Asụsụ Vandalic
| Vandalic | ||
|---|---|---|
| Spoken in: | — | |
| Region: | — | |
| Language extinction: | 6th century AD | |
| Language family: | Ahendurufi Germanic East Germanic † Vandalic | |
| Language codes | ||
| ISO 639-1: | none | |
| ISO 639-2: | — | |
| ISO 639-3: | xvn | |
| Note: This page may contain IPA phonetic symbols in Unicode. | ||
Vandalic bụ Asụsụ German nke ndị Vandals na-asụ n'ihe dị ka narị afọ nke atọ ruo nke isii. [1] yikarịrị ka ọ nwere njikọ chiri anya na Gothic, n'ihi ya, a na-ahazi ya dị ka Asụsụ East German.:: 9 Ihe akaebe ya dị nnọọ iberibe, karịsịa n'ihi ngafe ndị Vandals na-agagharị mgbe niile na ịnakwere ederede n'azụ oge. Ihe odide niile nke oge [2] site n'oge a na-asụ Vandalic bụ akụkọ ihe mere eme.: 43–44
Nchịkọta[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
A: 4 -ahazi Vandalic dị ka asụsụ East German, [3]: 4 [4] ebe ihe kpatara nkewa a bụ akụkọ ihe mere eme ọ bụghị asụsụ.:: 7 N'ihi nghọta nke Vandalic dị ka asụsụ East German, nrụzigharị ya site na onomastics nke akwụkwọ ndị Gris na Rom dere dabere na ụdị Gothic. [1] mere, o siri ike ịchọpụta ma Vandalic nwere njikọ chiri anya na Gothic.: 9
Echiche sitere na Gothic na Vandalic, yana Burgundian, na-etolite n'olumba continuum, ma ọ bụ na asụsụ Vandals bụ n'ezie Gothic, na ha bụ asụsụ dị iche iche na-ekewa n'oge mbụ,
Akụkọ ihe mere eme[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
Dabere na akụkọ ifo nke ha, Ndị Goth sitere na Scandinavia. Ya mere, a na-arụrịta ụka, ma Gothic na site na ndọtị Vandalic, sitere na Scandinavia ma ọ bụ na ọ bụghị. Ihe akaebe asụsụ na-egosi enweghị njikọ doro anya n'etiti North German na ma ọ bụ Gothic ma ọ bụ Vandalic. [5]'agbanyeghị nke ahụ, ọ ga-ekwe omume na ma ndị Goth na ndị Vandals si Scandinavia kwaga n'ebe ndịda, ebe asụsụ ha malitere ịpụ na Proto-German.
O yikarịrị ka asụsụ nke Vandalic dị n'ebe ndịda nke oké osimiri Baltic. Ha gafere Rhine na narị afọ nke ise, [5] na-ejikọ onwe ha na Hasdingi na Silingi na Gallaecia (n'ebe ugwu Portugal na Galicia) na ndịda Spain, na-eso ndị ọzọ German na ndị na-abụghị ndị German (Visigoths, Alans Ndị Suebi) na c. 410 tupu ha agaa North Africa na 430s. [6] [7] nwere ọganihu na mmalite narị afọ nke isii, mana mgbe e merisịrị ha na 534 e debere ha n'okpuru ọchịchị Byzantium.[6]:: 1 A na-eche na a ka na-asụ asụsụ Vandalic n'oge mmeri Byzantium. [1][4]:: 95 O yikarịrị ka ọ lara n'iyi tupu ngwụcha narị afọ ahụ.
