Asụsụ Nuu-chah-nulth
| Nuu-chah-nulth nuučaan̓uɫ, T̓aat̓aaqsapaÀtụ:Infobox Language/pronunciation | ||
|---|---|---|
| Spoken in: | Canada | |
| Region: | West coast of Vancouver Island, from Barkley Sound to Quatsino Sound, British Columbia | |
| Total speakers: | Àtụ:Sigfig, | |
| Language family: | Wakashan Southern Nuu-chah-nulth | |
| Language codes | ||
| ISO 639-1: | none | |
| ISO 639-2: | — | |
| ISO 639-3: | nuk | |
| Lang Status 40-SE.svg | ||
Nuu-chah-nulth (nuučaan̓uń), [2] a.k.a. Nootka (//'nuːtkə//), [3] bụ Asụsụ Wakashan na Pacific Northwest nke North America n'ụsọ oké osimiri ọdịda anyanwụ nke Vancouver Island, site Ụda Barkley Sound ruo Quatsino Sound na British Columbia site n'aka ndị Nuu-cha-nulth. Nuu-chah-nulth bụ asụsụ Southern Wakashan metụtara Nitinaht na Makah.
Ọ bụ asụsụ mbụ nke ụmụ amaala nke Pacific Northwest Coast nwere ihe edere ede na-akọwa ya. N'afọ 1780, ndị Captain Vancouver, Quadra, na ndị nchọpụta na ndị ahịa Europe ndị ọzọ na-agakarị Nootka Sound na obodo Nuu-chah-nulth ndị ọzọ, na-akọ akụkọ banyere njem ha. Site na 1803-1805 John R. Jewitt, onye England na-akpụ ihe, bụ onye isi Maquinna jidere Ụda Nootka Sound. O mere mgbalị ịmụta asụsụ ahụ, na 1815 bipụtara akwụkwọ ncheta nwere nkọwa dị mkpirikpi nke okwu ya.
Aha ya[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
Ebe okwu ahụ bụ "Nuu-chah-nulth", nke pụtara "n'èzí [nke Vancouver Island]" sitere na 1970s, mgbe ìgwè dị iche iche nke ndị na-asụ asụsụ a sonyere, na-enweghị mmasị na okwu ahụ bụ" (nke pụtara "gagharị" ma ghọta ya n'ụzọ na-ezighi ezi na ọ bụ aha ebe, nke a na-akpọ Yuquot n'ezie). Aha e nyere site na isi mmalite maka asụsụ a bụ Tahkaht; a na-ejikwa aha ahụ na-ezo aka n'onwe ha (mgbọrọgwụ aht pụtara "ndị mmadụ"). [4]
Ọmụmụ ụdaolu[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
Mkpụrụ okwu[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
Mkpụrụedemede 35 nke Nuu-chah-nulth:
| Bilabial | Alveolar[lower-alpha 1] | Palatal | Velar | Uvular | Pharyn-geal<br id="mwUQ"> | Mkpịsị aka | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| etiti | sibilant | n'akụkụ | ala dị larịị | egbugbere ọnụ | ala dị larịị | egbugbere ọnụ | ||||||
| Plosive/Africate |
ala dị larịị | p | t | t͡s | t͡ɬ | t͡ʃ | k | kʷ | q | qʷ | ʔ | |
| ejective | pʼ | tʼ | t͡sʼ | t͡ɬʼ | t͡ʃʼ | kʼ | kʷʼ | |||||
| Ihe na-esiri ike | s | ɬ | ʃ | x | xʷ | χ | χʷ | ħ | h | |||
| Ọkụ na-ada ụda | ala dị larịị | m | n | j | w | Ọdịdị[lower-alpha 2] | ||||||
| Glottalized[lower-alpha 3] | ˀm | ˀn | ˀj | ˀw | ||||||||
| Obi | Ihe mgbakwunye |
|---|---|
| Nnukwu | = na-acha |
| Ihe na-egosi | =maị |
| Nkwado | [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] |
| Onye ikwu na-enweghị njedebe | = (y) iː, = (y). |
| Onye ikwu doro anya | [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] |
| Onye nọ n'okpuru | =nke a na-akpọ |
| Onye ikwu na-enwe obi abụọ | = (w) uːsi |
| Ọnọdụ | =quː, =quʹ |
| Nkwupụta | __ibo____ibo____ibo__ A na-akpọ ya |
| Ikpe Ziri Ezi | __ibo__ =Ash |
| Obi abụọ | __ibo__ =nke a na-akpọ " |
| Ebumnuche | =!eeʔit (a), =!aːḥi |
| Ajụjụ | __ibo____ibo__ A na-akpọ ya |
| Ihe Dị Mkpa | =! |
| Ihe dị mkpa n'ọdịnihu | =!im, =!um |
| gaa-aga ihe dị mkpa | Ọdịdị |
| na-abịa na-adị mkpa | =! |
| Isiokwu | [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] |
| Isiokwu e kwuru na ya | = Ịkpọ ebe |
Ọ bụghị ịgụta isiokwu ndị ahụ, ọnọdụ uche niile na-ewere njedebe mmadụ nke na-egosi isiokwu nke ahịrịokwu ahụ.
