Asụsụ Jersey Dutch
| Jersey Dutch | ||
|---|---|---|
| Spoken in: | New Jersey and New York, United States | |
| Language extinction: | Early 20th century | |
| Language family: | Ahendurufi Germanic West Germanic Istvaeonic Low Franconian Dutch Jersey DutchÀtụ:Infobox Language/script | |
| Language codes | ||
| ISO 639-1: | none | |
| ISO 639-2: | — | |
| ISO 639-3: | — | |
| Note: This page may contain IPA phonetic symbols in Unicode. | ||
Jersey Dutch,[1][2][3] makwaara dị ka Bergen Dutch, bụ olumba Dutch a na-asụbu na ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ New Jersey site na ngwụcha narị afọ nke 17 ruo na mmalite narị afọ nke 20. Ọ malitere na otu nke ogige abụọ na-asụ Dutch nke dịgidere ihe karịrị narị afọ abụọ ka mgbasa nke nchịkwa Dutch na North America gasịrị, nke ọzọ(gburugburu Albany, New York) na-ebute Mohawk Dutch. O nwere ike ịbụ asụsụ Creole nke nwere akụkụ dabere na Zeelandic na olumba West Flemish Dutch nwere bekee yana ikekwe ụfọdụ akụkụ nke Lenape. [Tinye edensibịa][citation needed]
Ndị si n'agbụrụ New Netherlanders bụ ndị biri na Bergen, New Netherland, na 1630, na Ndị ohu ojii na ndị nwere onwe ha na-asụkwa Jersey Dutch bi na mpaghara ahụ, yana ndị India America a maara dị Mba Ramapough Lenape Nation.
Ụdị dị iche iche[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
[4] ọ na-erule n'etiti narị afọ nke iri na asatọ, dị ka otu atụmatụ si kwuo, ihe ruru pasent 20 nke ndị bi n'ógbè New Jersey nwere "ihe Dutch siri ike" bụ ndị ohu. [5] zụlitere ndị isi ojii toro n'obodo ndị dịpụrụ adịpụ na-asụ asụsụ Dutch, ma ọ bụ nabata ya mgbe e mesịrị na ndụ ha, iji soro ndị ọcha Dutch na ibe ha kwurịta okwu. Ụfọdụ [5] isi ojii n'oge a na-asụ Dutch dị ka asụsụ ha bụ isi ma ọ bụ naanị asụsụ ha, maka ụfọdụ ndị maara asụsụ ahụ bụ ihe mpako: [1]
[6]"Ha bụ ndị Dutch ma na-akpa nganga maka ya. Enwere m ike icheta nwanne nne m Sebania na-agwa m banyere nne nne ya, agadi nwanyị siri ike nke na-asụ ma na-aghọta Bekee, mana onye jụrụ ikwu ya ma e wezụga na nzuzo nke ụlọ ya. N'ihu ọha ọ na-asụrụ Dutch, dịka onye ọ bụla kwesịrị ime, asụsụ dị ùgwù. "
Ụfọdụ akụkọ nke oge a sitere n'aka ndị ọcha na-asụ Jersey Dutch kọrọ ụdị asụsụ dị iche iche pụrụ iche maka ndị isi ojii, nke ha kpọrọ negerduits [3] ("Negro Dutch", ka a ghara ịgbagwoju ya anya na Dutch creole Negerhollands). A na-eji okwu a eme ihe maka okwu nke Ramapough (obodo dị iche iche nke ndị isi ojii, ndị ọcha, na ndị Lenape), na ndị isi ojii ndị ọzọ na Bergen County.
Otú [5] dị, dị ka ihe akaebe nke Jersey Dutch site na ndị na-asụ ojii na Ramapough dị ụkọ, ndị ọkà mmụta ekwekọrịtaghị ma a ga-ewere negerduits dị ka ụdị dị iche iche. [2] ka ihe atụ, nwa nwanyị nke onye nwe ya kọwara Sojourner Truth's Dutch n'ihe dị ka 1810 dị ka "nke yiri nke ndị ọcha na-amaghị akwụkwọ nke oge ya. " [1] Nanị ọgwụgwọ asụsụ nke Jersey Dutch na-adabere n'okwu nke ndị ọcha atọ na-asụ Jersey Dutch na otu onye na-asụrụ Ramapough, ma na-edekọ ọdịiche fonetic, syntactic, na okwu n'etiti ìgwè abụọ ahụ. [7]
Mkpụrụ okwu[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
Mkpụrụ okwu Jersey Dutch [8] otu ihe ahụ dị ka nke Standard Dutch, ma e wezụga ole na ole.
| Akpụkpọ ahụ | Alveolar | N'azụ | Mkpịsị aka | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ụgbọ imi | m | n | ŋ | ||
| Plosive | enweghị olu | p | t | k | |
| kwuru okwu | b | d | ɡọ (ɡ) | ||
| Ihe na-esiri ike | enweghị olu | f | s | x | h |
| kwuru okwu | v | z | (ɣ) | ||
| Ihe atụ | w | Ọdịdị | j | ||
| Rhotic | N'ihi ya, ọ bụ | ||||
Ihe Nlereanya[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
[2][9] atụ nke Jersey Dutch, nke Matthew Hicks nke Mahwah, onye ọcha sexton nke chọọchị Dutch kwuru na 1913.
Jersey Dutch[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
De v'lôrene zön:
En kääd’l had twî jongers; de êne blêv täus;
de andere xöng vôrt f’n häus f’r en stât.
Hāi wāz nît tevrêde täus en dârkîs tû râkni ārm.
