Asụsụ Chitimacha
Chitimacha (/ˌtʃɪtɪməˈʃɑː/ CHIT-i-mə-SHAH[1] ma ọ bụ /tʃɪ tɪˈmɑːʃə/ chit-i-MAH-shə,[2] SitimaxaLouisiana along the Gulf Coast from the Mississippi River Delta West to the Texas border."}},"i":0}}]}\" data-ve-no-generated-contents=\"true\" id=\"mwAVs\"> </span><cite about=\"#mwt36\" class=\"citation book cs1\" id=\"CITEREFGranberry2008\" data-ve-ignore=\"true\">Granberry, Julian (2008). </cite>"}}" id="cite_ref-Granberry_6-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref">[./Chitimacha_language#cite_note-Granberry-6 [3]]) bụ asụsụ dịpụrụ adịpụ nke ndị Chitimacha nke Louisiana, United States na-asụ n'akụkọ ihe mere eme. Ọ kwụsịrị na 1940 site na ọnwụ nke onye ikpeazụ na-ekwu okwu nke ọma, Delphine Ducloux.
Ọ bụ ezie na a naghịzi ekwu ya, e dere ya nke ọma na mmalite narị afọ nke 20 (nke a na-ebipụtabeghị) nke ndị ọkà mmụta asụsụ Morris Swadesh[3][4] na John R. Swanton. Swadesh karịsịa dere ụtọ asụsụ zuru ezu na akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu, ma chịkọta ọtụtụ ederede site na ndị ọkà okwu abụọ ikpeazụ, ọ bụ ezie na ọ dịghị nke a bipụtara.
[5] na-eme mgbalị iji mee ka asụsụ dịghachi ndụ iji kụziere ọgbọ ọhụrụ nke ndị na-ekwu okwu asụsụ ahụ. [6] [7] Ndị agbụrụ ahụ enwetala ngwanrọ Rosetta Stone maka ịmụ asụsụ ahụ. [8] ọ na-erule n'afọ 2015, a na-akwadebe akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu Chitimacha ọhụrụ, a na-akụzikwara klas na mpaghara Chitimacha. [1]
Nchịkọta
[dezie | dezie ebe o si][9]'oge na-adịbeghị anya, a tụwo aro ka Chitimacha nwee njikọ, ma ọ bụ onye otu, Ezinụlọ asụsụ Totozoquean. Nnyocha kọmputa [10]-akpaghị aka (ASJP 4) nke Müller et al. (2013) chọtara myirịta okwu n'etiti Chitimacha, Huave, na Totozoquean.
Otú ọ dị, ebe ọ bụ na emepụtara nyocha ahụ na-akpaghị aka, nchịkọta ahụ nwere ike ịbụ ma ọ bụ n'ihi ịgbazinye okwu okwu ọnụ ma ọ bụ ihe nketa mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa..
[9] mbụ, nke na-akọ nkọ, tụrụ aro njikọ ya na otu Asụsụ Gulf.
Ọmụmụ ụdaolu
[dezie | dezie ebe o si], Wichmann, na Beck (2014) na-enye ndepụta foneme ndị a dabere na nyocha Morris Swadesh nke 1939.
| Bilabial | Alveolar | Post-alveolar<br id="mwUg"> | Palatal | Velar | Mkpịsị aka | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ụgbọ imi | m | n | |||||
| Plosive | enweghị olu | p | t | k | ʔ | ||
| Glottalized | pʼ | tʼ | kʼ | ||||
| Africate | enweghị olu | t͡s | t͡ʃ | ||||
| Glottalized | t͡sʼ | t͡ʃʼ | |||||
| Ihe na-esiri ike | s | ʃ | h | ||||
| Ihe atụ | w | j | |||||
| N'ihu | Central | Ịlaghachi azụ | |
|---|---|---|---|
| N'akụkụ | i iː | u uː | |
| N'etiti | na eː | ə | o oː |
| Emeghe | a aː |
Orthography
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Ndị na-eme nchọpụta emeela transcription n'ọtụtụ orthographies, gụnyere French, Spanish, [11] na Americanist. [12] Ndị otu agbụrụ Chitimacha emepụtala orthography bara uru site [13] iji mkpụrụedemede Latin nke na-ejighị diacritics [1] ma ọ bụ mkpụrụedemede pụrụ iche. [12] [13] na-ejigide akụkụ nke orthography nke Morris Swadesh ji mee ihe na mbụ.
Asụsụ
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Chitimacha nwere usoro grammati nke na-adịghị ka n'asụsụ Indo-European nke oge a mana ọ ka dị nnọọ iche. Chitimacha na-amata ọtụtụ klaasị okwu: ngwaa, aha, adjectives (okwu ọnụ na ọnụ), quantifiers, ngosi. Swadesh (1946) kwuru na klaasị okwu ndị fọdụrụ siri ike ịmata mana enwere ike kewaa ya "n'ime proclitics, postclitics, na particles nọọrọ onwe ha". Chitimacha nwere ihe inyeaka nke na-eme ka ọ ghara ịdị, akụkụ na ọnọdụ, dị ka ọ dị. Enwere ike akara ajụjụ ọnụ polar nwere ntinye ọdịda ikpeazụ yana nkebi ikpeazụ n'ọnọdụ gachara.
