Asụsụ Afitti

Afitti
Spoken in:	Sudan
Region:	North Kordofan
Total speakers:	4,000
Language family:	Niluṣeḥrawit?  Eastern Sudanic   Nyima    Afitti
Language codes
ISO 639-1:	none
ISO 639-2:	—
ISO 639-3:	aft

Asụsụ Afitti

asụsụ, modern language

obere ụdị nke	Nyima
mba/obodo	Sudan
Ọkwa asụsụ UNESCO	4 severely endangered
Ọkwa asụsụ Ethnologue	6b Threatened

Afitti (nke a makwaara dị ka Dinik, Ditti, ma ọ bụ Unietti) bụ asụsụ a na-asụ n'akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Jebel el-Dair, otu nkume dị na mpaghara North Kordofan nke Sudan. bụ ezie na enwere ike iji okwu 'Dinik' mee ihe iji kọwaa asụsụ ahụ n'agbanyeghị njikọ ọdịbendị, ndị mmadụ nọ n'obodo nta ndị dị n'ógbè ahụ na-amata okwu 'Ditti' na 'Afitti. "E nwere ihe dịka ndị na-asụ asụsụ Afitti 4,000 na onye agbata obi ya kacha nso bụ Asụsụ Nyimang, nke a na-asụrụ n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ nke Jebel el-Dair na Ugwu Nuba nke mpaghara South Kordofan nke Sudan.

Ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ

A na-asụ Afitti karịsịa na Kundukur, Shakaro, na Kitra, na ala Jebel ed-Dair na n'ebe ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ ya; nso Jebel Dambeir, Dambeir na el-Hujeirat (Rilly 2010:182-183). E nwere ihe dị ka ndị na-asụ asụsụ abụọ, Ditti (nke a na-asikarị na Kitra) na Afitti n'onwe ya (nke a-asụ n'obodo ndị ọzọ). Otú dị, ọnọdụ ahụ dị mgbagwoju anya site na alụmdi na nwunye dị ukwuu.

Akụkọ ihe mere eme

Ndị Afitti bi n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Jebel el-Dair. Ha biri na mbụ na ala ugwu ahụ, mana mgbe Agha Ụwa Mbụ gasịrị, ọnụ ọgụgụ ehi na-arịwanye elu na oke mmadụ mere ka ha gbadaa ugwu ahụ gaa na mbara ala ebe ha biri na ugbo. N'ihi mmegharị ndị a, e guzobere obodo Kitra dị n'ebe ugwu, Kundukur dị n'akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ, na Sidra dị n'etiti ndịda. N'ihi mmụba nke ọnụ ọgụgụ ehi, a manyere otu ìgwè dị iche iche ibi na ala Jebel Dambir, n'ebe ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ. Ndị na-azụ ehi si Sidra biri na ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ nke Dambir na ndị si Kitra gaa n'ebe ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ. Taa, a maara ndị Kitra dị ka "Ditti" ebe a maara ndị ọzọ dị ka "Afitti", mana olumba nwere obere ọdịiche dị n'etiti ha.

Mgbe ụkọ mmiri ozuzo dakwasịrị mba ahụ na 1984, ihe ka ọtụtụ n'ime ndị na-azụ ehi tụfuru anụ ụlọ ha wee ghọọ ndị ọrụ ugbo; n'ihi ya, ndị na-ekwu okwu Afitti na Ditti anaghịzi achị ehi. N'afọ 1950, mgbe Islam banyere n'ógbè ahụ, usoro ntọghata malitere ma taa a na-ewere ndị niile na-asụ Afitti dị ka ndị Alakụba. Arabic aghọwo asụsụ nkwurịta okwu, ọkachasị maka ndị na-asụ Afitti; ụlọ akwụkwọ mpaghara na-ejikwa Arabic maka ịkụzi ihe. Mgbanwe nke ọrụ maka ndị na-azụ ehi, mmepe nke oge a na Sidra, na nchịkwa zuru oke nke Arabic agbakọtawo iji belata mkpa Afitti n'ozuzu yana mbelata nkà ikwu okwu. Okwu ndị a gbazitere agbazitere n'asụsụ ahụ, ọ bụkwa naanị ndị Ditti na-azụlite ụmụ ha ruo mgbe ha ga-aga akwụkwọ n'ejighị Arabic.

