Asụsụ Esselen

Esselen bụ asụsụ nke Esselen (ma ọ bụ Huelel) Nation, nke bi na ugwu Central Coast nke California, ozugbo n'ebe ndịda Monterey (Shaul 1995). O yikarịrị ka ọ bụ asụsụ dịpụrụ adịpụ, ọ bụ ezie na etinyela ya dị ka akụkụ nke atụmatụ Hokan.

Aha

Aha Esselen sitere na aha obodo. Ndị Esselen kpọrọ asụsụ nke ha Huelel. Felipe Arroyo de la Cuesta dere aha ahụ na Mee 18, 1832 na Soledad Mission site n'aka onye na-enye ya Eusebio (aha obodo Sutasis) (cf. villel 'asụsụ' dị ka Dionisio Alcalá Galiano dere) (Shaul 1995).

Akụkọ ihe mere eme

Onye France na-eme nchọpụta Lapérouse, onye gara Monterey na 1786, kọrọ, sị: ^[1] Esselen nwere ike ịbụ asụsụ Californian izizi kpochapụrụ. Ọ bụ ezie na ọtụtụ n'ime ndị mbụ tọghatara kwuru ya na Mission Carmel, ojiji ya dara ngwa ngwa n'oge oge Hispanic. E chekwabere obere ozi gbasara okwu na ụtọ asụsụ Esselen. Ihe dị ka okwu na nkebiokwu 350 na ahịrịokwu ole na ole zuru ezu ka echekwara na akwụkwọ ^[1] gụnyere katkizim dị mkpirikpi n'asụsụ abụọ (maka nchịkọta lee Mithun 1999:411-413 na Golla 2011:114). Ka ọ na-erule mmalite narị afọ nke 20, naanị data gbasara Esselen nke ndị nyocha dịka Kroeber na Harrington nwere ike ịnakọta bụ okwu ole na ole ndị na-asụ asụsụ ndị ọzọ dị n'ógbè ahụ chetara. ^{[citation needed]}

Asụsụ

Asụsụ Esselen bụ nke agbụrụ ise dị n'ógbè ahụ na-asụ. Nke ^[2] bụla n'ime agbụrụ ise dị n'ógbè ahụ na-asụ asụsụ dị iche. Mpaghara Esselen ọ bụla nwere agbụrụ dị n'ógbè ahụ nwere agbụrụ nna ha. Ndị otu ag^[2] ahụ bụ ndị exogamous, na-alụ ndị otu agbụrụ ndị ọzọ mana n'ime agbụrụ dị n'ógbè ahụ.

A na-enyocha ebo Esselen dị na mpaghara na ọnụọgụ ọnụọgụgụ ha na Milliken (1990: 59).^[3]

Breschini na Haversat (1994: 82-88) na-enye ọnụ ọgụgụ obodo na ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị bi na nke ọ bụla n'ime ebo Esselen ise. A na-agbakọ atụmatụ ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị mmadụ site n'ịba ụba nke obodo site na 30 ma ọ bụ 40 (ya bụ, ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị a na-eche na ndị mmadụ n'otu obodo).. ^[4]

Mpaghara	Obodo nta	Ndị bi na ya (nke mmadụ 30 n'otu obodo)	Ndị bi na ya (nke mmadụ 40 n'otu obodo)
Ịdị Mma	4	120	160
Eslen/Eslenajan	7	210	280
Aspaniajan	2	60	80
Imunajan	5	150	200
Ecgeajan	6	180	240
Ngụkọta	24	600	960

Ọdịiche dị n'ụdị ụdaolu na okwu

Nkwekọrịta ụda n'etiti asụsụ ọdịda anyanwụ na nke ọwụwa anyanwụ: ^[2]

Nkwekọrịta ụda n'asụsụ Esselen
Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ	Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ
č ~ ts	ṭ
na	a
š	s

Ihe atụ nke Western č ~ ts: Eastern ṭ
Nkọwa	Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ	Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ
nwoke	exe-noč	exe-noṭ
nna	aya ~ a'ay	m-a'aṭ
ụwa	Matta	maṭa
anyị	leč	leṭ
gị (pl.)	*Nomeč	aha
ha	lač	laṭ
ọ gwụchara	*amomuč	amo-muṭ
zuru oke	-mutsu ~ -musu	-muṭ

Ihe atụ nke Western e: Eastern a
Nkọwa	Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ	Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ
gị (sg.)	N'ihi ya,	aha
gị (sg.)	nemi-š-	nami-s-
gị (pl.)	N'ihi na ọ bụghị	aha-

Ihe atụ nke Western š: Eastern s
Nkọwa	Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ	Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ
Nwa m nwanyị	ni-š-ta	ni-s-ta
anyanwụ	aši	ya mere
Ogwu ogwu	Chuši	n'ihi ya
nwa agbọghọ	Shileta	soleta-sis
akara na-arụ ọrụ	-piši	-pisi

Ọmụmụ ụdaolu

Mkpụrụ okwu
	Akpụkpọ ahụ	Alveolar	Retroflex	Palatal	Velar	Mkpịsị aka
Plosive	p	t	Ọdịdị		k	ʔ
Africate		ts			kx
Ihe na-esiri ike		s		ʃ	x	h
Ụgbọ imi	m	n
Rhotic		r
Ihe atụ	w	l		j

^[5]/p/ nwere allophones nke [f] na [pf]. /t/ nwere allophone nke [tʃ].

