Asụsụ Nuu-chah-nulth

Nuu-chah-nulth ; nuučaan̓uɫ, T̓aat̓aaqsapaTempleeti:Infobox Language/pronunciation
Spoken in:	Canada
Region:	West coast of Vancouver Island, from Barkley Sound to Quatsino Sound, British Columbia
Total speakers:	Templeeti:Sigfig,
Language family:	Wakashan; Southern; Nuu-chah-nulth
Language codes
ISO 639-1:	none
ISO 639-2:	—
ISO 639-3:	nuk
	Lang Status 40-SE.svg Templeeti:Infobox Language/IPA

Nuu-chah-nulth (nuučaan̓uń), ^[2] a.k.a. Nootka (//'nuːtkə//), ^[3] bụ Asụsụ Wakashan na Pacific Northwest nke North America n'ụsọ oké osimiri ọdịda anyanwụ nke Vancouver Island, site Ụda Barkley Sound ruo Quatsino Sound na British Columbia site n'aka ndị Nuu-cha-nulth. Nuu-chah-nulth bụ asụsụ Southern Wakashan metụtara Nitinaht na Makah.

Ọ bụ asụsụ mbụ nke ụmụ amaala nke Pacific Northwest Coast nwere ihe edere ede na-akọwa ya. N'afọ 1780, ndị Captain Vancouver, Quadra, na ndị nchọpụta na ndị ahịa Europe ndị ọzọ na-agakarị Nootka Sound na obodo Nuu-chah-nulth ndị ọzọ, na-akọ akụkọ banyere njem ha. Site na 1803-1805 John R. Jewitt, onye England na-akpụ ihe, bụ onye isi Maquinna jidere Ụda Nootka Sound. O mere mgbalị ịmụta asụsụ ahụ, na 1815 bipụtara akwụkwọ ncheta nwere nkọwa dị mkpirikpi nke okwu ya.

Aha ya

Ebe okwu ahụ bụ "Nuu-chah-nulth", nke pụtara "n'èzí [nke Vancouver Island]" sitere na 1970s, mgbe ìgwè dị iche iche nke ndị na-asụ asụsụ a sonyere, na-enweghị mmasị na okwu ahụ bụ" (nke pụtara "gagharị" ma ghọta ya n'ụzọ na-ezighi ezi na ọ bụ aha ebe, nke a na-akpọ Yuquot n'ezie). Aha e nyere site na isi mmalite maka asụsụ a bụ Tahkaht; a na-ejikwa aha ahụ na-ezo aka n'onwe ha (mgbọrọgwụ aht pụtara "ndị mmadụ"). ^[4]

Ọmụmụ ụdaolu

Mkpụrụ okwu

Mkpụrụedemede 35 nke Nuu-chah-nulth:

Mkpụrụ okwu
		Bilabial	Alveolar[lower-alpha 1]			Palatal	Velar		Uvular		Pharyn-geal<br id="mwUQ">	Mkpịsị aka
		Bilabial	etiti	sibilant	n'akụkụ	Palatal	ala dị larịị	egbugbere ọnụ	ala dị larịị	egbugbere ọnụ	Pharyn-geal<br id="mwUQ">	Mkpịsị aka
Plosive/Africate	ala dị larịị	p	t	t͡s	t͡ɬ	t͡ʃ	k	kʷ	q	qʷ		ʔ
Plosive/Africate	ejective	pʼ	tʼ	t͡sʼ	t͡ɬʼ	t͡ʃʼ	kʼ	kʷʼ
Ihe na-esiri ike				s	ɬ	ʃ	x	xʷ	χ	χʷ	ħ	h
Ọkụ na-ada ụda	ala dị larịị	m	n			j		w			Ọdịdị[lower-alpha 2]
Ọkụ na-ada ụda	Glottalized[lower-alpha 3]	ˀm	ˀn			ˀj		ˀw