Ihe akaebe[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
[1] maara obere ihe banyere asụsụ Vandalic ma e wezụga ahịrịokwu dị iche iche na ọnụ ọgụgụ dị nta nke aha onwe onye sitere na Vandalic, nke a maara site na akwụkwọ na mkpụrụ ego.:: 7 [2]: Ọtụtụ aha Vandalic ka ndị na-asụ asụsụ Latin ma ọ bụ Grik dere, ndị nwere ike ịkọwa ụdaume n'ụzọ na-ezighi ezi ma ọ bụ jiri aha ndị a na-ahụkarị n'asụsụ nne ha. [2]
Okwu[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
Tebụl ndị dị n'okpuru ebe a na-egosi okwu dị iche iche nke Vandalic, ahịrịokwu na ụdị ndị dị na (ma ọ bụ dị ka) aha na ederede Latin dị iche iche. [8] si na Nicoletta Francovich Onesti nweta ọtụtụ n'ime ha. [<span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (September 2023)">clarification needed</span>]
| Attested Vandalic form |
Gothic cognate | Gloss of Vandalic form |
|---|---|---|
| arme | *𐌰𐍂𐌼𐌰𐌹 (*armai) (form of 𐌰𐍂𐌼𐌰𐌽 (arman)) |
'have mercy!' |
| baudus (cf. -baudes) |
— | 'ruler, master' |
| drincan | 𐌳𐍂𐌹𐌲𐌺𐌰𐌽 (drigkan) | 'drink (<abbr about="#mwt422" data-cx="[{"adapted":false,"targetExists":false}]" data-mw="{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"abbr","href":"./Template:Abbr"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"inf."},"2":{"wt":"infinitive"}},"i":0}}]}" data-ve-no-generated-contents="true" id="mwAzk" title="infinitive" typeof="mw:Transclusion mw:ExpandedAttrs">inf.</abbr>)' |
| eils | 𐌷𐌰𐌹𐌻𐍃 (hails) | 'hail!' (greeting) |
| ia | 𐌾𐌰𐌷 (jah) | 'and' |
| froia | 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌿𐌾𐌰 (frauja) | 'lord, (the) Lord' |
| matzia | 𐌼𐌰𐍄𐌾𐌰𐌽 (matjan) | 'eat (<abbr about="#mwt437" data-cx="[{"adapted":false,"targetExists":false}]" data-mw="{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"abbr","href":"./Template:Abbr"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"inf."},"2":{"wt":"infinitive"}},"i":0}}]}" data-ve-no-generated-contents="true" id="mwA2M" title="infinitive" typeof="mw:Transclusion mw:ExpandedAttrs">inf.</abbr>), have one's meal (<abbr about="#mwt440" data-cx="[{"adapted":false,"targetExists":false}]" data-mw="{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"abbr","href":"./Template:Abbr"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"inf."},"2":{"wt":"infinitive"}},"i":0}}]}" data-ve-no-generated-contents="true" id="mwA2Y" title="infinitive" typeof="mw:Transclusion mw:ExpandedAttrs">inf.</abbr>)' |
| scapia | *𐍃𐌺𐌰𐍀𐌾𐌰𐌽 (*skapjan), cf. 𐌲𐌰𐍃𐌺𐌰𐍀𐌾𐌰𐌽 (gaskapjan) |
'make, create' |
| vandalirice | — | 'king of the Vandals' |
| Attested Vandalic form(s) |
Gothic cognate | Proto-Germanic etymon |
Old English cognate | Gloss of Vandalic form |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ari | 𐌷𐌰𐍂𐌾𐌹𐍃 (harjis) | *harjaz | here | 'army' |
| baudes (cf. baudus) |
— | *baudiz | — | 'master, ruler' |
| bere | 𐌱𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌰- (baira-) | *bera- | bera- | 'bear, carry' |
| bluma | 𐌱𐌻𐍉𐌼𐌰 (blōma) | *blōmô | *blōma | 'bloom, flower' |
| dagila | *𐌳𐌰𐌲𐌹𐌻𐌰 (*dagila) cf. 𐌳𐌰𐌲𐍃 (dags) |
*dag- | (dæg) | 'day (<abbr about="#mwt474" data-cx="[{"adapted":false,"targetExists":false}]" data-mw="{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"abbr","href":"./Template:Abbr"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"dim."},"2":{"wt":"diminutive"}},"i":0}}]}" data-ve-no-generated-contents="true" id="mwA90" title="diminutive" typeof="mw:Transclusion mw:ExpandedAttrs">dim.</abbr>)' |
| frida frede feua |
*𐍆𐍂𐌹𐌸𐌿𐍃 (*friþus) | *friþu- | friþ(u) (cf. MnE †frith) |
'peace' |
| geis | *𐌲𐌰𐌹𐍃 (*gais) cf. 𐌿𐍃𐌲𐌰𐌹𐍃𐌾𐌰𐌽 (usgaisjan) ('frighten, scare') |
*gaiza- | gār (cf. MnE garlic) |
'spear' |
| gunda guntha |
— | *gunþjo | gūþ | 'battle' |
| hildi-, -ild | 𐌷𐌹𐌻𐌳𐌹- (hildi-) | *hildjō | hild | 'battle' |
| mir mer |
*𐌼𐌴𐍂𐍃 (*mērs) | *mēraz, *mērijaz | mǣre (cf. MnE ‡mere) |
'famous' |
| munds | — | *mundō | mund (cf. MnE ‡mound) |
'defender' |
| mut | 𐌼𐍉𐌸𐍃 (mōþs) ('mood, anger') |
*moda- | mōd (cf. MnE mood) |
'courage' |
| oa | 𐌷𐌰𐌿𐌷𐍃 (hauhs) | *hauha- | hēah | 'high' |
| osta hostra |
*𐌰𐌿𐍃𐍄𐍂𐌰- (*austra-) | *austra- | ēast | 'east' |
| rit rith |
-𐍂𐌴𐌳𐌰𐌽 (-rēdan) ('to advise') |
*rēdaz | rǣd, rēd (cf. MnE †rede) |