Hāi doǵti ôm dāt täus en z’n vâders pläk.
Tû zāide: äk zāl na häus xâne. Māin vâder hät plänti.
Standard Modern Dutch[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
[9]'okpuru ebe a bụ nsụgharị okwu site n'okwu nke Jersey Dutch quotation, kama nsụgharị Dutch nke ọma.
De verloren zoon:
Een kerel had twee jongens; de ene bleef thuis;
de andere ging voort van huis voor een vermogen.
Hij was niet tevreden thuis en daardoor toen raakte hij arm.
Hij dacht aan dat thuis en zijn vaders plek.
Toen zei hij: ik zal naar huis gaan. Mijn vader heeft overvloed.
Bekee[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
The prodigal son:
A man had two sons; the one stayed at home;
the other went abroad from home to make his fortune.
He was not content at home and therefore then he became poor.
He thought about it at home and his father’s place.
Then said: I shall go home. My father has plenty.
Hụkwa[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
- Ndepụta nke Bergen, New Netherland aha ebe
- Mohawk Dutch
- Asụsụ ndị Dutch na-asụ Creole
Ihe edeturu[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
- ↑ Prince (1910). The Jersey Dutch dialect, 1–484. OCLC 68458100.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Prince (1910). "The Jersey Dutch dialect". Dialect Notes 3: 459–484. Prince, J. Dyneley (1910).
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Nicoline van der Sijs (2009). Yankees, cookies en Dollars: De invloed van het Nederlands op de Noord-Amerikaanse Talen (in Dutch). Amsterdam University Press, 25,41.
- ↑ White (1991). Somewhat More Independent: The End of Slavery in New York City, 1770–1810. Athens: University of Georgia Press, 18–20.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Dewulf (2015-05-01). ""A Strong Barbaric Accent": America's Dutch-Speaking Black Community from Seventeenth-Century New Netherland to Nineteenth-Century New York and New Jersey" (in en). American Speech 90 (2): 131–153. DOI:10.1215/00031283-3130302. ISSN 0003-1283.
- ↑ Irvis (1955). "Negro Tales from Eastern New York". New York Folklore Quarterly 11 (3): 165–176.
- ↑ Hendricks (1892). "Sojourner Truth". The National Magazine: A Monthly Journal of American History 16 (6): 665–71.
- ↑ Shetter (1958). "A Final Word on Jersey Dutch". American Speech 33 (4): 243–251. DOI:10.2307/453863. ISSN 0003-1283.
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 Prince (1913). "A Text in Jersey Dutch". Tijdschrift voor Nederlandsche Taal- en Letterkunde 32. Prince, J. Dyneley (1913).
Edensibia[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
- (n'asụsụ Dutch) Handboek der Nederlandsche taal: Deel I. De sociologische structuur der Nederlandche taal I., Jac. van Ginneken na L.C.G. Malmberg, 's-Hertogenbosch, Netherlands. 1928. Isi nke 10: Het Amerikaansch. [1o. Het oude Amerikaansch-Nederlandsch. ]
- (n'asụsụ Dutch) Ik bụ te bissie... Ndị Netherlands na hun taal in de Verenigde Staten: 2.3 Het taalgebruik van de 17e-eeuwse immigranten na hun nakomelingen, Jo Daan, De Walburg Pers. 2007. [1] (Pịa na njikọ wee tụgharịa ala.)
- Mencken, H.L. Asụsụ America. 1921. Ndepụta nke Abụọ - Asụsụ Ndị Na-abụghị Bekee na America: Dutch
Ịgụ ihe ọzọ[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
- Bachman, Van Cleaf. 1982. ‘The story of the Low Dutch language’. De Halve Maen 56: 3, 1–3, 21; 57: 1, 10–13.
- Bachman, Van Cleaf. 1983. ‘What is Low Dutch?’ De Halve Maen 57: 3, 14–17, 23–24.
- Buccini, Anthony F. 1995. ‘The Dialectical Origins of New Netherland Dutch’. Dutch Linguistics in a Changing Europe. The Berkeley Conference on Dutch Linguistics 1993. Ed. by Thomas Shannon & Johan P. Snapper. Lanham etc., 211–263. (Publications of the American Association for Netherlandic Studies, 8).
- Noordegraaf, Jan. 2008. 'Nederlands in Noord-Amerika. Over de studie van het Laag Nederlands (Low Dutch)'. Trefwoord, tijdschrift voor lexicografie, December 2008, 1-29. Noordegraaf. Nederlands in Noord-Amerika. Over de studie van het Laag Nederlands (Low Dutch) (Dutch). Archived from the original on 2004-02-15. Retrieved on 2024-02-28.Noordegraaf, Jan. (in Dutch). Archived from on 2004-02-15.
- Noordegraaf. Een woordenlijst van het Jersey Dutch. Over James B.H. Storms en zijn Jersey Dutch vocabulary (Dutch). ivdnt.org. Retrieved on 3 January 2024.
- Prince (1910). The Jersey Dutch dialect, 1–484. OCLC 68458100.
- Prince (1913). "A Text in Jersey Dutch". Tijdschrift voor Nederlandsche Taal- en Letterkunde 32. Retrieved on 3 January 2024.
- Scheltema, Gajus and Westerhuijs, Heleen (eds.),Exploring Historic Dutch New York. Museum of the City of New York/Dover Publications, New York (2011) Àtụ:ISBN
- Storms, James B.H. 1964. A Jersey Dutch vocabulary. Park Ridge, N.J.: Pascack Historical Society