Asụsụ Mono (California)
| Nnụnụ | |
|---|---|
| A mụrụ ya | United States |
| Ógbè | California |
| Agbụrụ | Mono na Owens Valley Paiute |
Ndị na-asụ asụsụ ala
|
(37 e depụtara na 1994) [1] |
Uto-Aztecan
| |
| Koodu asụsụ | |
| ISO 639-3 | mnr
|
| Glottolog | mono1275
|
| ELP | Mono (United States) |
| |
 A na-ahazi Mono dị ka nke nọ n'ihe ize ndụ site na UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in DangerAtlas nke Asụsụ Ụwa Na-anọ n'Ihe Iche Ndụ | |
/'mOʊnOʊ/ (/ˈmoʊnoʊ/ MOH-noh) bụ asụsụ Ụmụ amaala America nke otu Numic nke Asụsụ Uto-Aztecan, asụsụ nna nna nke Ndị Mono. Mono nwere olumba abụọ, Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ na Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ. [2] na-ejikarị aha "Monachi" eme ihe na Western Mono na "Owens Valley Paiute" na-ezo aka na Eastern Mono. N'afọ 1925, Alfred Kroeber mere atụmatụ na Mono nwere ndị ọkà okwu 3,000 ruo 4,000. [1]As of 1994[update], naanị ndị agadi 37 na-asụ Mono dị ka asụsụ mbụ ha. [3]UNESCO kewara ya dị ka ihe na-eyi egwu. A na-asụ ya na ndịda Sierra Nevada, Mono Basin, na Owens Valley nke etiti ọwụwa anyanwụ California. Mono nwere njikọ chiri anya [4] Northern Paiute; a na-ahazi ha abụọ dị ka ìgwè ọdịda anyanwụ nke alaka Numic nke Ezinụlọ asụsụ Uto-Aztecan. [2] [2]
Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
Ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị na-asụ asụsụ ala na 1994 sitere na 37 ruo 41. Ọtụtụ n'ime ndị na-ekwu okwu sitere na Northfork Rancheria na obodo Auberry. Big Sandy Rancheria na Dunlap nwere site na 12 ruo 14 ọkà okwu. [1] Northfork Mono na-emepụta akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu, ha na Big Sandy Rancheria na-enye klas asụsụ. [5] bụ ezie na ọ bụghị ha niile na-asụ nke ọma, ihe dị ka ndị otu 100 nke Northfork nwere "ụfọdụ iwu nke asụsụ ahụ". [1] Na ngwụcha afọ 1950, Nwa atụrụ chịkọtara akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu na ụtọ asụsụ nke Northforki Mono. [6] [7][8][9] Western Mono nwere ọtụtụ okwu ndị a gbazitere na Spanish nke sitere n'oge ndị Spain na-achị California, [1] yana okwu ndị a gzitere na Yokuts na Miwok. [2] [3]
Owens Valley Paiute[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
[1]'etiti afọ ndị 1990, a na-eme atụmatụ na mmadụ iri ise na-asụ asụsụ Owens Valley Paiute, nke a makwaara dị ka Eastern Mono. Kl[6] asụsụ ndị a na-ejighị n'aka dị ma ndị na-agụ egwú na-eme ka abụ asụsụ ala dị ndụ. Onye ọkà mmụt[10] asụsụ Sydney Lamb mụrụ asụsụ a n'afọ ndị 1950 wee tụọ aro aha Paviotso, mana nke ahụ abụghị nke a nabatara n'ọtụtụ ebe. [11]
Phonemes[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
Mkpụrụedemede[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
| n'ihu | etiti | azụ | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Elu | i | Ọdịdị[lower-alpha 1] | u |
| Ndị Na-adịghị Elu | na | a | o |
.
