Asụsụ Toposa

Toposa (nke akpọkwara Akara, Kare, Kumi, Taposa, Topotha) bụ asụsụ Nilo-Saharan (Eastern Sudan, Nilotic) nke ndị Toposa na-asụ na South Sudan. Ụdị asụsụ ndị a na-aghọta ọnụ gụnyere Jiye nke South Sudan, Nyangatom nke Ethiopia, Karimojong, Jie na Dodos nke Uganda na Turkana nke Kenya. Teso (nke a na-asụ na Kenya na Uganda) dị anya karịa.

Ọmụmụ ụda

Mgbochiume

		Ọnụ	Alveolar	Palatal	Velar
Plosive	Enweghị olu	p	t		k
	Nkwupụta	b	d		ɡ
Africate	Enweghị olu			t͡ʃ
	Nkwupụta			d͡ʒ
Ihe na-esiri ike			s
Ụgbọ imi		m	n	ɲ	ŋ
Flap			r
Ihe atụ		w	l	j

• Mgbochiume niile (ma e wezụga, n'ezie, maka /w/ na /j/) nwere ike ịpụta n'ụdị labialized na palatalized.

Ụdaume

+ATR

	N'ihu	Central	Nlaghachi
N'akụkụ	i		u
N'etiti	na		o
Emeghe

-ATR

	N'ihu	Central	Nlaghachi
N'akụkụ	ɪ		ʊ
N'etiti	Ọ bụ		Ọ bụ n'afọ
Emeghe		a

• Toposa, dị ka ọtụtụ asụsụ Nilotic, nwere nkwekọrịta ụdaume na ụdaume abụọ: otu setịpụrụ na mgbọrọgwụ ire dị elu (+ATR) na -ATR setịpụrụ. A na-egosi +ATR. Ụdaume //a// na-anọpụ iche n'ihe gbasara nkwekọrịta ụdaume. Ụdaume itoolu
• itoolu niile na-apụta dị ka ndị a na-eme ka ha dị ọcha, na-adị iche nỤdaumeme ihe. Mkpụrụedemede ndị a na-enweghị olu na-apụta n'ọnọdụ tupu nkwụsịtụ. Ụfọdụ Toposa morphemes nwere naanị ụdaume dị elu na-enweghị olu; ọrụ ọrụ ahụ yiri ka ọ dị ukwuu na ụdaume dị ala karịa nke dị ala.
• Toposa nwere ụda, nke bụ ụtọ asụsụ kama okwu. A na-eji ụda eme ihe iji gosi okwu na aha na oge na ngwaa.

Akwụkwọ Akụkọ

• Schröder (1989). "The Toposa Verb in Narrative Structure". Afrikanistische Arbeitspapiere 20: 129–142. 
• Schröder (1987a). "Voiceless Vowels in Toposa". Afrikanistische Arbeitspapiere 12: 17–26. 
• Schröder (1987b). "Vowel Harmony in Toposa". Afrikanistische Arbeitspapiere 12: 27–36.