Obi	Ihe mgbakwunye
Nnukwu	= na-acha
Ihe na-egosi	=maị
Nkwado	[Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji]
Onye ikwu na-enweghị njedebe	= (y) iː, = (y).
Onye ikwu doro anya	[Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji]
Onye nọ n'okpuru	=nke a na-akpọ
Onye ikwu na-enwe obi abụọ	= (w) uːsi
Ọnọdụ	=quː, =quʹ
Nkwupụta	__ibo____ibo____ibo__ A na-akpọ ya
Ikpe Ziri Ezi	__ibo__ =Ash
Obi abụọ	__ibo__ =nke a na-akpọ "
Ebumnuche	=!eeʔit (a), =!aːḥi
Ajụjụ	__ibo____ibo__ A na-akpọ ya
Ihe Dị Mkpa	=!
Ihe dị mkpa n'ọdịnihu	=!im, =!um
gaa-aga ihe dị mkpa	Ọdịdị
na-abịa na-adị mkpa	=!
Isiokwu	[Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji]
Isiokwu e kwuru na ya	= Ịkpọ ebe

Ọ bụghị ịgụta isiokwu ndị ahụ, ọnọdụ uche niile na-ewere njedebe mmadụ nke na-egosi isiokwu nke ahịrịokwu ahụ.

Okwu

Asụsụ Nuu-chah-nulth nyere aka n'ọtụtụ okwu nke Chinook Jargon. A na-eche na azụmahịa oké osimiri na mgbanwe n'etiti Nuu-chah-nulth na ndị ọzọ na-asụ Southern Wakashan na ndị na-asụrụ Chinookan nke ala Osimiri Columbia dugara na ntọala nke okwu azụmahịa nke a maara dị ka Chinook. Okwu Nootkan na Chinook Jargon gụnyere hiyu ("ọtụtụ"), site na Nuu-chah-nulth maka "iri", siah ("ebe dị anya"), site na Nowa-chah -nulth maka"eluigwe.

E mepụtara akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu nke asụsụ ahụ, nke nwere ihe dị ka 7,500, mgbe afọ 15 nke nyocha gasịrị. Ọ dabeere na ọrụ ya na ndị na-ekwu okwu ugbu a na ihe edeturu site n'aka onye ọkà mmụta asụsụ Edward Sapir, nke e mere ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ otu narị afọ gara aga. Otú ọ dị, akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu ahụ bụ isiokwu nke esemokwu, na ọtụtụ ndị okenye Nuu-chah-nulth na-ajụ ikike onye edemede nwere ikpughe asụsụ ha.

Asụsụ

Nuu-chah-nulth nwere asụsụ iri na abụọ dị iche iche:

Ahusaht [Swaːsʔatħ]
Ehattesaht (AKA Ehattisaht) [ʔiːħatisʔatħ]
Hesquiat [ọkaʃkwiːʔatħ]
Kyuquot [qaːjʼuːkʼatħ]
Mowachaht [muwat͡ʃʼatħ]
Nuchatlaht [nut͡ʃaːɬʔatħ]
Ohiaht (AKA Huu.ay.aht) [huːʔiːʔatħ]
Clayoquot (AKA Tla.o.qui.aht) [taʔuːkʷiʔatħ]
Toquaht [tʼukʼʷaːʔatħ]
Tseshaht (AKA Sheshaht) [t͡ʃʼiʃaːʔatħ]
Uchuklesaht (AKA Uchucklesaht) [Waldleːt͡ʃuqtisʔatħ]
Ucluelet (AKA Yuułuʔiłʔatḥ) [juːɬuʔiɬʔatħ]

