Asụsụ Xhosa
| obere ụdị nke | Nguni languages, Zunda  |
|---|---|
| akara ala | isiXhosa, IsiXhosa |
| mba/obodo | South Africa, Zimbabwe, Lesotho |
| dị na ngalaba nhazi mpaghara | Western Cape, Eastern Cape |
| ụdị asụsụ | subject–verb–object, agglutinative language, tonal language |
| usoro ederede | Latin script |
| òtù na-achịkwa asụsụ | Pan South African Language Board |
| Ọkwa asụsụ Ethnologue | 1 National |
| kọwara na URL | https://concepticon.clld.org/languages/xhosa |
| Koodu asụsụ Wikimedia | xh |
| ngalaba maka ihe nkiri n'asụsụ a | Category:Xhosa-language films |
Xhosa (/ˈkɔːsə/ KAW-sə, //'kOʊsə// KOH-sə;[1][2][3] [4] okwu Xhosa: [kʹhóːsa]), nke a na-asụbu Xosa ma mara ya site na aha obodo isiXhosa, bụ asụsụ Nguni na otu n'ime Asụsụ gọọmentị nke South Africa na Zimbabwe. Ihe [5] ka nde mmadụ iri na-asụ Xhosa dị ka asụsụ mbụ na nde mmadụ iri ọzọ na-asọpụta Xhosa dị iche iche dị ka asụsụ nke abụọ, ọtụtụ n'ime ha na South Africa, ọkachasị na Eastern Cape, Western Cape, Northern Cape na Gauteng, nakwa n'akụkụ Zimbabwe na Lesotho. [6] nwere ma eleghị anya ọrụ kachasị arọ nke ụdaume pịa n'asụsụ Bantu (ihe dịka ejikọtara ya na Yeyi), na otu ọnụ ọgụgụ na-achọpụta na 10% nke ihe ndị bụ isi nwere pịa. [1]
Nchịkọta
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Xhosa [7] akụkụ nke alaka Asụsụ Nguni, nke gụnyere Zulu, Southern Ndebele na Northern Ndebele, nke a na-akpọ asụsụ Zunda. Asụsụ Zunda na-eme ka asụsụ dị iche iche dị iche iche na-aghọta ibe ha.
Xhosa bụ, n'ụzọ dị ukwuu, ihe a na-aghọta na Zulu na asụsụ Nguni ndị ọzọ ruo n'ókè dị ala. [8] Nguni, n'aka nke ya, na-ahazi n'okpuru nnukwu abstraction nke Asụsụ Bantu.
Ebe a na-ekesa ya
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
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Xhosa [8] asụsụ Afrịka a kacha ekesa na South Africa, ọ bụ ezie na asụsụ Afrịka kachasị asụ bụ Zulu. Ọ bụ asụsụ nke abụọ a na-ahụkarị na South Africa n'ozuzu ya. [9]As of 2003[update] ihe dị ka nde mmadụ 5.3 na-asụ Xhosa, ọtụtụ n'ime ha, bi na Eastern Cape, Western Cape (ihe dị ka nde 1), Gauteng (671,045), Free State (246,192), KwaZulu-Natal (219,826), North West (214,461), Mpumalanga (46,553), Northern Cape (51,228), na Limpopo (14,225). [1] nwere obere Zimbabwe#Xhosa" id="mwaA" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Languages of Zimbabwe">Obodo Xhosa ma dị mkpa nke ihe dị ka 200,000 na Zimbabwe. [10], obere obodo nke ndị na-asụ Xhosa (18,000) bi na Quthing District, Lesotho.
Orthography
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Ihe odide Latịn
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Asụsụ Xhosa na-eji mkpụrụedemede 26 sitere na mkpụrụedemede Latin; ụfọdụ n'ime mkpụrụedemede ahụ nwere ịkpọpụta dị iche iche site na Bekee. A na-ede ụdaume ndị otu n'ime mkpụrụedemede 26 na-anọchite anya ha dị ka ọtụtụ mkpụrụedemede. [11], nrụgide, na ogologo ụdaume bụ akụkụ nke asụsụ mana anaghị egosi ya n'ụzọ ederede.
