Asụsụ Hokan

Ezinụlọ asụsụ /'hOʊkæn/ /ˈhoʊkæn / bụ otu ìgwè nke obere ezinụlọ asụsụ iri na abụọ a na-asụkarị na California, Arizona, na Baja California.

Okwu mmalite

sei Hokan dabeere na okwu maka "abụọ" n'asụsụ Hokan dị iche iche: *xwak na Proto-Yuman, c-oocj (nke a na-akpọ [koːkx]) na Seri, ha'k na Achumawi, wdg.

Akụkọ ihe mere eme nke aro ahụ

"Roland B. Dixon na Alfred L. Kroeber tụpụtara "Hokan hypothesis" nke mbụ na 1913, na Edward Sapir kọwakwuru ya. Nnyocha e mere na mbụ chọtara ntakịrị ihe àmà na-egosi na ezinụlọ ndị a na-asụ asụsụ ndị a nwere njikọ. Ma kemgbe ihe dị ka afọ 1950, mgbalị ndị a na-eme n’ịdekọ asụsụ Hokan na iji guzobe akwụkwọ ozi dị mma n’usoro okwu ndị a tụrụ aro agbakwunyere n’echiche Hokan, na-eduga na nnabata nke ọtụtụ ndị ọkachamara n’asụsụ California, Oregon, na Mesoamerica. Otú ọ dị, ụfọdụ ndị ọkà mmụta ka nwere obi abụọ.

Onye ọkà mmụta asụsụ Paul Rivet kwuru na Asụsụ Yurumanguí nke Colombia bụ akụkụ nke ezinụlọ Hokan. ^[1] Ndị ọkà mmụta asụsụ akụkọ ihe mere eme anabataghị nkwupụta a. Terrence Kauf^[2] chere ma ọ bụrụ na Hokan nwere ike ịbụ ihe jikọrọ ya na Oto-Mangean nke Central America.

Nnyocha kọmputa na-akpaghị aka (ASJP 4) nke Müller et al. (2013) ^[3] chọtara myirịta okwu n'etiti Seri, Yuman na Tequistlatecan. Otú ọ dị, ebe ọ bụ na a na-emepụta nyocha ahụ na-akpaghị aka, ìgwè ahụ nwere ike ịbụ n'ihi mgbazinye okwu ma ọ bụ ihe nketa mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa.

Nkesa

Nkesa ala nke asụsụ Hokan na-egosi na e kewapụrụ ha na Central Valley nke California site na nbata nke Penutian na ndị ọzọ bịarutere mgbe e mesịrị; Achịkọtara ihe akaebe mgbe ochie maka nke a na Chase-Dunn & Mann (1998). Ndị obodo Amerịka na-asụ asụsụ ndị a n'akụkụ na ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Ugwu Shasta, ndị ọzọ dị nso n'Ọdọ Mmiri Tahoe, Pomo dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri California, na ndị Yuman n'akụkụ Osimiri Colorado dị ala. Ụfọdụ ndị ọkà mmụta asụsụ gụnyekwara Chumash, n'etiti San Luis Obispo na Los Angeles, na ezinụlọ ndị ọzọ, mana ihe akaebe ahụ enweghị isi, na ọtụtụ ugbu a na-amachibido Hokan na ụfọdụ ma ọ bụ asụsụ niile edepụtara n'okpuru.

Asụsụ

Asụsụ Hokan nke Kaufman (1988) jidere n'ihi nkwekọrịta ụda na okwu ndị a na-ahụkarị bụ ndị a: ^[4] (Ọ dịghị onye ọzọ ebipụtaghị ma ọ bụ nyochaa data nke e nwetara nkwubi okwu ndị a.) Ewezuga Shasta-Palaihnihan na Yuman, alaka niile bụ otu asụsụ ma ọ bụ ezinụlọ ndị na-adịghị omimi. Marlett (2008) nyochagharịrị ihe akaebe ahụ wee kwubie na emeghị ihe akaebe maka Seri na Salinan n'usoro ma ọ bụ n'ụzọ doro anya. Ntinye nke asụsụ Tequistlatecan enwetabeghị nkwado dị ukwuu. ^{[citation needed]} A gụnyere Asụsụ Chumash n'otu oge, mana ọ fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ na a gbahapụla ọnọdụ ahụ n'ụwa niile.