Nsụgharị nke aha Mba Mbụ

Nuu-Chah-Nulth - "n'akụkụ ugwu na oké osimiri niile." Nuu-chah-nulth bụ ndị a maara dị ka "Nootka" site n'aka ndị bi na ya (ma ha na-ahọrọ ka a ghara ịkpọ ya nke ahụ, kama Nuu-chahi-nulth nke na-akọwa nke ọma otú mba mbụ ọ bụla si ejikọta ya na ala na oké osimiri). Ụfọdụ n'ime aha ndị a (Ditidaht, Makah) abụghị akụkụ nke nzukọ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Nuu-chah-nulth, Otú ọ dị; ha niile bụ atḥ (ndị mmadụ). A na-ejikwa okwu nuučaanułatḥ ^[5] mee ihe, nke pụtara "ndị nọ n'akụkụ ugwu na oké osimiri".
Ahousaht - Ndị bi n'ọnụ mmiri mepere emepe / Ndị bi n"azụ ugwu na ala
Ucluelet - Ndị nwere ebe nchekwa maka ụgbọ mmiri.
Ehattesaht - Ndị agbụrụ nwere ọtụtụ agbụrụ
Checkleset - Ndị si n'ebe ị na-enweta ume
Hesquiaht - Ndị ji ezé ha dọwaa
Kyuquot - Ndị dị iche iche
Mowachaht - Ndị nke mgbada
Muchalaht - Ndị bi n'osimiri Muchalee
Nuchatlaht - Ndị bi n'ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri zoro ezo
Huu-ay-aht - Ndị gbakere
Tseshaht - Ndị si n'àgwàetiti na-esi ísì whale
Tla-o-qui-aht - Ndị si n'ebe dị iche
Toquaht - Ndị bi n'ụzọ dị warara
Uchucklesaht - Ndị bi n'ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri dị n'ime
Ditidaht - Ndị bi n'oké ọhịa
Hupacasaht - Ndị bi n'elu mmiri
Quidiishdaht (Makah) - Ndị bi n'ebe ahụ
Makah - Ndị na-emesapụ aka na nri

Nsụgharị nke aha ebe

Nuuchahnulth nwere aha maka ebe ọ bụla n'ime mpaghara ọdịnala ha. Ndị a bụ naanị ole na ole ka a na-eji ruo taa:

Hisaawista (esowista) - E jidere ya site n'ịkụ ndị bi n'ebe ahụ ruo ọnwụ, Esowista Peninsula na Esowista Indian Reserve No. 3.
Yuquot (Friendly Cove) - Ebe ha na-enweta ifufe ugwu, Yuquot
nootk-sitl (Nootka) - Gbanwee.
Maaktusiis - Ebe gafere agwaetiti ahụ, Marktosis
kakawis - Nkume dị n'ihu ya nke yiri akpa.
kitsuksis - Osisi gafee ọnụ iyi
Opitsaht - Agwaetiti nke ọnwa na-ada, Opitsaht
pacheena - Foamy.
tsu-ma-uss (somass) - Ịsa ahụ, Osimiri Somass
tsahaheh - Ịrịgo.
Ọ bụ n'ebe a na-edebe ihe n'ebe ahụ ka ọ dị.
t'iipis - Isiokwu Polly.
Tsaxana - Ebe dị nso n'osimiri ahụ.
^[6]Cheewat - Ịdọrọ ebili mmiri.

Ọnọdụ

N'iji data sitere na ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ nke afọ 2021, Statistics Canada kọrọ na mmadụ 665 nwere ike ịme mkparịta ụka na Nuu-chah-nulth. Nke a na-anọchite anya 23.% mmụba karịa ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ nke afọ 2016. Ngụkọta ahụ gụnyere ndị na-asụ 280 bụ ndị kọrọ asụsụ ahụ dị ka asụsụ nne. ^[7]

Ihe onwunwe

A tọhapụrụ ngwa Ehattesaht iPhone na Jenụwarị 2012. ^[8] ^[9] na-enweta akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu n'ịntanetị, akwụkwọ okwu, na ọnụ ụzọ mmụta asụsụ na First Voices Ehattesaht Nuchatlaht Community Portal. [1]

Hụkwa

Mkpụrụ akwụkwọ Nuu-chah-nulth
Ndị Nuu-chah-nulth
Kansụl Agbụrụ Nuu-chah-nulth
Nootka Jargon, onye bu ụzọ na Nuu-chah-nulth nke Chinook Jargon
Asụsụ Nitinaht
Makah

Ihe edeturu

↑ Indigenous languages across Canada.
↑ About the Language Program. Hupač̓asatḥ. Retrieved on 8 August 2015.
↑ Laurie Bauer, 2007, The Linguistics Student’s Handbook, Edinburgh
↑ Some account of the Tahkaht language, as spoken by several tribes on the western coast of Vancouver island , Hatchard and Co., London, 1868
↑ First Nations. Friends Of Clayoquot Sound. Retrieved on 8 August 2015.
↑ Source: Ha-shilth-sa newspaper, 2003.
↑ Indigenous languages across Canada. Retrieved on 9 June 2023.
↑ FirstVoices Apps. FirstVoices. Retrieved on 2012-10-04.
↑ FirstVoices: Ehattesaht Nuchatlaht Community Portal. Retrieved on 2012-10-04.