Ọmụmụ ụdaolu
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Mkpụrụedemede
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Xho<i id="mwiQ">a nwere ndepụta nke ụdau iri: <span lang="und-Latn-fonipa" class="IPA nowrap" data-ve-no-generated-contents="true" mwig="" title="Representation in the Interna Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" typeof="mw:Transclusion">[a], [ɛ~e], [i], [ɔ~o] na [u] edere a, e, i, o na u n'usoro, ha niile na-apụta ma ogologo dị mkpirikpi. [12] /i/ dị ogologo na nkeji okwu nke abụọ ma dị mkpirikpi na nkeji okwu ikpeazụ.
| N'ihu | Ịlaghachi azụ | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| dị mkpirikpi | ogologo oge | dị mkpirikpi | ogologo oge | |
| N'akụkụ | i-agụnye__ibo__ Ihe omuma aỌdịdị | iː__ibo__ Ihe omuma di iche icheỌdịdị | u bụ na-agụ__ibo__ Akwụkwọ bụ̣̣́ nke a na-akpọ "Spanish"Ọdịdị | uː Ọdịdị |
| N'etiti | Ọ bụ n'ihi ya__ibo__ Ihe omuma aỌdịdị | eː.Ihe omuma ahuỌdịdị | Ọ bụ otú ahụ ka a na-akọNkọwaỌdịdị | oː OːIhe a na-akpọ yaỌdịdị |
| Emeghe | n'ihi yaIhe omuma di icheỌdịdị | aːIhe omuma di icheỌdịdị | ||
Ụda ụda
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Mkpụrụ okwu
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Xhosa bara ọgaranya na ụdaume ndị a na-adịghị ahụkebe. E wezụga ụda na-esi n'akpa ume apụta, nke a na-ahụ n'asụsụ niile a na-asụ, ọ nwere usoro nkwụsịtụ na-akwụsị akwụsị.
Ọ nwere ụdaume iri na asatọ (ma e jiri ya tụnyere, Juń'hoan, nke a na-asụ na Botswana" id="mw6g" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Botswana">Botswana na Namibia, nwere iri anọ na asatọ, na Taa, nke nwere ihe dịka puku mmadụ anọ na-asụrụ ya na Botswana, nwere iri asatọ na atọ). E nwere usoro nke Mkpịsị ezé isii, nke mkpụrụedemede ahụ na-anọchite anya ya, nke yiri ụda nke "tut-tut" ma ọ bụ "tsk-tsk" na-anọchi anya ya n'asụsụ Bekee; usoro nke mkpụsị ezé dị n'akụkụ isii, nke akwụkwọ ozi ahụ na-egosi, nke yiri nke a na-eji akpọ ịnyịnya; na usoro nke mkpọsị alveolar, nke mkpụrụ akwụkwọ ahụ na-ese okwu ahụ, nke na-anọchiri anya ya, na-ada ka cork si na karama.
Tebụl na-esonụ depụtara ụdaume nke asụsụ ahụ, na ịkpọpụta na IPA n'aka ekpe na orthography n'aka nri:
A na-ekwupụta ụdaolu, plosives na affricates, na ụdaume na-esonụ maka ụfọdụ ndị ọkà okwu. Nke ahụ bụ, a pụrụ ịkpọpụta da [dɦaʹ] (ma ọ bụ, n'otu aka ahụ, [dʹaʹa]). A na-akọwa ha nke ọma dị ka ndị na-adịghị ekwuru okwu karịa ka ndị na'ikuku. A na-ekwupụta ha n'ezie naanị mgbe imi gasịrị, mana mkpuchi ọnụ dị mkpirikpi na nkwụsịtụ, ọ naghị emekarị ma ọlị na clicks. Ya mere, oge zuru oke nke ikwupụta bụ otu ihe ahụ dị ka na tenuis stops. (A pụkwara ikwupụta ha n'etiti ụdaume n'ụdị okwu ụfọdụ.) Ihe a ma ama bụ mmetụta ha na-eme ka ụdaume ahụ daa mbà. [15]
- Onyenwe anyị, gọzie Africa;
- Ka mpi ya bulie elu;
- Gee ekpere anyị
- Onyenwe anyị, gọzie anyị, ezinụlọ ya (, ezinụlọ Afrịka).
Sontonga na ndị edemede ndị ọzọ mechara dee stanzas ndị ọzọ, a sụgharịrị amaokwu mbụ ahụ n'asụsụ Sotho na Afrikaans, yana Bekee.
N'omenala a ma ama
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]N'ime Eze ọdụm na reboot ya, Rafiki na-abụ abụ na Xhosa.
Na ihe nkiri Marvel Cinematic Universe Captain America: Civil War, Black Panther, Avengers: Infinity War, Avengers - Endgame, na Black Panther: Wakanda Forever, asụsụ a na-asụ na mba Africa nke Wakanda bụ Xhosa. Nke a mere n'ihi na onye na-eme ihe nkiri South Africa bụ John Kani, onye obodo Eastern Cape nke na-eme Wakandan King T'Chaka, na-asụ Xhosa ma na-atụ aro ka ndị nduzi nke Agha Obodo na-emeghị eme tinye mkparịta ụka n'asụsụ ahụ. [16] Black Panther, onye nduzi Ryan Coogler "chọrọ ime ka ọ bụrụ ihe kachasị mkpa iji Xhosa mee ihe dịka o kwere mee" na edemede ahụ, ma nye ndị nkuzi asụsụ maka ndị na-eme ihe nkiri ahụ.