Mkpụrụedemede
	N'ihu	Ịlaghachi azụ
N'akụkụ	i	u
N'etiti etiti	na	o
Emeghe	a

Nchịkọta okwu

Akwụkwọ Nsọ

^[5] (1995) weghachiri okwu Esselen, nke sitere na isi mmalite akụkọ ihe mere eme dị iche iche, dị ka ndị a. Ụdị sitere na [./Alfred_L._<i id= Kr" id="mwAbs" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Alfred L. Kroeber">Alfred L. Kroeber] nwere akara (Kr).

ịma mma	Esselen
okenye	-nVč
niile	komVnam
akụ́	Lotus
bear	koltála
ụta	paxu-nax
nwa nwoke	pana
ákwá	siawa
ịgba egwú	mepV, mef-
ọchịchịrị	Nnukwu nnwere onwe
ụbọchị	asátsa
nwụọ	ebu
nkịta	Na-eto eto
ihe ọṅụṅụ	Ọ bụ, ọ bụ
ntị	tus-usp (Kr)
ụwa	maṭa, matsa
anya	-ikxpa
nna	hay
nwanyị	ta-
ụkwụ	kxéle
enyi	-mgbe ahụ
nwa agbọghọ	soleta
nye	Toxesa
ezi ihe/olulu	ire ere-
nna	meči
squirrel n'ala	mexe
ntutu isi	haka
isi	kxáta-sVx
obosara	putú-ki; yakí-s-ki
nwoke	exe-
nne	Atzịa
ugwu	polom
ọdụm ugwu	xeke-s
ọnụ	iši
ntú	uluxV
abalị	Tomani-s
imi	xoši
onye	mmetụta
pinọ	amúxe
ala dị larịị	Yaala-x
igurube	kumul (Kr)
ewi	Ọ bụ n'ihi ya ka a na-eme ka ọ dị mma
salmon	kilí-
akara	opopa-pas
Eluigwe	imi-
obere	ukxu-s-ki
kwuo okwu	al-pa
anyanwụ	aši
ezé	awur
mmiri	asa-nax
ebe	Keya-
onye	kinni
nwamba ọhịa	toloma
osisi	i'i
ee	igwu egwu

Ọnụ ọgụgụ

ịma mma	Esselen
otu	pek
abụọ	kxulax
atọ	kxulep
anọ	kxamakxu-s
ise	pemakxa-la
isii	pek-walanai
asaa	kxula-walanai
asatọ	kxulef-walanai
iri	were ya

Edensibia

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 DCQ Fall Equinox 1999 -- The Caves Ranch. www.ventanawild.org. Retrieved on 23 April 2020.
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 Shaul (2019). Esselen studies: language, culture, and prehistory. Lincom Europa. ISBN 978-3-86288-986-0. OCLC 1132875180.
↑ Millikan, Randal. 1990. Ethnography and Ethnohistory of the Big Sur District, California State Park System, During the 1770-1780 Time Period. Submitted to Department of Parks and Recreation, Sacramento.
↑ Breschini, Gary and Trudy Haversat. 1994. An Overview of the Esselen Indians of Central Monterey County, California. Salinas, CA: Coyote Press.
↑ ^5.0 ^5.1 Shaul, David L. 1995. "The Huelel (Esselen) Language." International Journal of American Linguistics 61:191-239.

Akwụkwọ

Golla, Victor 2011. Asụsụ ndị India nke California. Mahadum nke California Press.
Mithun, Marianne 1999. Asụsụ nke ụmụ amaala North America. Cambridge University Press.
[Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] "The Huelel (Esselen) Language". International Journal of American Linguistics 61:191-239.

Njikọ mpụga

Nchịkọta Asụsụ Esselen na Survey of California and Other Indian LanguagesNnyocha nke California na Asụsụ India Ndị Ọzọ
Nkọwa okwu Spanish-Rumsen-Esselen, 1802
Okwu Salinan-Esselen, peeji nke 73
Esselen na California Language Archive
Ihe onwunwe OLAC na banyere asụsụ Esselen
Esselen, The World Atlas of Language Structures

[dcq-1] 1.0 ^1.1 DCQ Fall Equinox 1999 -- The Caves Ranch. www.ventanawild.org. Retrieved on 23 April 2020.

[Shaul_2019-2] 2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 Shaul (2019). Esselen studies: language, culture, and prehistory. Lincom Europa. ISBN 978-3-86288-986-0. OCLC 1132875180.

[3] Millikan, Randal. 1990. Ethnography and Ethnohistory of the Big Sur District, California State Park System, During the 1770-1780 Time Period. Submitted to Department of Parks and Recreation, Sacramento.

[4] Breschini, Gary and Trudy Haversat. 1994. An Overview of the Esselen Indians of Central Monterey County, California. Salinas, CA: Coyote Press.

[:0-5] 5.0 ^5.1 Shaul, David L. 1995. "The Huelel (Esselen) Language." International Journal of American Linguistics 61:191-239.

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