Asụsụ Dani
| obere ụdị nke | West Trans–New Guinea  |
|---|---|
| mba/obodo | Indonesia |
| ebe | Papua, Mamberamo Raya |
Asụsụ Dani ma ọ bụ Baliem Valley bụ ezinụlọ nke Asụsụ Trans-New Guinea ndị Dani na ndị yiri ya na-asụ na Baliem Valley na Highland Papua, Indonesia. Foley (2003) na-ewere ọnọdụ asụsụ Trans-New Guinea ha ka e guzobe. Ha nwere ike ịbụ ndị nwere njikọ chiri anya na asụsụ nke Ọdọ Mmiri Paniai, mana nke a edoghị anya. Capell (1962) [1] kwuru na ndị ikwu ha kacha nso bụ Asụsụ Kwerba, nke Ross (2005) jụrụ.
Asụsụ[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
Larson (1977) [2] kewara ezinụlọ ahụ n'ime alaka atọ dabere na lexicostatistics, e mesịkwara tinye Nggem dị ka nke anọ. Asụsụ Ngalik enweghị ihe akaebe siri ike.
- Ezinụlọ Dani
- Wano
- Nggem
- Central Dani: Grand Valley Dani (elu, ala, na etiti), Hupla, Western Dani-Walak
- Ngalik: Nduga, Silimo, Yali (ìgwè asụsụ)
[3] (2020) na-eweghachi ndepụta ụdaume dị ka ndị a: Nke a yiri nke nrụzigharị nke Bromley (1966-1967) [4] ma e wezụga ịgbakwunye ụdaume ndị a na-adịghị ahụkebe *pw, *mbw, na ụdaume ọzọ *ɐ.
| Akpụkpọ ahụ | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ụgbọ imi | *m | *n | |||||
| Kwụsị | Enweghị olu | *p | *pw | *t | *k | *kw | |
| Tupu a mụọ ya | *mb | *mbw | *nd | * Mmetụta | *ŋgw | ||
| Implosive | *bi | *ɗ | |||||
| Ihe atụ | *w | *l | *j | ||||
| N'ihu | Central | Ịlaghachi azụ | |
|---|---|---|---|
| N'akụkụ | *i | *u | |
| Ihe dị nso | *ɪ | *ʊ | |
| N'etiti | *e | [*ɐ] | *o |
| Emeghe | *a |
Na diphthongs *ei, *ou, *ai, *au.
Aha nnọchiaha[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
Ross (1995) na-eweghachi nnọchiaha ndị nweere onwe ha na prefixes nke Central Dani dị ka:
Ntụnyere nke okwu[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
Okwu ndị na-esonụ sitere na Bromley (1967) [4] na Voorhoeve (1975), [5] dị ka e depụtara na nchekwa data Trans-New Guinea: [6]
| ịma mma | Dani, Lower Grand Valley (asụsụ Hitigima) | Dani, Lower Grand Valley (Tangma dialect) | Dani, Lower Grand Valley | Dani, Mid Grand Valley | Dani, Upper Grand Valley | Dani, Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ[7] | Walak | Silimo (Asụsụ Ndịda Ngalik) | Silimo | Yali, Angguruk | Yali, Ndagwurugwu |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| isi | mʊkkʊl-oak | mʊkkʊl-oak | nukul-oaq | nʊgʊl-oak | nanupah | aneb; anobak | nalupak | N'ihi ya, ọ bụ n'oge ahụ ka a na-eme ya | nagʊl | nʊgʊl | hou |
| ntutu isi | Nisi | Nisi | Nisi | Nisi | Neeti | eeɾuwak; neti | Mmalite | nenasu | nke ya | notuk | hoŋ |
| ntị | nesakko | nesakko | nasuk | Nku [nařuk] | aɾuk | Nku [nařuk] | Neso | nɪsago | |||
| anya | Niko-ken | Niko-ken | Nico-eken | na-ejupụta | neneken | enegen; negen | nil | nələŋgen | nɪlegen | nɪl | Ndị na-eme ihe nkiri |
