyi 256 nwere ihu efu (ihe, nke ụmụ mmadụ na-ahụ ihu), 90% nke ihe ndị ahụ bụ nke ndị sonyere na-akọwa dị ka nwoke.[18]

Hụkwa

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Ihe odide

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  1. ↑ Androcentrism.com.
  2. ↑ Perkins Gilman (1911). The man-made world: or, Our androcentric culture. New York: Charlton. OCLC 988836210. 
  3. ↑ Lego (2023). "Uncovering the gender health data gap". Cadernos de Saúde Pública 39 (7). DOI:10.1590/0102-311xen065423. ISSN 1678-4464. PMID 37585901. 
  4. ↑ Learmonth (2020-09-09). The gender health gap: why women's bodies shouldn't be a medical mystery (en-GB). Thred Website. Retrieved on 2024-01-23.
  5. ↑ Hamilton (December 2006). "Gender stereotyping and under-representation of female characters in 200 popular children's picture books: a twenty-first century update". Sex Roles 55 (11–12): 757–765. DOI:10.1007/s11199-006-9128-6. 
  6. ↑ Guerilla Girls poster 1989. Guerrilla Girls. Retrieved on 17 March 2011. 
  7. ↑ Saltz. "Where are All the Women? On MoMA's Identity Politics", New York, 18 November 2007. Retrieved on 17 March 2011.
  8. ↑ Saltz. "Data: Gender Studies. Is MoMA the worst offender? We tallied how women fare in six other art-world institutions", New York, 17 November 2007. Retrieved on 17 March 2011.
  9. ↑ Saul (2004). Feminist philosophy of language. plato.stanford.edu. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (online). Retrieved on 17 March 2011.
  10. ↑ Hamilton (November 1991). "Masculine bias in the attribution of personhood: people = male, male = people". Psychology of Women Quarterly 15 (3): 393–402. DOI:10.1111/j.1471-6402.1991.tb00415.x. 
  11. ↑ Khosroshahi (December 1989). "Penguins don't care, but women do: A social identity analysis of a Whorfian problem". Language in Society 18 (4): 505–525. DOI:10.1017/S0047404500013889. 
  12. ↑ Bailey (June 2017). "Who counts as human? Antecedents to androcentric behavior". Sex Roles 76 (11–12): 682–693. DOI:10.1007/s11199-016-0648-4. 
  13. ↑ Slocum, Sally (2012) [1975], "Woman the gatherer: male bias in anthropology", in (11 July 2011) in McGee: Anthropological theory: an introductory history. New York: McGraw-Hill, 399–407. ISBN 9780078034886. 
  14. ↑ Wade. "Default avatars: a collection", The Society Pages | Sociological Images, University of Minnesota, 4 May 2009. Retrieved on 17 March 2011.
  15. ↑ Bailey (2016). "Anonymously male: Social media avatar icons are implicitly male and resistant to change". Journal of Psychosocial Research on Cyberspace 10 (4). DOI:10.5817/CP2016-4-8. 
  16. ↑ Hughes (Aug 19, 2019). Skeletons and Gender Perception.
  17. ↑ Bailey (July 2020). "Implicit androcentrism: Men are human, women are gendered" (in en). Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 89: 103980. DOI:10.1016/j.jesp.2020.103980. 
  18. ↑ Wardle (February 2022). "Illusory faces are more likely to be perceived as male than female" (in en). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 119 (5). DOI:10.1073/pnas.2117413119. ISSN 0027-8424. PMID 35074880. 
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