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Asụsụ Ila

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Asụsụ Ila
asụsụ, modern language
obere ụdị nkeBantu Dezie
mba/obodoZambia Dezie
ụmụ amaala kaCentral Province, Southern Province Dezie
Ọkwa asụsụ Ethnologue5 Na-etolite Dezie

Ila (Chiila) bụ asụsụ nke Zambia. Maho (2009) depụtara Lundwe (Shukulumbwe) na Sala dị ka asụsụ dị iche iche nwere njikọ chiri anya na Ila. Ila bụ otu n'ime asụsụ nke Ụwa gụnyere na Voyager Golden Record . [1]

Orthography

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[2]

  • ch n'ezie dịgasị iche site na "k" gaa na "adịghị ike" nke Bekee "ch", gaa na "ike" "ch" gaa na ""ty".   [tober 2021)>]
  • j dị ka ụda olu kwekọrọ na nke a ya mere dịgasị iche "g" / Bekee "j" / "dy" / na "y".   [</span>]
  • A na-akọ na v bụ ụda olu /v/ dị ka n'asụsụ Bekee, na vh otu labialised na aspirated /vwh/ ("egbugbere ọnụ gbara gburugburu na ikuku dị iche iche").
  • zh bụ ụdaolu post-alveolar fricative /ʒ/; French dị ka bonjour.
  • [3]ng bụ ụda olu na-esote ụda olu, /ŋg/ dị ka RP English "mkpịsị aka", ebe ng' bụ ụda olu /ŋ/ dị ka "onye na-abụ abụ" - a na-ahụ ọdịiche yiri nke ahụ na Swahili.

Mkpịsị egbugbere ọnụ na mkpuchi ọnụ

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[4] (1928) kọwara ọtụtụ ụdaume abụọ a na-adịghị ahụkebe na Ila n'onwe ya, Kafue Twa na Lundwe.

Na Ila n'onwe ya, /hɣ*, h̰ɣ*, ɦɣ*/ bụ "glittering fricatives nke iku na-agafe n'olu na nnukwu friction, a na-agbanwekwa ya site na ịtụba ya na-enweghị ezé [5] na n'ime egbugbere ọnụ elu, na-akpata frication na-esote n'ebe ahụ. ... A na-edebe ire ahụ n'ọnọdụ ụdaumezu velar dị ka [u] ya mere ha nwere u-, nke a na-ahụ anya mgbe ejiri ya na frication ọ bụla ọzọ karịa [com]. Doke sụgharịrị ụda ndị a n'ụzọ dị mfe.

Lundwe na Kafwe Twa nwere fricative palato-glottal /ɦ͡ʒ/. "A na-emepụta ụda a na ọnọdụ ire yiri nke Ila [ʒ] mana na-enwe nnukwu mkpakọ olu n'olu n'otu oge ahụ. "

Ụda olu na nrụgide

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A na-egosipụta ụda site n'ichepụta aze na ụda dị elu na nkeji okwu mbụ (= "ya na ya") na aze na ụda olu dị elu na mkpụrụ okwu nke abụọ (= "ya onwe ya kwa"). [2]

Okwu na ahịrịokwu ụfọdụ

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  • Ing'anda - ụlọ
  • imboni - pupil nke anya
  • ipeezhyo - brush;broom
  • indimi - ire
  • lemeka - nsọpụrụ (okwu)
  • bamba - ịhazi
  • Bamambila - ha na-eme ndokwa maka m
  • Balanumba - ha na-eto m
  • Cheta Buzani - anụ a
  • Bobu mbuzani - nke a bụ anụ
  • Cheeta - iji mee, a na-eji otu ihe ahụ eme ihe iji pụta 'Enweghị m ihe ọ bụla'
  • chisha - ime
  • Katal - ike gwụrụ gị
  • katazhya - iji mee ka ike gwụ
  • ukatazhya-ajụ izipu; ụkọ
  • N'anya - Ahụrụ m gị n'anya
  • Tulumba-Ekele
  • impongo - ewu [2]

Ntụnyere ụfọdụ

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  • Ila: Ishizhyi - dimness; Sotho: lefifi - ọchịchịrị; Xhosa: "ubufifi" - dimness); Nyanja: chimfifi - nzuzo;

Bemba: IMFIFI - ọchịchịrị; Kisanga: mfinshi - ọchịchịa; na Bulu (Ewondo): "dibi" - ọchịchukwu.

Ideophones ma ọ bụ okwu iṅomi

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Okwu n'asụsụ Bekee dịka "Splash!", "Gurgle", "Ker-putt" na-egosipụta echiche n'ejighị ahịrịokwu. Smith na Dale [2] na-ekwu na ụdị okwu a bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị n'asụsụ Ila:

Gị!Ị nwere ike ịsị Ndamuchina anshi ("M na-atụba ya n'ala"), mana ọ dị mfe ma dị egwu ikwu naanị Ti![6], ọ pụtakwara otu ihe ahụ.