Ọmụmụ ụdaolu

Mkpụrụedemede

Tebụl n'okpuru na-egosi ụdaume nke Afitti; akara ndị dị n'ime oghere na-anọchite anya allophones a ma ama nke phoneme n'akụkụ nke ha na-apụta.

	N'ihu	Central	Ịlaghachi azụ
Elu	i (ɩ/ɨ)		u (ʊ)
N'etiti	e (ɛ)	ə	o (ọ)
Ala Dị Ala		(a)

Afitti nwere ụdaume isii nwere ọdịiche dị iche iche nke a na-ebu amụma site na nhazi mkpụrụedemede. Mkpụrụedemede dị mkpụmkpụ na Afitti na ogologo oge ụfọdụ na-eme na mkpụrụedemede a na-ekwusi ike. Ọzọkwa, ụdaume dị mkpụmkpụ na mkpụrụedemede mechiri emechi karịa ka ha dị na mkpụrụedemade mepere emepe. mkpụrụedemede mechiri emechi, ụdaume na-emeghe ma na-agbakọta mgbe ụfọdụ. Otú dị, schwa dị mkpụmkpụ mgbe niile ma bụrụ nke a kpaara ókè na nkesa, a naghị ahụ ya n'ọnọdụ ikpeazụ. Ọ na-anọgide na-adị mkpụmkpụ mgbe a na-ekwusi ike na mkpụrụedemede ahụ ma n'ọnọdụ ndị dị otú ahụ, a pụrụ iji ụdaume na-esote ya mee ihe.

Njikọ nke ụdaume abụọ bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị na Afitti ma gụnye njikọta ebe ụdaume nke abụọ bụ schwa. Enweghị diphthongs doro anya (ọkwa) na ụdaume na-enye ụdaume nke ọ bụla nke enwere ike nyochaa dị ka akụkụ nke mkpụrụedemede dị iche iche. A chọtabeghị usoro nke ụdaume atọ ma ọ bụ karịa n'ime otu okwu.

Mkpụrụ okwu

Tebụl n'okpuru na-egosipụta ụdaume nke Afitti; ụda dị na parentheses bụ nke a na-ejighị n'aka.

		Akpụkpọ ahụ	Alveolar	Palatal	Velar
Kwụsị	enweghị olu		t	c	k
	<small id="mwaw">kwuru okwu</small>	b	d	ɟ	g
Ihe na-esiri ike		f	s
Ụgbọ imi		m	n	ɲ	ŋ
Ihe atụ		(w)	l	(j)
Ihe na-atọ ụtọ			r

Afitti nwere imi na plosives n'ebe anọ: egbugbere ọnụ, alveolar, palatal, na velar. Plosives nwere ọdịiche dị n'etiti ụda olu nke a na-ahụkarị na ọnọdụ mmalite okwu. Ọdịiche a na-efu n'ọnọdụ intervocalic na neutralization na ihu ọma nke ụdị olu. Ihe ka ọtụtụ n'ime plosives enweghị olu n'ọnọdụ ikpeazụ n'ihi usoro devoicing na-emetụta ụda ndị ọzọ.