| imi | Nchịkọta | namisaŋ | nakouwak-oak | nakapak | ogobak | nokopak | Ọrụ | nabijaŋ | |||
| ezé | Naịkụ | Naịkụ | Naịkụ | Naịkụ | nɪk | Neik | Naịkụ | N'ihi na ọ bụ n'oge a ka a na-eme ihe | nɪak; olu | najek | ọ bụrụ na |
| ire | aha | Naịl | na∂i | namɪlɪ | amela | natði | nemake | nabilikagen | |||
| ụkwụ | Nesoq | iyok; owak | Yan saŋ | ||||||||
| louse | Nkwụsị | Nkwụsị | Ụgbọ mmiri | Nkwụsị | Nkwụsị | Aṅụ | Nkwụsị | [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] | pɪ | am | |
| nkịta | Jọk | Jọk | Ọ bụ ya | Ogwe osisi | Ọ bụ onye | N'ihi ya, onye ọ bụla | Ọ bụ onye | yeŋge | Onye ndu | Onye ndu | kam |
| Ezì | wam | wam | wam | wam | wa:n | wam | wam | wam | wam | wam | Mkpụrụ osisi |
| nnụnụ | sʊe | sʊe | sue | tʊe | ị na-eme ihe | ịnyịnya ibu; ụmụ irighiri | ị na-eme ihe | N'ihi ya | sʊe | June | Ịnọ |
| àkwá | sʊe-kken | sʊe-kken | Sue-ken | tʊe-gen | tewe-gen | eko | tewe-gen | Ọmụmụ ihe | sʊe-egen | June- | winaŋ meriri |
| ọbara | mep | mep | mep | mep | mep | amiya; muya | mep | mep | gete; mep | mmalite | |
| ọkpụkpụ | noak | noak | noaq | noak | nowakano | Owak | nowak | Nʊak | noak | yok | |
| akpụkpọ ahụ | noat | nakap | naxap | noatðo | Mmanụ ala | agabelo | Ntinye aka | nakap | nakap | pok | |
| ara | Neilak | Neilak | Niðak | Nelak | elak | neðak | nakamʊ | nak | |||
| osisi | o | na | na | o | Ọmụmụ ihe | ebe ahụ | o | bene | na | na | |
| nwoke | ap | ap | ap | ap | ap | ap | ap | ap | Nymnya | ||
| nwanyị | ya; hɪmɪ | ya; hʊmɪ | ya | kwe | kwe | kwamɪ | keap | ||||
| Eluigwe | mbogut | ||||||||||
| anyanwụ | mo | mo | mo | mʊlɪgɪ | mo | onegen; yawo | Mo; o-il | mo | mo | hin | |
| ọnwa | Ọkwọ ụgbọala | Ọkwọ ụgbọala | tʊt | tʊt | tut | tʊt | Ihe onwunwe | Bikkalem | |||
| mmiri | i | i | i | i | ji | nke m; níu; nke m | i; bụ | ik | ik | tin | |
| ọkụ | hettouk | ettu | etu | [hɪʊ] | ɪd [ʊɪndʊ] | endo; kani | Ebe a na-aga | enduk | odʊk | idok | uk |
| nkume | helep | helep | helep | helegit [helekit] | jʊkum | yugum; yukum | git [ŋgit] | Kịlịp | Kep | Kep | kirik |
| okporo ụzọ, ụzọ | ke; kwe | kwe | holak-aðem | tuwan | tuwan | epela | pʊgalem | ||||
| aha | ettake | ettake | oge ochie | edaka [etaga] | edaka [Gena] | oghere; oghere | edaka | onuk | unuk | Nymnya | |
| Iri nri | namen | namen!; ne-; nengge | Nənəm- | emen | namɪn (ɪs ?) | (kwaniŋ) etiŋ | |||||
| otu | makke-at; pakke-at | oppakke-at | opake-at | bagɪ-at | Abɪ | Uwe elu; ihe mgbaru ọsọ | omagi-at | ambui | mesik | mɪsɪk | Ime ihe n'ụzọ dị mfe |
| abụọ | mpempe akwụkwọ; pɪte | peeji nke:ie | Nna | bete [peře] | bete [mbeře] | Ber; mbeɾe | Bete | Nna | ịta ya | ịta ya | phenep |
Ọdịdị[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