Okwu[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
Asụsụ Nuu-chah-nulth nyere aka n'ọtụtụ okwu nke Chinook Jargon. A na-eche na azụmahịa oké osimiri na mgbanwe n'etiti Nuu-chah-nulth na ndị ọzọ na-asụ Southern Wakashan na ndị na-asụrụ Chinookan nke ala Osimiri Columbia dugara na ntọala nke okwu azụmahịa nke a maara dị ka Chinook. Okwu Nootkan na Chinook Jargon gụnyere hiyu ("ọtụtụ"), site na Nuu-chah-nulth maka "iri", siah ("ebe dị anya"), site na Nowa-chah -nulth maka"eluigwe.
E mepụtara akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu nke asụsụ ahụ, nke nwere ihe dị ka 7,500, mgbe afọ 15 nke nyocha gasịrị. Ọ dabeere na ọrụ ya na ndị na-ekwu okwu ugbu a na ihe edeturu site n'aka onye ọkà mmụta asụsụ Edward Sapir, nke e mere ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ otu narị afọ gara aga. Otú ọ dị, akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu ahụ bụ isiokwu nke esemokwu, na ọtụtụ ndị okenye Nuu-chah-nulth na-ajụ ikike onye edemede nwere ikpughe asụsụ ha.
Asụsụ[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
Nuu-chah-nulth nwere asụsụ iri na abụọ dị iche iche:
- Ahusaht [Swaːsʔatħ]
- Ehattesaht (AKA Ehattisaht) [ʔiːħatisʔatħ]
- Hesquiat [ọkaʃkwiːʔatħ]
- Kyuquot [qaːjʼuːkʼatħ]
- Mowachaht [muwat͡ʃʼatħ]
- Nuchatlaht [nut͡ʃaːɬʔatħ]
- Ohiaht (AKA Huu.ay.aht) [huːʔiːʔatħ]
- Clayoquot (AKA Tla.o.qui.aht) [taʔuːkʷiʔatħ]
- Toquaht [tʼukʼʷaːʔatħ]
- Tseshaht (AKA Sheshaht) [t͡ʃʼiʃaːʔatħ]
- Uchuklesaht (AKA Uchucklesaht) [Waldleːt͡ʃuqtisʔatħ]
- Ucluelet (AKA Yuułuʔiłʔatḥ) [juːɬuʔiɬʔatħ]
Nsụgharị nke aha Mba Mbụ[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
- Nuu-Chah-Nulth - "n'akụkụ ugwu na oké osimiri niile." Nuu-chah-nulth bụ ndị a maara dị ka "Nootka" site n'aka ndị bi na ya (ma ha na-ahọrọ ka a ghara ịkpọ ya nke ahụ, kama Nuu-chahi-nulth nke na-akọwa nke ọma otú mba mbụ ọ bụla si ejikọta ya na ala na oké osimiri). Ụfọdụ n'ime aha ndị a (Ditidaht, Makah) abụghị akụkụ nke nzukọ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Nuu-chah-nulth, Otú ọ dị; ha niile bụ atḥ (ndị mmadụ). A na-ejikwa okwu nuučaanułatḥ [5] mee ihe, nke pụtara "ndị nọ n'akụkụ ugwu na oké osimiri".