Ihe atụ ụfọdụ:

  • Muntu wawa - Otu Onye wawa
  • Wawa mba - na-ada n'isi
  • Mba! - Ọ dara n'isi
  • Mbo! Mboo! Mboo! mbò! - (nke nwere ụda olu dị ala na nkeji okwu ikpeazụ) Ọ na-eji nwayọọ nwayọọ daa
  • Mbwa! - na-ada, dị ka n'oche
  • Wa! wa! wa! wa!- Mmiri ozuzo na-agbanwe
  • Pididi! pididi! pididi! - nke mbe, na-ada site na nnukwu elu
  • Ndamuchina anshi - M tụba ya n'ala
  • Gị! - okwu
  • Gị! - dọkara adọka, dọkara adọrọ
  • Amana te! - Okwu ahụ agwụla
  • To-o! - Ọ dị nnọọ n'udo!
  • Wi! - Ihe niile dị jụụ
  • Ọ bụghị! - Ihe niile dị jụụ
  • Tuh! - égbè na-agbapụ
  • Pi! - Phew, ọ na-ekpo ọkụ!
  • Lee! - Yuck, ọ dị ilu!
  • Lee! - Erh, ọ dị ilu!
  • Lee! - Yum, dị ụtọ!
  • Mbi! - Ọ gbara ọchịchịrị
  • Mbi! Ọdachi! Ọdachi! Ọdachi! - Ọ gbara ọchịchịrị kpamkpam
  • Sekwè sekwè! - nnụnụ na-efe efe
  • nachisekwe - nko

Ndepụta klas

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Dị ka ọ dị n'ọtụtụ asụsụ ndị ọzọ, Ila na-eji usoro aha aha. Ma usoro ahụ dị ka Smith na Dale gosipụtara [2] dị mfe karịa nke Nyanja, [7] ChiChewa, [8] Tonga, [9] ma ọ bụ Bemba, [10] ma ọ bụ ndị dere ya ejirila ụdị "akwụkwọ ozi dị mkpa" mee ihe na mgbagwoju anya:

  • Klas 1. otu: prefix: mu-; s/l. (= ngwaa "akwụkwọ ozi pụtara ìhè", adjective, wdg. prefix kwesịrị ekwesị maka klas:) u-, w-
  • Klas 1. ọtụtụ. prefix: ba-; s/l. b-
  • Klas 2. na-abụ abụ. prefix: mu-; s/l. u-, w-
  • Klas 2. pl. prefix: mi-; s/l. i-, y-
  • Klas nke 3. na-abụ abụ. prefix: i-, di-; s/l. l-, d-
  • Klas nke 3. pl. prefix: m'a-'; s/l. a-
  • Klas 4. na-abụ abụ. prefix: bu- abstract aha; s/l. b-
  • Klas 4. pl. prefix: m'a-'; s/l. a-
  • Klas 5. na-abụ abụ. prefix: ku- mgbe mgbe aha ebe; s / l. k-
  • Klas 5. pl. prefix: m'a-'; s/l. a-
  • Klas 6. na-abụ abụ. prefix: ka- nwere obere ihe; s/l. k-
  • Klas 6. ị-. prefix: tu- obere otutu; s/l. t-
  • Klas nke 7. na-abụ abụ. prefix: chi- "ihe" klas; s/l. ch-
  • Klas nke 7. pl. prefix: shi-; s/l. sh-
  • Klas 8. na-abụ abụ. prefix: in-; s/l. i-, y-
  • Klas 8. pl. prefix: in-; s/l. y-, sh-
  • Klas 9. na-abụ abụ. prefix: lu-; s/l. l-
  • Klas 9. pl. prefix: in-; s/l. y-, sh-
  • Klas 10. na-abụ abụ. prefix: lu-; s/l. l-
  • Klas 10. pl. prefix: m'a-'; s/l. a-
  • mu- - na-ezu ike n'ime, na-aga n'ime;
  • ku- - ọnọdụ na, gaa, site na
  • a- - zuru ike, gaa ma ọ bụ site na (Tụlee pa- prefix na Sanga, wdg.[11][12] )

Ya mere:

  • Mung'anda mulashia - N'ime ụlọ ahụ gbara ọchịchịrị.
  • Kung'anda kulashia - Ọ gbara ọchịchịrị gburugburu ụlọ ahụ.
  • Ang'anda alashia - Ọchịchịrị dị n'elu ụlọ.