Mkpụrụ okwu[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
N'okpuru ebe a ka e nyere ndepụta ụdaume nke Northfork Western Mono na Owens Valley Paiute dị ka Lamb (1958) na Liljeblad & Fowler (1986) gosipụtara.
| Bilabial | Coronal | Palatal | Velar | Uvular | Mkpịsị aka | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ala dị larịị | ụlọ nyocha | ala dị larịị | ụlọ nyocha | |||||
| Ụgbọ imi | m | n | ||||||
| Plosive | p | t | k | kw | q[lower-alpha 1] | qw | ʔ | |
| Africate | ts | |||||||
| Ihe na-esiri ike | s | x | h | |||||
| Ọkara ụdaolu | j | w | ||||||
| Bilabial | Coronal | Palatal | Velar | Mkpịsị aka | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ala dị larịị | ụlọ nyocha | |||||
| Ụgbọ imi | m | n | ŋ | ŋw | ||
| Plosive | p | t | k | kw | ʔ | |
| Africate | ts | tʃ | ||||
| Ihe na-esiri ike | s | h | ||||
| Ọkara ụdaolu | j | w | ||||
- A na-ekesa ụda nke plosives, nasals na fricatives n'otu ụzọ.
Suprasegmental[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
Nwa atụrụ (1958) kọwakwara ihe anọ dị n'elu akụkụ nke o nyere ọnọdụ fonem.
Ọdịdị[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
Mono bụ asụsụ aglutinative, nke okwu na-eji mgbagwoju anya maka ebumnuche dịgasị iche iche na ọtụtụ morphemes jikọtara ọnụ.
Hụkwa[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
- Akụkọ ọdịnala mono
Edensibia[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
Northfork Western Mono na Owens Valley Paiute dị ka Lamb (1958) na Liljeblad & Fowler (1986) gosipụtara. Mono nwere ọtụtụ okwu ndị a gbazitere na Spanish nke sitere n'oge ndị Spain na-achị C
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Hinton, 30
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 "Mono." Survey of California and Other Indian Languages, University of California, Berkeley. 2009-2010 (retrieved 6 May 2010)
- ↑ UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in danger.
- ↑ Sheldon Klein. 1959. Comparative Mono-Kawaiisu. International Journal of American Linguistics. Vol. 25, No. 4 (Oct., 1959), pp. 233-238
- ↑ Miller 101
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 Hinton, 31
- ↑ Loether, Christopher. 1993. "Nɨ-ɨ-mɨna Ahubiya: Western Mono Song Genres". Journal of California and Great Basin Anthropology Vol. 15, No. 1 (1993), pp. 48-57
- ↑ Loether, Christopher. 1998. "Yokuts and Miwok Loan Words in Western Mono" in The Life of Language: Papers in Linguistics in Honor of William Bright. Jane H. Hill, P. J. Mistry, Lyle Campbell (eds). Walter de Gruyter, 1998
- ↑ Paul V. Kroskrity and Gregory A. Reinhardt. 1985. On Spanish Loans in Western Mono International Journal of American Linguistics Vol. 51, No. 2 (Apr., 1985), pp. 231-237
- ↑ Miller, 98
- ↑ The Handbook of Indians of California, by A. L. Kroeber (1919) says that the Owens Valley Paiutes Are Northern Paiute or Mono/Bannock.
- [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Flutes of Fire: Essays on California Indian Languages. Berkeley: Heyday Books, 1994. ISBN 0-930588-62-2.
- Miller, Wick R. "Numic Languages." Handbook of North American Indians: Great Basin, Mpịakọta 11. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution, 1986. ISBN 978-0-16-004581-3.
- Liljeblad (1986). "Owens Valley Paiute", in W. L. d'Azevedo: Great Basin. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution, 412-434.
- Lamb (1958). A Grammar of Mono. Retrieved on July 8, 2012.
Ịgụ ihe ọzọ[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
- Bethel (1993). A Dictionary of Western Mono. Los Angeles : American Indian Studies Center, University of California..
- Lamb. Monachi dictionary. Ms., Survey of California and Other Indian Languages. Retrieved on July 9, 2012.
- Norris (1986). A Grammar Sketch and Comparative Study of Eastern Mono.
Nweghachi asụsụ[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
- Onishi. "With Casino Revenues, Tribes Push to Preserve Languages, and Cultures", The New York Times, 17 June 2012, p. 14.
- Charles McCarthy. "Learning an almost lost language; The few Mono Indians remaining who speak their tongue are passing it down to children to preserve culture.", The Fresno Bee, 2007-10-14. Retrieved on 2012-07-09.
- James May. "Defying the Silence, Part 2: A Race Against Time", Indian Country Today, 2003-07-11. Retrieved on 2012-07-09.
Àtụ:Uto-Aztecan languagesÀtụ:Populations of Native California Groups