Chitimacha apụtaghị [14] ọ nabatara ihe ọ bụla gbasara ụtọ asụsụ site na mmekọrịta ha na ndị French, Spanish ma ọ bụ ndị America.
Aha nnọchiaha
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]A na-atụgharị ngwaa maka mmadụ na ọnụọgụ nke isiokwu ahụ. Enwere ike gbanarị mgbaghara site n'iji nnọchiaha nkeonwe (nke egosiri na tebụl dị n'okpuru ebe a), mana ahịrịokwu na-enweghị nnọchiaha nkeonwe na-adịkarị. Enweghị okike na nnochiaha onwe onye na ndepụta okwu ọnụ. Isiokwu na ihe nnọchiaha onwe onye bụ otu.
| otu | ọtụtụ | |
|---|---|---|
| Onye nke mbụ | qix[ʔiš] |
qux[ʔuš] |
| Onye nke abụọ | ya (q) [himʔ] |
bụ[bụ] |
| Onye nke atọ | Hus[ya mere] |
hunks[hunks] [ịchụ nta] |
| [15] | ||
A na-egbochi nnọchiaha karịa aha mgbe ha na-apụta n'ihe owuwu nke onye nwe ya. A pụghị iji nnọchiaha mee ihe n'ụzọ dị iche na aha.
Aha
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]E nwere isiokwu doro anya na Chitmacha. Aha na-abụkarị ndị a na-agbanwe agbanwe, enwere naanị ihe dịka aha 30 (karịsịa ikwu ma ọ bụ na-ezo aka na ndị mmadụ) nke na-eme ka ọdịiche dị n'otu ma ọ bụ n'ọtụtụ site na ọtụtụ nsonaazụ ma ọ bụ nhazi ndị ọzọ.
Aha bụ ndị nweere onwe ha, ma ọ bụ enwere ike ịnwe site na ijikọta onye nwe ya na aha nwere.
Edensibia
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]- ↑ Brightman (2004). "Chitimacha", in Sturtevant: Handbook of North American Indians.
- ↑ Waldman (2009). Encyclopedia of Native American Tribes. Infobase. ISBN 978-1438110103.
- ↑ Swadesh (1948). "Sociologic Notes on Obsolescent Languages". International Journal of American Linguistics 14 (4): 226–235. DOI:10.1086/464009.
- ↑ Swadesh (1934). "The phonetics of Chitimacha". Language 10 (4): 345–362. DOI:10.2307/409490.
- ↑ Larry Abramson (Director) (2010-02-02). Software Company Helps Revive 'Sleeping' Language. All Things Considered - NPR. Retrieved on 2012-08-26.
- ↑ YouTube – Chitimacha Language Episode – Finding Our Talk 3. youtube.com. Retrieved on January 26, 2010.
- ↑ Press Release, Media Room, Rosetta Stone. Archived from the original on 2017-10-20. Retrieved on 2012-08-26.
- ↑ Heflin (August 2015). The Successful Revival of the Chitimacha Language. Language Magazine. Retrieved on 2015-10-03.
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 Brown (2014). "Chitimacha: A Mesoamerican language in the Lower Mississippi valley". International Journal of American Linguistics 80 (4): 425–474. DOI:10.1086/677911. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid
<ref>tag; name "Brown-2014" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ Müller (October 2013). ASJP World Language Trees of Lexical Similarity.
- ↑ Nathalie (2019). Language in Louisiana: Community and Culture. University Press of Mississippi. ISBN 978-1-4968-2386-1. OCLC 1137797868.
- ↑ 12.0 12.1 Hieber (2019). "Semantic Alignment in Chitimacha" (in en). International Journal of American Linguistics 85 (3): 313–363. DOI:10.1086/703239. ISSN 0020-7071.
- ↑ 13.0 13.1 (2023) in Dagostino: The Languages and Linguistics of Indigenous North America A Comprehensive Guide.. DeGruyter. DOI:10.1515/9783110600926. ISBN 978-3-11-059798-1.
- ↑ Swadesh (1946). "Chitimach", in Hoijer: Linguistic structures of native America. New York: Viking Fund, 312–336.
- ↑ Granberry (2008). "5. Sitimaxa Particles", Modern Chitimacha (Sitimaxa). München: LINCOM Europa.
Ịgụ ihe ọzọ
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]- Brown (2014). "Chitimacha: a Mesoamerican language in the Lower Mississippi Valley". International Journal of American Linguistics 80 (4): 425–474. DOI:10.1086/677911.
- Chitimacha Language and the Chitimacha Indian Tribe (Chitamacha, Chetimacha, Shetimasha). Native Languages. Retrieved on 2012-08-26.
- Swanton (1919). A structural and lexical comparison of the Tunica, Chitimacha, and Atakapa languages. Govt. Printing Office. Retrieved on 25 August 2012.
- Toomey (1914). Relationships of the Chitimachan Linguistic Family. Hervas Laboratories. Retrieved on 25 August 2012.