'advice, counsel' |
| rix ricus |
𐍂𐌴𐌹𐌺𐍃 (reiks) | *rīk- | rice ('dominion') | 'king' |
| runa | 𐍂𐌿𐌽𐌰 (rūna) | *rūnō | rūn (cf. MnE †roun, rune) |
'secret' |
| scarila | — | *skarō | scearu (cf. MnE share) |
'band (dim.)' |
| sifila | 𐍃𐌹𐌱𐌾𐌰 (sibja) | *sibjō | sibb (cf. MnE sibling) |
'kindred (dim.)' |
| sindi- | 𐍃𐌹𐌽𐌸𐍃 (sinþs) ('time, occurrence') |
*sinþa- | sīþ (cf. MnE send) |
'travel, path' |
| trioua | 𐍄𐍂𐌹𐌲𐌲𐍅𐌰 (triggwa) | *triwwa | trīewu | 'loyal, true (<abbr about="#mwt599" data-cx="[{"adapted":false,"targetExists":false}]" data-mw="{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"abbr","href":"./Template:Abbr"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"f."},"2":{"wt":"feminine"}},"i":0}}]}" data-ve-no-generated-contents="true" id="mwBRE" title="feminine" typeof="mw:Transclusion mw:ExpandedAttrs">f.</abbr>)' |
| teus | 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐍃 (þius) | *þewaz | þēow (cf. MnE †thew) |
'slave, servant' |
| theudo | 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰 (þiuda) | *þeudō | þēod (cf. MnE †thede) |
'folk' |
| vili, guilia | 𐍅𐌹𐌻𐌾𐌰 (wilja) | *wiljô | willa | 'will (noun)' |
| uit- guit- |
*𐍅𐌴𐌹𐍄𐌹- (*weiti-) | *wīti- | — | 'struggle, combat' |
| vult | 𐍅𐌿𐌻𐌸𐌿𐍃 (wulþus) | *wulþu- | wuldor | 'glory' |
Usoro ide ihe[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
[9] dere aha ole na ole dị na mkpụrụ ego nke alaeze Vandalic wepụtara na mkpụrụedemede Latin.
Hụkwa[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
- Ndị na-emebi ihe
- Asụsụ Gothic
- Asụsụ East German
- Asụsụ Ndị Agha Ukwu Rom
Edensibia[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
wezụga ahịrịokwu dị iche iche na ọnụ ọgụgụ dị nta nke aha onwe onye sitere na Vandalic, nke a maara site na akwụkwọ na mkpụrụ ego.:: 7 : Ọtụtụ aha Vandalic ka ndị na-asụ asụsụ Latin ma ọ bụ Grik dere, ndị nwere
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Hartmann (2020). The Vandalic language – origins and relationships. Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter. ISBN 978-3-8253-4752-9.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Reichert (2009). "Sprache und Namen der Wandalen in Afrika", in Greule: Namen des Frühmittelalters als Sprachliche Zeugnisse und als Geschichtsquellen (in de). Berlin: W. de Gruyter. ISBN 9783110208153.
- ↑ Wrede [1886] (2018). Über die Sprache der Wandalen (in de). Berlin/Boston: De Gruyter. ISBN 9783111347615.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Hennings (2012). Einführung in das Mittelhochdeutsche, 3 (in de), Berlin: De Gruyter. ISBN 978-3-11-025959-9. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid
<ref>tag; name "Hennings" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ 5.0 5.1 Hartmann (2023). "Genealogical implications and Germanic phylogeny", Germanic Phylogeny. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 172–211. DOI:10.1093/oso/9780198872733.003.0005. ISBN 9780191983719. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid
<ref>tag; name "Phylogeny" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ 6.0 6.1 Merrills (2010). The Vandals. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 9781444318074.
- ↑ Moorhead (2013). "Goths and Vandals, migration history", The Encyclopedia of Global Human Migration, 1 (in en), Wiley. ISBN 978-1-4443-3489-0.
- ↑ Francovich Onesti (2013). "Tracing the language of the Vandals", Goti e Vandali. Rome: Artemide, 179–195. ISBN 9788875751821.
- ↑ Friedländer (1849). Die Münzen der Vandalen (in de). Leipzig: Wigand.
Ịgụ ihe ọzọ[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
- Wrede [1886] (2018). Über die Sprache der Wandalen (in de). Berlin/Boston: De Gruyter. ISBN 9783111347615.
- Reichert (2009). "Sprache und Namen der Wandalen in Afrika", in Greule: Namen des Frühmittelalters als Sprachliche Zeugnisse und als Geschichtsquellen (in de). Berlin: W. de Gruyter. ISBN 9783110208153.
- Francovich Onesti (2013). "Tracing the language of the Vandals", Goti e Vandali. Rome: Artemide, 179–195. ISBN 9788875751821.
- Hartmann (2020). The Vandalic language – origins and relationships. Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter. ISBN 978-3-8253-4752-9.