Asụsụ Yeyi

Yeyi Shiyɛyi
Spoken in:	Namibia, Botswana
Region:	along the Okavango River
Total speakers:	55,000
Language family:	Nnijer–Kongo  Atlantic–Congo   Volta-Congo    Benue–Congo     Bantoid      Southern Bantoid       Bantu (Zone R)        Yeyi
Language codes
ISO 639-1:	none
ISO 639-2:	—
ISO 639-3:	yey

Yeyi (autoethnonym Shiyɛyi) bụ Asụsụ Bantu nke ọtụtụ n'ime ihe dị ka Ndị Yeyi 50,000 na-asụ n'akụkụ Osimiri Okavango na Namibia na Botswana. Yeyi, nke asụsụ Juu metụtara, bụ otu n'ime ọtụtụ asụsụ Bantu n'akụkụ Okavango nwere clicks. N'ezie, ọ nwere ndepụta kachasị ukwuu nke ịpị aka n'asụsụ Bantu ọ bụla, yana ezé, alveolar, palatal, na nkwonkwo n'akụkụ. Ọ bụ ezie na ọtụtụ n'ime ndị okenye na-ekwu okwu na-ahọrọ Yeyi na mkparịta ụka nkịtị, a na-eji nwayọọ nwayọọ na-ewepụ ya na Botswana site na njem a ma ama na Tswana, ebe ọ bụ naanị ụmụaka na-amụta Yeyi n'ime obodo ole na ole. Otú ọ dị, ndị na-asụ Yeyi na Caprivi Strip nke ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ Namibia, na-ejigide Yeyi n'ime obodo (gụnyere Linyanti), mana ha nwekwara ike ịsụ asụsụ mpaghara, Lozi.

A na-akpọ asụsụ ahụ Shirwanga. Obere ihe ka ọtụtụ n'ime ndị BoTswana Yeyi na-asụ otu asụsụ n'asụsụ mba, Tswana, na ọtụtụ n'etiti ndị ọzọ na-asụrụ asụsụ abụọ.

Nchịkọta

Yeyi yiri ọ bụ agbụrụ dị iche iche nke Bantu. A na-ahazi ya dịka onye otu asụsụ R Zone Bantu. Asụsụ Ju enweela mmetụta fonetically n'asụsụ ahụ, ọ bụ ezie na ya na ha anaghịzi enwe mmekọrịta.

Mkpụrụedemede

Mkpụrụedemede Yeyi[4]

	N'ihu	Central	Ịlaghachi azụ
N'akụkụ	i		u
N'etiti	Ọ bụ		Ọ bụ n'oge a ka a na-eme ya
Emeghe		a

Ogologo ụdaume dịkwa iche.

• A na-ahụ ụdaume /ɛ ɔ/ n'ụzọ fonetiki.
• /ɔ/ nwekwara ike ịnụ dị ka [ʊ] na ọnọdụ ikpeazụ nke okwu. A pụkwara ịnụ /i/ dị ka [ə] na prefixes.
• A na-anụ ụda /i u a/ dị ka nasalized [ĩ ũ ã] mgbe ọ na-ebute ụdaume imi. A pụkwara ịnụ ụda imi, mana ọ bụ naanị n'ọnọdụ dị n'ime.
• Ụda /i u/ nwere ike ịbụ nke etiti dị ka [ɨ ʉ] na-esote ụda fricative na sibilant.

Mkpụrụ okwu

Yeyi consonantsÀtụ:Sfnp

		Bilabial	Labio-<br id="mwbA"><br>dental	Alveolar		Palatal	Velar		Glottal
				plain	sibilant		plain	pal.
Plosive/ Affricate	voiceless	Àtụ:IPAlink		Àtụ:IPAlink	Àtụ:IPAlink	Àtụ:IPAlink	Àtụ:IPAlink	Àtụ:IPAlink	(Àtụ:IPAlink)
	aspirated	Àtụ:IPAlink		Àtụ:IPAlink	Àtụ:IPAlink	Àtụ:IPAlink	Àtụ:IPAlink	Àtụ:IPAlink
	ejective			Àtụ:IPAlink	Àtụ:IPAlink	Àtụ:IPAlink	Àtụ:IPAlink	Àtụ:IPAlink
	voiced	Àtụ:IPAlink		Àtụ:IPAlink	Àtụ:IPAlink	Àtụ:IPAlink	Àtụ:IPAlink	Àtụ:IPAlink
Fricative	voiceless		Àtụ:IPAlink		Àtụ:IPAlink	Àtụ:IPAlink			Àtụ:IPAlink
	voiced	(Àtụ:IPAlink)	Àtụ:IPAlink		Àtụ:IPAlink	Àtụ:IPAlink
Nasal		Àtụ:IPAlink		Àtụ:IPAlink		Àtụ:IPAlink	Àtụ:IPAlink
Liquid	rhotic			Àtụ:IPAlink ~ Àtụ:IPAlink
	lateral			Àtụ:IPAlink
Approximant		Àtụ:IPAlink				Àtụ:IPAlink	Àtụ:IPAlink

Ụda ụda ndị ọzọ nwere ike ịpụta bụ /bʲ ⁿdʲ lʲ/.