Mmetụta Dani nke proto-Trans-New Guinea (pTNG) etyma bụ: [8]
Asụsụ Grand Valley Dani:
- Àtụ:Transl 'man' < Àtụ:Transl
- Àtụ:Transl 'tongue' < Àtụ:Transl
- Àtụ:Transl 'hair' < Àtụ:Transl (Àtụ:Transl is 1sg possessor)
- Àtụ:Transl 'come' < Àtụ:Transl
- Àtụ:Transl 'new' < Àtụ:Transl
Asụsụ Western Dani:
- ap 'nwoke' < *ambi
- (n) (n) ti < *iti[C]
- meli 'asụsụ' < *me (l,n) e*m (l,n) na
- nweta 'ihe ọhụrụ' < *kVndak
- Okpu 'ụkwụ' < *k (a,o) gi[V]*k (a,o) ọdịda[V]
- kat (lo) 'akpụkpọ ahụ' < * (ŋg,k) a (nd,t) apu
- idu 'osisi' < *inda
Asụsụ Ngalik:
- idu (k) etu 'osisi' < *inda
- (nak) amu 'obi' < *amu
- tokon 'jupụtara' < *tVkV[ti]
- kopu 'smoke' < *kambu
Edensibia[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
aga, ụfọdụ ndị ọkà mmụta asụsụ abịala n'echiche na Meroitic oge ochie nwere akụkọ ihe mere eme na ọtụtụ asụsụ a ka na-asụ taa. Dị ka onye France na-amụ banyere ihe ochie
- ↑ Capell (1962). Linguistic Survey of the South-Western Pacific, New and revised, South Pacific Commission Technical Paper, Noumea: South Pacific Commission.
- ↑ Larson (1977). "Reclassification of Some Irian Jaya Highlands Language Families: A Lexicostatical Cross-Family Subclassification with Historical Implications". Irian VI (2): 3–40.
- ↑ Usher. Balim Valley. New Guinea World. Archived from the original on 2020-10-16.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Bromley (June 1967). "The Linguistic Relationships of Grand Valley Dani: A Lexico-statistical Classification". Oceania 37 (4): 286–305. DOI:10.1002/j.1834-4461.1967.tb00912.x. Bromley, Myron H. (June 1967). "The Linguistic Relationships of Grand Valley Dani: A Lexico-statistical Classification". Oceania. 37 (4): 286–305. doi:10.1002/j.1834-4461.1967.tb00912.x. JSTOR 40329608. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid
<ref>tag; name "Bromley-1967" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ Voorhoeve (2015). Languages of Irian Jaya: Checklist. Preliminary classification, language maps, wordlists. Pacific Linguistics. DOI:10.15144/PL-B31. ISBN 978-0-85883-128-5.
- ↑ Greenhill (2016). TransNewGuinea.org - database of the languages of New Guinea. Retrieved on 2020-11-05.
- ↑ Clouse (1997). "Towards a reconstruction and reclassification of the Lakes Plain languages of Irian Jaya", in Karl Franklin: Papers in Papuan linguistics no. 2. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics, 133–236. ISBN 0858834421.
- ↑ Pawley (2018). "The Trans New Guinea family", in Palmer: The Languages and Linguistics of the New Guinea Area: A Comprehensive Guide, The World of Linguistics. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton, 21–196. ISBN 978-3-11-028642-7.
Àtụ:West Trans–New Guinea languagesÀtụ:Trans–New Guinea languagesÀtụ:Papuan languages