Enweghị okwu na-amalite site na nkwụsị bilabial na-enweghị olu na nkwụsị ikpeazụ na-enweghị ụda na-abụkarị nke a na-ewepụta, mana ọdịiche ndị a na-eme n'efu na allophone a tọhapụrụ. Alveolar na ezé na-apụta n'efu. Ụdị ezé na-apụta na ụfọdụ ndị ọkà okwu ma ọ bụrụ na ha chọrọ imesi ụdaume a na-akpọ ya ike. 'imi, a na-ahụ ya n'ọnọdụ niile, gụnyere dị ka syllabic nasals. Ha na-ejikarị ụdaume na-esote. Mgbe okwu mbido velar nasal na-esochi okwu ikpeazụ, nkwụsị na-enweghị olu, nkwụsị ahụ agaghị ewepụta ma kwupụta ya. mmiri /l/ na /r/, dị ka plosives, na-abụkarị devoiced na ọnọdụ ikpeazụ nke okwu. Maka ma /l/ na /r/ enwere ike ịghọtahie allophones ha dị nsọ maka fricative n'ihi ikuku dị arọ. Dị ka imi, mmiri ahụ nwere ụdị syllabic. A na-ahụkarị syllabic /r/ n'asụsụ ahụ ma na-ahụ ya na okwu monosyllabic yana n'ọnọdụ okwu ikpeazụ. N'aka nke ọzọ, syllabic /l/ bụ ihe a na-adịghị ahụkebe na enweghị ihe akaebe na ọnọdụ mmalite okwu. ka ụdaume, ụdaume dị n'etiti /r/, dị ka /l/, agbanyeghị, anaghị ahụ ya na ọnọdụ mbụ nke okwu ma gbanwee ya na retroflex flap intervocalically. Mgbe ọ bụla /r/ pụtara na ọnọdụ mmalite okwu, ọ bụ n'okwu ndị a gbazitere n'ụzọ doro anya site na Arabic na asụsụ ndị ọzọ. Allophonic flap /l/ na-agbagwoju anya n'ụzọ dị mfe mana enwere ike ịchọta flap ozugbo na-esote ụdaume (ma na-eso ụzọ ụdaume), ọnọdụ ebe /l/ adịghị, otu n'ime ọnọdụ ndị a na-adịghị ahụkebe ebe enwere ike ịchọta usoro ụdaume. A na-achọta mmiri dị n'akụkụ na ọnọdụ mmalite okwu, intervocalic na okwu ikpeazụ ma bụrụ nke a na-eme ka ọ dịtụ mma. Nchịkọta a na-eduga na ntọhapụ na-enweghị olu na ụfọdụ ndị na-ekwu okwu mgbe ọ nọ n'ọnọdụ ikpeazụ.

Mkparịta ụka /s/ na /f/ na-abụkarị ndị na-enweghị olu mana, n'ọnọdụ ụfọdụ, dịgasị iche na ndị na-ekwu okwu ha. Ha na-apụta okwu na mbido na intervocalically, mana ọ bụ naanị okwu ndị a gbazitere agbazitere nwere fricatives na ọnọdụ ikpeazụ nke okwu. na-eme /s/ mgbe ụfọdụ (nke a na-eme ka ọ bụrụ [ʃ]) n'ihu ụdaume dị elu /i/ .

Ụda na Nchegbu

Afitti asụsụ ụda na nrụgide. A na-agba akaebe maka okwu monosyllabic, bisyllabic, na trisyllabic. Otú ọ dị, n'oge na-adịghị anya, okwu ndị na-ekwusi ike yiri ka ha na-arụ ọrụ dị mkpa karị. A na-eji ngwakọta nke olu, ogologo oge na mgbanwe na ụda, mara ụda ahụ a na-ekwusi ike, kama ịbụ naanị ụda. nwere naanị ụda ụdaolu abụọ [1] nke doro anya na nke siri ike, na-enweghị ụda nke atọ ma ọ bụ ọbụna ala. Mbelata nke mkpụrụedemede na-agwụ na /r/ emeela ka ọtụtụ okwu nwee intervocalic flap na-esote schwa ma ọ bụ syllabic /r/. Ụfọdụ ndị -ekwu okwu na-ewepu schwa kpamkpam na-ebelata okwu ahụ site na otu nkeji okwu ma eleghị anya na-ewepụ ụda. Mgbe mbelata a na-eme, a na-ejikọta otu ụda na ụda agbata obi, na-edebe usoro ụda ahụ.

Ọdịdị ụdaume

Afitti nwere mkpụrụedemede mechiri emechi nke meghere emechi. Enwere ike iji mmiri, imi ma ọ bụ nkwụsị mechie ụdaume. Otu mkpụrụedemede nwere ike ịnwe mmiri (syllabic), imi (syllavic), ma ọ bụ ụdaume. Mkpụrụ okwu na-agụnye njikọta nke ụdaume na ụdaume mana enwere ụyọkọ ụdaume ole na ole. N'imi ndị na-ebute ụdaume ụzọ bụ syllabic mgbe niile - enweghị usoro ụdaume imi ma ọ bụ akụkụ dị iche iche. Mmiri na-esote fricatives ma ọ bụ consonants na-ebute schwa maka ọtụtụ ndị na-ekwu okwu, mana n'ọtụtụ ọnọdụ a na-ahụ (karịsịa) dị ka ụyọkọ consonants. Enweghị ụdaume tautosyllabic na-eso mmiri ma ọ bụ fricatives na imi anaghị eso ụdaume ndị ọzọ. Okwu -enwekarị otu, abụọ ma ọ bụ atọ nkeji okwu, mana ngwaa nwere ike ịnwe ihe ruru asatọ ma ọ bụ karịa.