- Ahousaht - Ndị bi n'ọnụ mmiri mepere emepe / Ndị bi n"azụ ugwu na ala
- Ucluelet - Ndị nwere ebe nchekwa maka ụgbọ mmiri.
- Ehattesaht - Ndị agbụrụ nwere ọtụtụ agbụrụ
- Checkleset - Ndị si n'ebe ị na-enweta ume
- Hesquiaht - Ndị ji ezé ha dọwaa
- Kyuquot - Ndị dị iche iche
- Mowachaht - Ndị nke mgbada
- Muchalaht - Ndị bi n'osimiri Muchalee
- Nuchatlaht - Ndị bi n'ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri zoro ezo
- Huu-ay-aht - Ndị gbakere
- Tseshaht - Ndị si n'àgwàetiti na-esi ísì whale
- Tla-o-qui-aht - Ndị si n'ebe dị iche
- Toquaht - Ndị bi n'ụzọ dị warara
- Uchucklesaht - Ndị bi n'ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri dị n'ime
- Ditidaht - Ndị bi n'oké ọhịa
- Hupacasaht - Ndị bi n'elu mmiri
- Quidiishdaht (Makah) - Ndị bi n'ebe ahụ
- Makah - Ndị na-emesapụ aka na nri
Nsụgharị nke aha ebe[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
Nuuchahnulth nwere aha maka ebe ọ bụla n'ime mpaghara ọdịnala ha. Ndị a bụ naanị ole na ole ka a na-eji ruo taa:
- Hisaawista (esowista) - E jidere ya site n'ịkụ ndị bi n'ebe ahụ ruo ọnwụ, Esowista Peninsula na Esowista Indian Reserve No. 3.
- Yuquot (Friendly Cove) - Ebe ha na-enweta ifufe ugwu, Yuquot
- nootk-sitl (Nootka) - Gbanwee.
- Maaktusiis - Ebe gafere agwaetiti ahụ, Marktosis
- kakawis - Nkume dị n'ihu ya nke yiri akpa.
- kitsuksis - Osisi gafee ọnụ iyi
- Opitsaht - Agwaetiti nke ọnwa na-ada, Opitsaht
- pacheena - Foamy.
- tsu-ma-uss (somass) - Ịsa ahụ, Osimiri Somass
- tsahaheh - Ịrịgo.
- Ọ bụ n'ebe a na-edebe ihe n'ebe ahụ ka ọ dị.
- t'iipis - Isiokwu Polly.
- Tsaxana - Ebe dị nso n'osimiri ahụ.
- [6]Cheewat - Ịdọrọ ebili mmiri.
Ọnọdụ[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
N'iji data sitere na ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ nke afọ 2021, Statistics Canada kọrọ na mmadụ 665 nwere ike ịme mkparịta ụka na Nuu-chah-nulth. Nke a na-anọchite anya 23.% mmụba karịa ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ nke afọ 2016. Ngụkọta ahụ gụnyere ndị na-asụ 280 bụ ndị kọrọ asụsụ ahụ dị ka asụsụ nne. [7]
Ihe onwunwe[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
A tọhapụrụ ngwa Ehattesaht iPhone na Jenụwarị 2012. [8] [9] na-enweta akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu n'ịntanetị, akwụkwọ okwu, na ọnụ ụzọ mmụta asụsụ na First Voices Ehattesaht Nuchatlaht Community Portal. [1]
Hụkwa[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
- Mkpụrụ akwụkwọ Nuu-chah-nulth
- Ndị Nuu-chah-nulth
- Kansụl Agbụrụ Nuu-chah-nulth
- Nootka Jargon, onye bu ụzọ na Nuu-chah-nulth nke Chinook Jargon
- Asụsụ Nitinaht
- Makah
Ihe edeturu[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
- ↑ Indigenous languages across Canada.
