Asụsụ Kwaio
| obere ụdị nke | Malaita  |
|---|---|
| mba/obodo | Solomon Islands |
| ụmụ amaala ka | Malaita Province |
| Ọkwa asụsụ Ethnologue | 5 Na-etolite |
A na-asụ Asụsụ Kwaio, ma ọ bụ Koio, n'etiti Malaita Island na Solomon Islands. Ihe dị ka mmadụ 13,000 na-asụ ya. [1]
Ọmụmụ ụdaolu[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
Phonology nke asụsụ Kwaio gụnyere ụdaume 5 na ụdaume 18 (gụnyere nkwụsị glottal), nke egosiri n'okpuru ebe a.
| i | u | |
| na | o | |
| a |
| Labial | Alveolar | Velar | Glottal | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| plain | labialized | |||||
| Nasal | Àtụ:IPAlink | Àtụ:IPAlink | Àtụ:IPAlink | Àtụ:IPAlink | ||
| Plosive | voiced | Àtụ:IPAlink | Àtụ:IPAlink | Àtụ:IPAlink | Àtụ:IPAlink | |
| voiceless | Àtụ:IPAlink | Àtụ:IPAlink | Àtụ:IPAlink | Àtụ:IPAlink | ||
| Fricative | Àtụ:IPAlink | Àtụ:IPAlink | Àtụ:IPAlink | Àtụ:IPAlink | ||
| Liquid | Àtụ:IPAlink (Àtụ:IPAlink) | |||||
| Semivowel | Àtụ:IPAlink | |||||
Velars labialised (gw, kw, na ŋw) na-apụta naanị mgbe a na-ebute ụdaume a, e, na i. A na-akpọ ụdaume /l/ mgbe a na'ebute ụdaolu dị ala (a, o, na e) mana [r] mgbe ọ na-ebu ụzọ ụdaume dị elu (i, na u). Dịka ọmụmaatụ, a na-akpọ lu'u "ru'u". [2] na-eme ka ụda olu [mb, nd, ŋɡ, ŋɡw] bụrụ nke a na-akpọ intervocalic.
N'asụsụ Kwaio, a na-ejikarị CVCV eme ntọala, mana CVV, VCV, na VV na-apụta n'ihi na a na-ahapụ ụdaume mgbe ụfọdụ. Enweghị ụyọkọ ụdaume (CC), na mkpụrụedemede niile na-emeghe, yabụ ha na-ejedebe na ụdaume. [3]
Nchegbu[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
Mgbe otu ụdaume ahụ pụtara ugboro abụọ n'usoro (n'ụdị CVV ma ọ bụ VV), ụdaume na-arụ ọrụ dị ka mkpụrụedemede dị iche iche. N'ime morphemes, a na-etinye nrụgide na ụdaume nke abụọ na nke ikpeazụ. Mgbe a na-etinye nsonaazụ na ntọala, nrụgide na-agbanwe na ụdaume nke abụọ na nke ikpeazụ dịka iwu a si dị. [3]Otu ihe dị iche bụ mgbe ngwaa dị n'ụdị CVV ma tinye nnọchiaha monosyllabic na ya dị ka nsonaazụ, n'ọnọdụ ahụ nrụgide anaghị agagharị. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, a na-ekwusi ike ngwaa fai 'scratch' na [a], mana n'ụdị suffixed fai-a 'scratc it' nrụgide na-anọgide na nke mbụ [a] ma ọ naghị agafe na [i].