Hụkwa
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
- I'solezwe lesiXhosa, akwụkwọ akụkọ mbụ nke asụsụ Xhosa
- [./U-<i id= Carmen]_eKhayelitsha" id="mwBh0" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="U-Carmen eKhayelitsha">U-Carmen eKhayelitsha, ihe nkiri Xhosa nke 2005 nke Bizet's Carmen
- UCLA Language Materials Project, ọrụ ịntanetị maka ịkụzi asụsụ, gụnyere Xhosa.
- Kalenda Xhosa
Ihe edeturu
[dezie | dezie ebe o si].
Edensibia
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]na'ikuku. A na-ekwupụta ha n'ezie naanị mgbe imi gasịrị, mana mkpuchi ọnụ dị mkpirikpi na nkwụsịtụ, ọ naghị emekarị ma ọlị na clicks. Ya mere, oge zuru oke nke ikwupụta bụ otu ihe ahụ dị ka na tenuis stops. (A pụkwara ikwupụta ha n'etiti ụdaume n'ụdị okwu ụfọdụ
- ↑ Xhosa – Definition and pronunciation. Oxford Learner's Dictionaries. Oxford University Press. Retrieved on 16 April 2014.
- ↑ Xhosa – pronunciation of Xhosa. Macmillan Dictionary. Macmillan Publishers Limited. Retrieved on 16 April 2014.
- ↑ Bauer (2007). The Linguistics Student's Handbook. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 978-0-74862-759-2.
- ↑ Constitution of Zimbabwe (final draft). Kubatana.net. Archived from the original on 2013-10-02. “The following languages, namely Chewa, Chibarwe, English, Kalanga, Koisan, Nambya, Ndau, Ndebele, Shangani, Shona, sign language,Venda,Tonga are the officially recognised languages of Zimbabwe.”
- ↑ Xhosa alphabet, pronunciation and language. www.omniglot.com. Retrieved on 2017-07-06.
- ↑ See Sands (2019). "Clicks on the fringes of the Kalahari Basin Area", in Clem: Theory and Description in African Linguistics: Selected Papers from the 47th Annual Conference on African Linguistics. Berlin: Language Science Press, 703–724. DOI:10.5281/zenodo.3365789. ISBN 978-3-96110-205-1.
- ↑ Parker (2003). Xhosa-English Dictionary. Webster's Online Dictionary. Archived from the original on 13 April 2004.
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 Xhosa. UCLA Language Materials Project. Archived from the original on 14 December 2007. Retrieved on 13 December 2006. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid
<ref>tag; name "ucla" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ South Africa Population grows to 44.8 Million. SouthAfrica.info (9 July 2003). Archived from the original on 22 May 2005.
- ↑ Xhosa. Ethnologue. Archived from the original on 28 July 2019. Retrieved on 22 October 2019.
- ↑ Thambalwam (2020). "IsiXhosa". Second Largest Language 367 (6477): 569–573. DOI:10.1126/science.aay8833. ISSN 1095-9203. PMID 32001654.
- ↑ Branford (3 July 2015). The Elements of English: An Introduction to the Principles of the Study of Language. Routledge, 65–. ISBN 978-1-317-42065-1.
- ↑ Jessen (2002). "An Acoustic Study of Contrasting Plosives and Click Accompaniments in Xhosa". Phonetica 59 (2–3): 150–179. DOI:10.1159/000066068. PMID 12232465.
- ↑ Saul (2020). Phonemes, Graphemes, and Democracy (in English). Pietermaritzberg, South Africa: University of KwaZulu-Natal, 87. ISBN 9781869144388.
- ↑ Jessen (2002). "Voice quality differences associated with stops and clicks in Xhosa". Journal of Phonetics 30 (1): 1–52. DOI:10.1006/jpho.2001.0150.
- ↑ Eligon. "Wakanda Is a Fake Country, but the African Language in 'Black Panther' is Real", The New York Times, 2018-02-16. Retrieved on 2018-05-07.
Njikọ mpụga
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
- Nkọwa asụsụ Xhosa(na UCLA Language Materials Project)
- PanAfrican L10n peeji na Xhosa
- Mụta Xhosa
- Akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu Xhosa dị na Global Lexicostatistical Database
- Paradisec nwere nchịkọta nke ihe Arthur Capell (AC1), nke gụnyere ihe asụsụ Xhosa
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