Usoro ngwaa Ila

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mgbọrọgwụ bụ akụkụ nke ngwaa na-enye ihe bụ isi ọ pụtara. Enwere ike ịgbakwunye prefixes na suffixes na nke a: enwere ike ijikọta ọtụtụ ihe n'ụzọ a, mgbe ụfọdụ na-emepụta okwu ngwaa polysyllabic dị ogologo ma dị mgbagwoju anya. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, site na mgbọrọgwụ anga, "ịke", anyị nwere ike inweta ụdị dị ka Tamuna kubaangulwila anzhyi? nke pụtara, "Gịnị mere na ị ka na-agbagọghị ha?"

Prefixes nwere ike igosi:

  • oge
  • isiokwu
  • ihe
  • olu (nke pụrụ iche)

Suffixes nwere ike igosi:

  • olu
  • oge (nke pụrụ iche)
  • ọnọdụ uche

Nke a bụ ụfọdụ n'ime ụdị ngwaa kubona, "ịhụ". (Rịba ama na e nwekwara ụdị ndị na-adịghị mma, dịka ta-tu-boni, "anyị anaghị ahụ", na e nwekwara ọnọdụ subjunctive, ọnọdụ nwere ọnọdụ, ọnọdụ dị mma na ihe dị mkpa. Ọtụtụ ụdị subjunctive na-agwụ na -e.

mgbọrọgwụ nke ngwaa dị n'ụdị abụọ:

  • (i) ogwe osisi dị mfe: bona: koodu - SS
  • (ii) ogwe osisi gbanwere agbanwe: bwene: koodu
  • -S.S. anyị (onye) hụrụ
  • -[[tubwene anyị (onye) ahụla
  • -A-SS twabona anyị hụrụ, lee, ahụla
  • -A-CHI-SS twachibona anyị na-aga n'ihu na-ahụ
  • -A-YA-BU-SS twayabubona anyị na-ahụ
  • -DI-MU-KU-SS tudmukubona anyị na-ahụ
  • -CHI-SS tuchibona anyị ka na-ahụ
  • -LA-SS tulabona anyị na-ahụ mgbe niile (na-emekarị, n'ezie)
  • -LA-YA-BU-SS tulayabubona anyị na-ahụ
  • -LA-YA-KU-SS tulayakubona anyị na-ahụkarị
  • -DI-tulibwene anyị ahụla
  • -CHI-Xibwene anyị anọwo na-ahụ
  • -A-KA-SS twakabona anyị hụrụ
  • -A-KA-CHI-SS twakachibona anyị nọgidere na-ahụ
  • -A-KA-YA-BU-SS tWakayabubona anyị na-ahụ
  • KA-SS Katubona (Rịba ama ọnọdụ gị ebe a) anyị hụrụ
  • KA-ā katubwene anyị hụrụ
  • -A-KU-SS tWakubona anyị na-ahụ
  • -A-KU-CHI-SS anyị nọgidere na-ahụ
  • -A-KU-YA-BU-SS Tzuyabubona anyị na-ahụ
  • -A-KU-'''twakubwene''' anyị hụrụ
  • -KA-LA-SS tukalabona anyị ga-ahụ n'oge na-adịghị anya
  • -KA-LA-CHI-SS tukalachibona anyị ga-anọgide na-ahụ
  • -KA-LA-YA-BU-SS tukalayabubona anyị ga-etinye aka na ịhụ

Nsụgharị Bekee ndị dị n'elu bụ ihe atụ.

Ụfọdụ nsonaazụ na-agbakwunye akụkụ ọhụrụ nke ihe ọ pụtara na mgbọrọgwụ. Ọ bụ ezie na ndị a na-agbaso ụfọdụ ezi uche, anyị ga-enwekwa mmetụta maka ntụgharị zuru oke n'asụsụ Bekee ma ọ bụ asụsụ ọ bụla ọzọ:

  • ngwaa dị mfe: bona - iji hụ
  • ụdị ma ọ bụ ụdị: -ila, -ela, -ina, -ena: bonena - ịhụ, maka onye, na ihe ndị ọzọ
  • gbasaa onye ikwu: ilila, -elela, -inina, enena: bonenena - ịhụ, maka onye, wdg. ililila - ịga ozugbo
  • ihe kpatara ya: -ya + ọtụtụ mgbanwe ụda: chisha - ime, site na Cheeta - ime
  • nwere ike, "- nwere ike": -ika, -eka: chitika - nwere ike ime
  • passive: -wa: chitwa - ka eme
  • n'etiti (ụdị reflexive nke na-arụ ọrụ n'elu onwe ya - tụnyere Grik): -uka: anduka - ịnọ n'ọnọdụ nkewa, site na andulwa- ka onye ọ bụla kewaa
  • kwụ ọtọ; naanị na ihe owuwu kwụ ọtọ: -ama: lulama - ka ọ kwụ ọtọ; kotama - ka a kpọọ isi ala
  • sara mbara: -ula: s'andula' - tụgharịa; andula - kewaa
  • nke dị ukwuu, na mmetụta nke "ịnọgide na-eme": -aula: andaula - na-egbupụ nkụ
  • nke yiri prefix Bekee "re-": -ulUla: ululula - ịzụ ahịa ihe ugboro ugboro, site na ula - ịzụ ahịa
  • ma ọ bụ ihe yiri nke Bekee prefix "un-", kwa: -ulula: ambulula - to indica, to retract
  • reflexive - prefix n'oge a - di-:pa id="mwAZM" typeof="mw:DisplaySpace"> __wol____wol____wol__ - kee onwe gị, site na anga - gaa na tie; dipa - inye ibe gị, site n'aka pa - gaa na
  • n'ụzọ ọzọ: -ana: bonana - ịhụ ibe ya
  • siri ike: -isha: angisha - iji kee ya nke ọma
  • reduplicative: ambuka'''"}},"i":0}}]}" data-ve-no-generated-contents="true" id="mwAZw" title="Ila-language text" typeof="mw:Transclusion">ambukambuka - nọgide na-atụgharị n'akụkụ, site na ambuka - tụgharịa n'akụkụ