Mgbasawanye[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
Na Kwaio, reduplication zuru ezu na nke nta na-emekarị. Ọ na-eme mgbe ị na-egosi oge; iji mesie ike ihe adjective pụtara (Sinyika 'obere nke ukwuu'); iji gosipụta ọrụ na-aga n'ihu, ogologo oge, ma ọ bụ ugboro ugboro na ngwaa (bonobono 'nke mechiri kpamkpam'); ma ọ bụ iji gosipụta ọtụtụ na aha (rua ninjaimana 'ogwe aka abụọ'). [4]
Ihichapụ nkwụsị nke akpịrị[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
A na-ahapụkarị nkwụsị glottal n'asụsụ Kwaio mgbe enwere mkpụrụedemede na-esote na-eji nkwụsị glothal. Nke a na-eme gafee ókè okwu ma ọ bụrụ na otu okwu na-agwụ na -V'V na nke ọzọ na-amalite 'V-, nke a ga-akpọ VV'V (kama V'V'V), ya bụ, a na-ahapụ otu n'ime nkwụsị glottal. Ihe atụ nke a bụ te'e + 'ola → tee'ola. [3]
Ọdịdị[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
Dị ka asụsụ ndị ọzọ nke Melanesia, Kwaio na-eji Ụdị ọdịdị abụọ: ntọala na ụmụ irighiri ihe. [2]Enwere ike ịme ụdị dị mgbagwoju anya site na ịgbanwe ntọala site na ịgbakwunye affixes (prefixes, suffixes, ma ọ bụ infixes) ma ọ bụ site na ijikọta ntọala. Akụkụ na-ejikọta na ntọala ma gosipụta mmekọrịta dị n'etiti ahịrịokwu na ahịrịokwu. Ntọala na-agbaso usoro mkpụrụedemede CVCV, CVV ma ọ bụ VCV.
Aha ndị nwere ya[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
Dị ka asụsụ ndị ọzọ dị na Malaita, asụsụ Kwaio anaghị egosi na ọ nwere nri na ihe ọṅụṅụ, mana ọ na- ihe onwunwe a-, dịka 'ifi a-gu 'ụlọ m'. Iji gosipụta ihe onwunwe a na-apụghị ịnapụ ya, Kwaio na-eji fue nua nke na-asụgharị 'aha m'. Aha abụghị nke a na-apụghị ịnapụ ma ọ bụ nke a na'apụghị ịpịpụ apụ, kama ihe onwunwe na-emepụta mmekọrịta dị n'etiti aha. A ghaghị ile ihe onwunwe anya n'ụzọ sara mbara iji chọpụta ebe ihe onwunwa ahụ dị ka a ga-enwe aha dị iche iche site na iji akara. [3]
Aha Onye Ọ bụla na Aha Mass[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
Ọ bụrụ na a na-agụta aha na-adịghị ndụ, enwere ike ịgụta ya site na ọnụọgụ ma ọ bụ ni, nke bụ ọtụtụ isiokwu. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, na ni 'ai 'osisi' aha 'ai ' osisi' nwere akara ọtụtụ isiokwu. a pụghị iji ni ma ọ bụ nọmba mee ihe mgbe aha na-enweghị ọnụ ọgụgụ ma ọ bụ ihe buru ibu. [3]Dịka ọmụmaatụ, otu 'ájá' na-ezo aka n'ihe buru ibu, yabụ *ọ bụghị otu bụ ungrammatic. N'agbanyeghị nke ahụ, enwere ike iji okwu ọzọ mee ihe, dịka na oru foo'i otu 'mkpụrụ atọ nke ájá' a na-eji okwu foo'i 'mkpụrụ' mee ihe iji chọpụta otu 'ájá'.
Aha nnọchiaha[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
E nwere nnọchiaha onwe onye iri na ise na Kwaio, na-ekpuchi ọnụọgụ anọ (otu, abụọ, ikpe, na ọtụtụ) na mmadụ anọ (nke mbụ gụnyere, nke mbụ pụrụ iche, nke abụọ na nke atọ). Asụsụ ahụ [3]-egosikwa ọdịiche dị n'etiti nnọchiaha na nnọchiaha. A na-egosi nnọchiaha na tebụl dị n'okpuru. Mkpụrụedemede ndị dị n'ime oghere bụ nhọrọ nke ịgbatị ụdaume.