Edensibia

okwu ahụ bụ" (nke pụtara "gagharị" ma ghọta ya n'ụzọ na-ezighi ezi na ọ bụ aha ebe, nke a na-akpọ Yuquot n'ezie). Aha e nyere site na isi mmalite maka asụsụ a bụ Tahkaht; a na-ejikwaokwu ahụ bụ" (nke pụtara "gagharị" ma ghọta ya n'ụzọ na-ezighi ezi na ọ bụ aha ebe, nke a na-akpọ Yuquot n'ezie). Aha e nyere site na isi mmalite maka asụsụ a bụ Tahkaht; a na-ejikwa

Kim, Eun-Sook (2003). Okwu ndị e chepụtara echepụta na Nuu-chah-nulth phonology na morphology. (Nkwupụta doctoral, Mahadum nke British Columbia, Ngalaba Asụsụ).
Nakayama, Toshihide (2001). Nuuchahnulth (Nootka) morphosyntax. Berkeley: Mahadum nke California Press. ISBN 0-520-09841-2
[Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] (1938). Ndị na-aga n'ihu na Navaho, Nootka, na Kwakiutl (na ederede na Indo-European). Asụsụ, 14, 248-274.
[Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] (1939). Ihe odide Nootka: Akụkọ na akụkọ ethnological na nkọwa ụtọ asụsụ na ihe ndị na-ekwu okwu. Philadelphia: Linguistic Society of America.
Adam Werle (2015). Ntuziaka ụtọ asụsụ Nuuchahnulth maka nkọwa asụsụ LC. Mahadum Victoria
[Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] (1955). Akụkọ ụmụ amaala nke Nootka ethnography. Mbipụta nke Indiana University Research Center in Anthropology, Folklore, and Linguistics (No. 1); International journal of American linguistics (Vol. 21, No. 4, Pt. 2). Bloomington: Mahadum Indiana, Research Center na Anthropology, Folklore, na Linguistics. (E bipụtaghachiri na 1978 na New York: AMS Press, ISBN).
[Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] (2000). Ihe akaebe na-ada ụda maka ịnya dị ka glottalized pharyngeal glide na Nuu-chah-nulth. Na S. Gessner & S. Oh (Eds.), Proceedings of the 35th International Conference on Salish and Neighboring Languages (pp. 185-197). Akwụkwọ ọrụ UBC bụ asụsụ (Mpịakọta 3).

Njikọ mpụga

Ihe si na akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu Nuuchahnulth na-abịa
(IDLI) .org/biblios/nuubib.htm" id="mwA0o" rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow">Bibliography nke Ihe onwunwe na Asụsụ Nuuchanulth (YDLI)
Nuuchahnulth (Nootka) (Asụsụ Obodo Chris Harvey, Font, & Keyboard) (Asụsụ, Font, & Keyboard nke Chris Harvey)
- Nuuchahnulth Ihe Nlereanya Ihe odide
Peeji nke Asụsụ Wakashan
Asụsụ Nootka na Agbụrụ Ndị India Nootka n'asụsụ ala.org
Nuu-chah-nulth (Intercontinental Dictionary Series)

[1] Indigenous languages across Canada.

[2] About the Language Program. Hupač̓asatḥ. Retrieved on 8 August 2015.

[3] Laurie Bauer, 2007, The Linguistics Student’s Handbook, Edinburgh

[4] Some account of the Tahkaht language, as spoken by several tribes on the western coast of Vancouver island , Hatchard and Co., London, 1868

[5] First Nations. Friends Of Clayoquot Sound. Retrieved on 8 August 2015.

[6] Source: Ha-shilth-sa newspaper, 2003.

[7] Indigenous languages across Canada. Retrieved on 9 June 2023.

[8] FirstVoices Apps. FirstVoices. Retrieved on 2012-10-04.

[9] FirstVoices: Ehattesaht Nuchatlaht Community Portal. Retrieved on 2012-10-04.

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