Enwere ike iji ihe ndị [2] mee ihe na ihe ndị mejupụtara: dịka langilizhya - iji mee ka a na-ele anya n'aha.

Akwụkwọ ndị e dere n'ọnụ

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Ihe odide nke Smith na Dale nyere, [2] Sulwe Mbwakatizha Muzovu ("Olee otu Maazị Hare si tụọ Maazị Elephant egwu") gosipụtara ihe a ga-akpọ "fabliau nke oge ochie", na ụmụ anụmanụ na-ekwu okwu dị ka ndị mmadụ, dịka na akụkọ ifo nke Aesop ma ọ bụ akụkọ Brer Rabbit na African Diaspora. [13] Ọ bụ ihe na-eju anya ịhụ ihe nlereanya maka onye ọjọọ, onye nwere ọgụgụ isi Brer Rabbit na Sulwe nke akụkọ a? [14][15] yiri ka e jidere ndị ohu a kara aka maka ndịda United States ma zụta ha n'ógbè a nke Zambia. Enwere ma ọ dịkarịa ala ohere ọnụ ọgụgụ na usoro Brer Rabbit, site na iji ideophones ma ọ bụ ụda, nwere mmalite n'asụsụ Ila.

Akwụkwọ

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Smith, Edwin William & Dale, Andrew Murray, Ndị na-asụ Ila nke Northern Rhodesia. Macmillan na Company, London, 1920.

Edensibia

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  1. ↑ Languages. re-lab.net. Archived from the original on 1999-11-22.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 Edwin Smith & Andrew Murray Dale, The Ila-Speaking Peoples of Northern Rhodesia, 1919, reprinted by University Books Inc., New York, 1968.
  3. ↑ e.g. D.V.Perrott, Teach Yourself Swahili, English Universities Press, London, 1969.
  4. ↑ Didier Demolin & Cédric Patin, "Phonetics". In The Oxford Encyclopedia of Bantu Languages.
  5. ↑ The Ila had the custom of knocking out the six upper central teeth of adults. The pronunciation of these sounds by children with teeth, however, is very close to that of the adults.
  6. ↑ Smith & Dale, volume 2, page 293.
  7. ↑ Thomas Price, The Elements of Nyanja for English-Speaking Students, Church of Scotland Mission, Blantyre (Malawi), 1959.
  8. ↑ ChiChewa Intensive Language Course, Language Centre, Lilongwe, 1969
  9. ↑ C.R.Hopwood, A Practical Introduction to ChiTonga, Zambia Educational Publishing House, Lusaka, 1940, 1992.
  10. ↑ Grammar notes in Rev. E. Hoch, Hippocrene Concise Dictionary: Bemba: Bemba - English, English - Bemba, Hippocrene Books, Inc., New York, 1998.
  11. ↑ Mukanda wa Leza (The Bible in KiSanga/Sanga, southern Congo D.R.), Trintarian Bible Society, London SW19, 1991.
  12. ↑ Lyndon Harries, A Grammar of Mwera Witwatersrand University Press, Johannesburg, 1950.
  13. ↑ Joel Chandler Harris, Uncle Remus, or , Mr. Fox, Mr. Rabbit, and Mr. Terrapin, George Routledge, London, circa 1888.
  14. ↑ Hugh Thomas, The Slave Trade: The History of the Atlantic Slave trade 1440-1870, Picador, London, 1997. page 706: "From...Ambriz and Benguela...500,000 slaves were probably shipped during the...era 1800-1830;...and...over 600,000 may have been shipped after 1830..."
  15. ↑ Smith & Dale, volume 1, page 39.

Njikọ mpụga

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Templeeti:Languages of ZambiaTempleeti:Narrow Bantu languages

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