Asụsụ

Ọdịdị

Enwere ike ịkọwa Afitti ka asụsụ SOV aglutinative nwere postpositions. Ọtụtụ akara na adjectives na aha na-ewere ụdị nsonaazụ. A na-ahụ akara dị iche iche na ngwaa maka ihe na isiokwu. A na-asụgharị ụdị ngwaa dị iche iche na-enweghị akara okwu dị iche iche dị ka duals. Afitti enweghị isiokwu doro anya ma ọ bụ nke a na-akparaghị ókè na akara okike yiri ka ọ dịghị. Ihe ndị niile bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị ma na mpaghara ma n'ime asụsụ Eastern Sudan. Otú dị, ma e wezụga Nyimang, ọdịiche dị n'etiti abụọ na ọtụtụ bụ nke Afitti.

Okwu Ndị Dị n'Ime

Okwu ndị ikwu Afitti nwere nnọchiaha ndị a kapịrị ọnụ ma n'ihe banyere 'nna' na 'nne', enwere usoro dị iche iche nke ụdị abụọ. A na-ahụkwa usoro a mgbe ị na-ekwu okwu, n'ọtụtụ, banyere 'ndị nne na 'ndị nna'. Okwu ndị ọzọ gbasara ikwu, ya bụ 'nwa nwoke', 'nwanne' na 'nne-nne-nne', nwekwara ụdị abụọ mana ha na-efunahụ ọdịiche a mgbe ha na-ekwu okwu, n'ọtụtụ, nke 'ụmụ nwoke', 'ụmụnne' na 'nna-nne'. ndị ọzọ niile, gụnyere 'nwa nwanyị', 'nna di', 'di', 'nwunye' na ' (nna ma ọ bụ nne) nwanne nna' anaghịzi eme ka ọdịiche dị n'etiti ụdị abụọ na ọtụtụ. A na-emepụta nke abụọ site na morpheme ma ọ bụ usoro okwu. Karịsịa, n'ihe banyere 'nna' na 'nne,' yiri ka a na-emepụta nke abụọ site na ịgbanwe usoro nke nnọchiaha na okwu ikwu.

Afitti na Meroitic

Asụsụ Afitti nwere ike inyere ndị ọkà mmụta aka ịghọta ederede na Meroitic nke ọma, edemede nke enwere ike ịkọwa ụda ya mana ihe ọ pụtara edoghị anya. N'ime afọ ole na ole gara aga, ụfọdụ ndị ọkà mmụta asụsụ abịala n'echiche na Meroitic oge ochie nwere akụkọ ihe mere eme na ọtụtụ asụsụ a ka na-asụ taa. Dị ka onye France na-amụ banyere ihe ochie Claude Rilly si kwuo, Meroitic bụ akụkụ nke asụsụ Nilo-Sahara, ma nwee njikọ pụrụ iche na alaka North Eastern Sudan nke otu ahụ nke nwere asụsụ ole na ole a na-asụ na Chad, Eritrea, Ethiopia, na Sudan.

Ihe edeturu

anya. N'ime afọ ole na ole gara aga, ụfọdụ ndị ọkà mmụta asụsụ abịala n'echiche na Meroitic oge ochie nwere akụkọ ihe mere eme na ọtụtụ asụsụ a ka na-asụ taa. Dị ka onye France na-amụ banyere ihe ochie Claude Rilly si kwuo, Meroitic bụ akụkụ nke asụsụ Nilo-Sahara, ma nwee njikọ pụrụ iche na alaka North Eastern Sudananya. N'ime afọ ole na ole gara aga, ụfọdụ ndị ọkà mmụta asụsụ abịala n'echiche na Meroitic oge ochie nwere akụkọ ihe mere eme na ọtụtụ asụsụ a ka na-asụ taa. Dị ka onye France na-amụ banyere ihe ochie Claude Rilly si kwuo, Meroitic bụ akụkụ nke asụsụ Nilo-Sahara, ma nwee njikọ pụrụ iche na alaka North Eastern Sudan

Edensibia

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• [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Ihe osise nke Afitti Phonology. Ọmụmụ asụsụ Africa 38 (1): 35-52. elanguage.net/journals/sal/article/download/794/683 "A Sketch of Afitti Phonology

Njikọ mpụga

• Afitti basic lexicon na Global Lexicostatistical Database