| Ọnụ ọgụgụ | Onye | Aha njirimara | Aha a na-akpọ | Nkọwa |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Otu | nke mbụ | (i) ụgbọ mmiri | ku | "M" |
| nke abụọ | (i) 'oo | [ko]
[Ee] |
"ị" | |
| nke atọ | Mụ onwe m (a) | [ka]
[e] |
"ya, ya, ya" | |
| Abụọ | nke mbụ gụnyere. | ('i) da'a | Golu (guru) | "ị abụọ" |
| Nke mbụ wepụrụ. | ('e) mụ na | mele (miru) | "anyị abụọ (ewepu) " | |
| nke abụọ | ('o) mo'o | Molu | "ị abụọ" | |
| nke atọ | ('i) ga'a | gala | "ha abụọ" | |
| Ikpe | nke mbụ gụnyere. | ('i) dauru | goru | "anyị atọ (gụnyere) " |
| Nke mbụ wepụrụ. | ('e) meeru | meru | "anyị atọ (ewepu) " | |
| nke abụọ | ('o) Mooru | moru | "ị atọ" | |
| nke atọ | ('i) gauru | Grio | "ha atọ" | |
| Ọtụtụ | nke mbụ gụnyere. | gia | ki | "anyị (gụnyere) " |
| Nke mbụ wepụrụ. | ('i) mani | m | "anyị (ọ bụghị) " | |
| nke abụọ | (a) Nnukwu | mu | "ị" | |
| nke atọ | gila | (gi) | "ha" |
Ngwaa[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
Ngwaa na Kwaio na-adaba n'ụdị abụọ: ngwaa na-arụ ọrụ, nke na-akọwa omume, na ngwaa kwụ otu ebe, nke na'akọwa steeti. Enwere ike ịkewa ngwaa na-arụ ọrụ n'ime ụdị abụọ ọzọ, ya bụ ngwaa na nke na-agafe agafe na nke na na-agaghị agafe agafe. Enwere ike ịmata ngwaa site na mmekọrịta ya na ahịrịokwu aha ndị dị na ahịrị okwu ma ọ bụ ahịrịokwu. [3]
Nchịkọta okwu[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
Okwu na Kwaio ma ọ bụ nwere okwu ọnụ ma ọ bụ na ọ bụghị. Ọ bụrụ na ahịrịokwu nwere okwu, nkwupụta na-agụnye, ma ọ bụ ahịrịokwu ajụjụ, ọ na-agbaso usoro okwu SVO. Okwu ndị dị na Kwaio gụnyere ahịrịokwu aha, ahịrịokwu ngwaa, ahịrị okwu prepositional, na ahịrịokwu oge. Okwu ndị na-enweghị okwu ọnụ na-agụnye ahịrịokwu ndị na-agbakọta na locative. Ụdị ahịrịokwu gụnyere ahịrịokwu nkwupụta, ahịrịokwu na-adịghị agbanwe agbanwe, na ahịrịokwu ekwupụta na-enweghị okwu. Ajụjụ enweghị akara ọdịdị pụrụ iche mana a na-egosi ya na ụda olu. [3]Enwere ike igosi oge site na reduplication na ikwughachi, dịka na eeleka leeleka ma la age no'o i mae-na 'Ọ gbagara n'ime ọhịa ma [mgbe ogologo oge gasịrị] ha mere oriri maka ọnwụ ya', ebe ngwaa leka 'ga' na-emegharị ma na-emeghachi. [citation needed]
Edensibia[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
bụ Meisie meriri ihe nkiri kachasị mma na mmemme ihe nkiri KKNK na Machị 2008.nkiri ya nke afọ 2007 bụ Meisie meriri ihe nkiri kachasị mma na mmemme ihe nkiri KKNK na Machị 2008 nkiri ya nke afọ 2007 bụ Meisie meriri ihe nkiri kachasị mma na mmemme ihe nkiri KKNK na Machị 2008.nkiri ya nke afọ 2007 bụ Meisie meriri ihe nkiri kachasị mma na mmemme ihe nkiri KKNK na Machị 2008
- ↑ Kwaio (en). Ethnologue. Retrieved on 2019-03-15.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Keesing (1975). Kwaio Dictionary, Pacific Linguistics Series C - No. 35. Canberra: Dept. of Linguistics, Research School of Pacific Studies, The Australian National University, x-xxxi. DOI:10.15144/PL-C35. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid
<ref>tag; name ":1" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 Keesing (1985). Kwaio Grammar, Pacific Linguistics Series B - No. 88. Canberra: Dept. of Linguistics, Research School of Pacific Studies, Australian National University. DOI:10.15144/PL-B88. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid
<ref>tag; name ":0" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ Keesing (1979). Kwaio: A Grammatical Introduction.. Australian National University..
Àtụ:Languages of the Solomon IslandsÀtụ:Austronesian languages