Zhivlov (2013)

^[5] na-egosi nhazi nke asụsụ Hokan site na Zhivlov (2013) dịka ndị a: Zhivlov (2013) ewereghị Jicaquean (Tol) na Washo ka asụsụ Hokan.

Okwu

na-enye ụfọdụ akwụkwọ ozi Hokan sitere na Mary R. Haas (1963) n'okpuru ebe a.

Ụdị yiri nke ahụ maka 'asụsụ' gụnyere:

Chumash elʔew, elew < *ipariwa
Washo alŋ < *ipariwa
Salinan 'Ipala', ipaL < *ipari
Seri apɬ < *ipari
Chontal pala, peɬ- < *ipari

Ihe yiri ya na Uto-Aztecan

Shaul (2019) na-ekwu ihe ndị yiri ya n'etiti Proto-Hokan (dabere na Kaufman 2015 ^[6]) na Proto-Uto-Aztecan . ^[7]

Hụkwa

Asụsụ Chumashan
Asụsụ Penutian

Edensibia

↑ Paul Rivet, 1942
↑ Kaufmann (1990). Tlapaneko-Sutiaba, OtoMangean, and Hokan: where Greenberg went wrong.
↑ Müller, André, Viveka Velupillai, Søren Wichmann, Cecil H. Brown, Eric W. Holman, Sebastian Sauppe, Pamela Brown, Harald Hammarström, Oleg Belyaev, Johann-Mattis List, Dik Bakker, Dmitri Egorov, Matthias Urban, Robert Mailhammer, Matthew S. Dryer, Evgenia Korovina, David Beck, Helen Geyer, Pattie Epps, Anthony Grant, and Pilar Valenzuela. 2013. ASJP World Language Trees of Lexical Similarity: Version 4 (October 2013).
↑ Golla (2011) California Indian Languages
↑ Zhivlov, Mikhail. 2013. The Hokan family and lexicostatistics. Comparative-Historical Linguistics of the XXIst Century: Issues and Perspectives. Institute for Oriental and Classical Studies, Russian State University for the Humanities. Moscow, March 20–22, 2013. (Accessed 2021-10-07)
↑ Kaufman, Terrence. 2015. A research program for reconstructing proto-Hokan: first gropings. Project for the Documentation of the Languages of Mesoamerica.
↑ Shaul (2019). Esselen studies: language, culture, and prehistory. Lincom Europa. ISBN 978-3-86288-986-0. OCLC 1132875180.

[1] Paul Rivet, 1942

[2] Kaufmann (1990). Tlapaneko-Sutiaba, OtoMangean, and Hokan: where Greenberg went wrong.

[ASJP-4-3] Müller, André, Viveka Velupillai, Søren Wichmann, Cecil H. Brown, Eric W. Holman, Sebastian Sauppe, Pamela Brown, Harald Hammarström, Oleg Belyaev, Johann-Mattis List, Dik Bakker, Dmitri Egorov, Matthias Urban, Robert Mailhammer, Matthew S. Dryer, Evgenia Korovina, David Beck, Helen Geyer, Pattie Epps, Anthony Grant, and Pilar Valenzuela. 2013. ASJP World Language Trees of Lexical Similarity: Version 4 (October 2013).

[4] Golla (2011) California Indian Languages

[5] Zhivlov, Mikhail. 2013. The Hokan family and lexicostatistics. Comparative-Historical Linguistics of the XXIst Century: Issues and Perspectives. Institute for Oriental and Classical Studies, Russian State University for the Humanities. Moscow, March 20–22, 2013. (Accessed 2021-10-07)

[6] Kaufman, Terrence. 2015. A research program for reconstructing proto-Hokan: first gropings. Project for the Documentation of the Languages of Mesoamerica.

[Shaul_2019-7] Shaul (2019). Esselen studies: language, culture, and prehistory. Lincom Europa. ISBN 978-3-86288-986-0. OCLC 1132875180.

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