• A glottal stop sound [ʔ] nwekwara ike ịpụta, mana naanị n'etiti ụdaume.
• A na-anụkarị ụdaume nkwụsị /kʲ kʰʲ kʲʼ ɡʲ/ dị ka ụdaume nkwụchi [c [c cʰ cʼ ɟ]].
• Ụda na-eru nso n'ọnụ /βʹ/ nwere ike ịdị site na ụda na-eru n'ókè na ụda fricative [βʹ ~ β].
• Enwere ike [ɽ] ụdaume alveolar rhotic /r/ dị ka tap ma ọ bụ trill, mana enwere ike ịnụ ya dị ka retroflex tap.
• [4][ɭ] pụkwara ịnụ ụdaume dị n'akụkụ /l/ dị ka retroflex dị n'otu akụkụ.

Prenasal consonantsÀtụ:Sfnp

		Bilabial	Labio-<br id="mwAUM"><br>dental	Alveolar	Post-<br id="mwAUg"><br> alveolar	Velar		Glottal
						plain	pal.
Plosive	voiceless	Àtụ:IPAlink		Àtụ:IPAlink		Àtụ:IPAlink	Àtụ:IPAlink
	<small id="mwAWc">aspirated</small>	Àtụ:IPAlink		Àtụ:IPAlink		Àtụ:IPAlink
	ejective			Àtụ:IPAlink		Àtụ:IPAlink
	<small id="mwAYI">voiced</small>	Àtụ:IPAlink		Àtụ:IPAlink		Àtụ:IPAlink	Àtụ:IPAlink
Affricate	voiceless			Àtụ:IPAlink	Àtụ:IPAlink
	<small id="mwAaA">aspirated</small>			Àtụ:IPAlink	Àtụ:IPAlink
	<small id="mwAa0">voiced</small>			Àtụ:IPAlink	Àtụ:IPAlink
	ejective			Àtụ:IPAlink
Fricative	voiceless		Àtụ:IPAlink	Àtụ:IPAlink	Àtụ:IPAlink
	<small id="mwAdY">voiced</small>		Àtụ:IPAlink	Àtụ:IPAlink	Àtụ:IPAlink

• A na-anụkarị ụdaume nkwụsịtụ /ᵑkʲ ᵑɡʲ/ dị ka ụdaume nkwụsi ike [ᶮc ᶮɟ].

Pịa	Nkọwa
ᵏǂʰ	aspirated
ᵏǂ	na-eme ihe nkiri
ᶢǂ	kwuru okwu
ᵑǂ	imi
ŋᶢǂ	tupu ịlụ di ma ọlị
ᵏǂʼ	Mgbasa ozi ọnụ
ᵑǂˀ	oghere imi
ǂqχ	Mkpịsị ugodi
ǂqʼ	Uva ejective

Usoro uvular ejective ejighị n'aka n'ihi ụkọ.

Fulop et al. (2002) nyochara clicks nke obere okwu na ndị na-asụ Yeyi 13 ndị na-esoghị n'ógbè na-ekwu okwu. Usoro ha chọtara bụ:

Pịa	Nkọwa
ᵏǂʰ	aspirated
ᵏǂ	na-eme ihe nkiri
ᶢǂ	kwuru okwu
ᵑǂ	imi
ᵏǂʼ	Mgbasa ozi ọnụ
ǂqʼ	Uva ejective

E nwere mgbakwunye na ụda ndị dị ka /ŋɡ́/ na /ŋ́/, mana Fulop et al. na-enyocha ndị a dị ka ụyọkọ ụdaume, ọ bụghị otu ụda. Na mgbakwunye, a kọrọ na ọ bụ n'ezie velar, na africation bụ ụdị ọchịchọ, ya mere etinyela ya n'okpuru kńh. E nwere ụdị nsogbu velar yiri nke ahụ na mkpịsị ezé n'etiti ụfọdụ ndị ọkà okwu. doro anya na mkpọtụ ndị na-agbapụ bụ uvular.

Miller (2011), na nyocha iji tụnyere asụsụ ndị ọzọ, na-akọwa nsonaazụ ha dị ka ndị a:

Pịa	Nkọwa
ᵏǂʰ	aspirated
ᵏǂ	na-eme ihe nkiri
ᶢǂ	kwuru okwu
ᵑǂ	imi
ᵏǂʼ	Mgbasa ozi ọnụ
ᵑ̊ǂˀ	Ogwe imi na-agba agba
ǂ͡qχ	asụsụ na akpa ume
ǂ͡qχʼ	asụsụ na-agbasa

Pịa	Nkọwa
ᵏǃʰ	aspirated
ᵏǃ	na-eme ihe nkiri
ᶢǃ	kwuru okwu
ŋᵏǃʰ	aspirated tupu a mụọ ya
ŋᵏǃ	Tenuis a na-eme tupu ya
ŋᶢǃ	a na-ekwupụta ya

A Yeyi Talking Dictionary bụ nke Living Tongues Institute for Endangered Languages mepụtara.

Edensibia

site na njem a ma ama na Tswana, ebe ọ bụ naanị ụmụaka na-amụta Yeyi n'ime obodo ole na ole. Otú ọ dị, ndị na-asụ Yeyi na Caprivi Strip nke ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ Namibia, na-ejigide

Akwụkwọ

•  
• Fulop (2002). Yeyi clicks: Acoustic description and analysis. 
• Fulop (2007). The dying clicks of Yeyi.
• Seidel (2008). A Grammar of Yeyi: A Bantu Language of Southern Africa. R. Köppe. 
• Sommer (1995). Sozialer Wandel und Sprachverhalten bei den Yeyi (Botswana), Ethnographie des Sprachwechsels. 

Njikọ mpụga

• Yeyi Clicks: Nkọwa na Nnyocha Akụrụngwa (2003)