- ↑ About the Language Program. Hupač̓asatḥ. Retrieved on 8 August 2015.
- ↑ Laurie Bauer, 2007, The Linguistics Student’s Handbook, Edinburgh
- ↑ Some account of the Tahkaht language, as spoken by several tribes on the western coast of Vancouver island , Hatchard and Co., London, 1868
- ↑ First Nations. Friends Of Clayoquot Sound. Retrieved on 8 August 2015.
- ↑ Source: Ha-shilth-sa newspaper, 2003.
- ↑ Indigenous languages across Canada. Retrieved on 9 June 2023.
- ↑ FirstVoices Apps. FirstVoices. Retrieved on 2012-10-04.
- ↑ FirstVoices: Ehattesaht Nuchatlaht Community Portal. Retrieved on 2012-10-04.
Edensibia[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
okwu ahụ bụ" (nke pụtara "gagharị" ma ghọta ya n'ụzọ na-ezighi ezi na ọ bụ aha ebe, nke a na-akpọ Yuquot n'ezie). Aha e nyere site na isi mmalite maka asụsụ a bụ Tahkaht; a na-ejikwaokwu ahụ bụ" (nke pụtara "gagharị" ma ghọta ya n'ụzọ na-ezighi ezi na ọ bụ aha ebe, nke a na-akpọ Yuquot n'ezie). Aha e nyere site na isi mmalite maka asụsụ a bụ Tahkaht; a na-ejikwa
- Kim, Eun-Sook (2003). Okwu ndị e chepụtara echepụta na Nuu-chah-nulth phonology na morphology. (Nkwupụta doctoral, Mahadum nke British Columbia, Ngalaba Asụsụ).
- Nakayama, Toshihide (2001). Nuuchahnulth (Nootka) morphosyntax. Berkeley: Mahadum nke California Press. ISBN 0-520-09841-2
- [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] (1938). Ndị na-aga n'ihu na Navaho, Nootka, na Kwakiutl (na ederede na Indo-European). Asụsụ, 14, 248-274.
- [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] (1939). Ihe odide Nootka: Akụkọ na akụkọ ethnological na nkọwa ụtọ asụsụ na ihe ndị na-ekwu okwu. Philadelphia: Linguistic Society of America.
- Adam Werle (2015). Ntuziaka ụtọ asụsụ Nuuchahnulth maka nkọwa asụsụ LC. Mahadum Victoria
- [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] (1955). Akụkọ ụmụ amaala nke Nootka ethnography. Mbipụta nke Indiana University Research Center in Anthropology, Folklore, and Linguistics (No. 1); International journal of American linguistics (Vol. 21, No. 4, Pt. 2). Bloomington: Mahadum Indiana, Research Center na Anthropology, Folklore, na Linguistics. (E bipụtaghachiri na 1978 na New York: AMS Press, ISBN).
- [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] (2000). Ihe akaebe na-ada ụda maka ịnya dị ka glottalized pharyngeal glide na Nuu-chah-nulth. Na S. Gessner & S. Oh (Eds.), Proceedings of the 35th International Conference on Salish and Neighboring Languages (pp. 185-197). Akwụkwọ ọrụ UBC bụ asụsụ (Mpịakọta 3).
Njikọ mpụga[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
- Ihe si na akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu Nuuchahnulth na-abịa
- (IDLI) .org/biblios/nuubib.htm" id="mwA0o" rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow">Bibliography nke Ihe onwunwe na Asụsụ Nuuchanulth (YDLI)
- Nuuchahnulth (Nootka) (Asụsụ Obodo Chris Harvey, Font, & Keyboard) (Asụsụ, Font, & Keyboard nke Chris Harvey)
- Peeji nke Asụsụ Wakashan
- Asụsụ Nootka na Agbụrụ Ndị India Nootka n'asụsụ ala.org
- Nuu-chah-nulth (Intercontinental Dictionary Series)