Coke na-egbu oge

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Otu ọkpọkọ anọ na-egbu oge n'ụlọ nrụpụta mmanụ

Cooker na-egbu oge bụ ụdị coker nke usoro ya na-agụnye ime ka mmanụ fọdụrụ na-ekpo ọkụ ruo na okpomọkụ ya na-agbaji n'ọkụ na-ekwo ọkụ nke nwere ọtụtụ ụzọ. Nke [1] na-eme ka mmiri hydrocarbon dị arọ, ogologo nke mmanụ fọdụrụ n'ime mmanụ coke na mmanụ petroleum coke. [2] [3]

Oge igbu oge bụ otu n'ime usoro unit eji eme ihe n'ọtụtụ ụlọ nrụpụta mmanụ. Foto dị n'akụkụ ya na-egosi otu coking na-egbu oge na drums 4. Otú [4] dị, ndị buru ibu nwere abụọ abụọ nke ịgbà, ụfọdụ nwere ihe ruru ịgbà 8, nke ọ bụla nwere ike ịnwe dayameta ruo mita 10 na ịdị elu zuru ezu ruo mita 43.

Mkpụrụ nke coke sitere na usoro coking na-egbu oge sitere na ihe dị ka pasent 18 ruo 30 site n'ịdị arọ nke mmanụ fọdụrụnụ nke feedstock, dabere na nhazi nke nri nri na mgbanwe ndị na-arụ ọrụ. Ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ nnụcha n'ụwa niile na-emepụta ihe ruru tọn 2,000 ruo 3,000 kwa ụbọchị nke coke mmanụ, ụfọdụ na-emepụta ọbụna karịa.] [5]

Ihe osise na nkọwa[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Eserese na nkọwapụta dị na ngalaba a gbadoro ụkwụ na nkeji coking na-egbu oge nwere otu ụzọ mkpọ coke na otu ọkụ nri nri. Otú ọ dị, dị ka ekwuru n'elu, nnukwu nkeji nwere ike inwe ihe ruru 4 ụzọ abụọ nke drum (mkpokọta 8) yana ọkụ maka otu ụzọ abụọ nke coke drum..

Otu coking na-egbu oge. Ihe osise nke ụdị unit ahụ, ebe mmanụ fọdụrụnụ na-abanye n'usoro dị n'aka ekpe ala (lee →), na-aga n'ihu site na mgbapụta gaa na isi fractionator (ogologo kọlụm dị n'akụkụ aka nri), nke a na-agbanye ihe fọdụrụnụ site na ọkụ n'ime drums coke (ogidi abụọ n'aka nri na etiti) ebe carbonization ikpeazụ na-ewere ọnọdụ, na okpomọkụ dị elu na nrụgide, na ọnụnọ nke uzuoku.

A na-agbanye mmanụ fọdụrụnụ site na unit distillation vacuum (mgbe ụfọdụ gụnyere mmanụ na-esi ísì ụtọ site na isi mmalite ndị ọzọ n'ime refinery) n'ime ala nke kọlụm distillation a na-akpọ isi fractionator. Site n'ebe ahụ, a na-agbanye ya, tinyere ụfọdụ anwụrụ ọkụ, n'ime ọkụ ọkụ ma mee ka ọ dị ọkụ ruo n'okpomọkụ nke ihe dị ka 480 °C.  Okpomọkụ na-amalite na ọkpọkọ dị n'etiti ọkụ na ọkpọ ọkpọkọ mbụ, ma na-agwụ na ọkpọọ ọkpọkọ nke dị n'elu mmiri. Mmiri a na-etinye na ya na-enyere aka belata ntinye coke n'ime tubes ọkụ.

Ịgbanye mmanụ fọdụrụnụ na-abata n'ime ala nke isi fractionator, kama ịbanye ozugbo n'ime ọkụ ahụ, na-ekpocha mmanụ fọdụrụnụ site n'ime ka ọ kpọtụrụ vapors na-ekpo ọkụ na ala nke fractionator. N'otu oge ahụ, ụfọdụ vapors ndị na-ekpo ọkụ na-ejupụta n'ime mmiri na-esi ísì ụtọ nke na-emegharịghachi n'ime ọkụ yana mmanụ fọdụrụnụ ọkụ.

Ka ọ na-agbaji n'ime drum, a na-emepụta mmanụ gas na ihe ndị dị mfe n'oge ikuku ma kewapụ ya na mmiri na ihe siri ike. Mmiri na-esi n'ụgbọ mmiri bụ anwụrụ ọkụ ma e wezụga mmiri ọ bụla ma ọ bụ ihe siri ike, a na-eduga ya na isi fractionator ebe a na-ekewa ya n'ime akụkụ ndị a chọrọ.

A na-etinye coke siri ike ma na-anọgide na drum coke n'ime ihe nwere oghere nke na-enye ohere ịgafe oghere. Dabere na usoro drum coke n'ozuzu a na-eji, drum coke nwere ike jupụta n'ime awa 16 ruo 24.

Mgbe ụda mbụ jupụtara na coke siri ike, ngwakọta na-ekpo ọkụ sitere na ọkụ na-agbanye n'ọkụ nke abụọ. Mgbe ịgbà nke abụọ na-ejupụta, a na-ekupụta drum nke mbụ juru eju iji belata ọdịnaya hydrocarbon dị na mmanụ ala coke, wee menyụọ ya na mmiri ka ọ dị jụụ. A na-ewepụ isi elu na ala nke coke drum zuru ezu, a na-ebipụkwa coke mmanụ ala siri ike site na coke drum na mmiri mmiri dị elu, ebe ọ na-adaba n'ime olulu, pad, ma ọ bụ sluiceway maka mgbake na nchekwa.

Ọdịdị nke coke[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Tebụl dị n'okpuru ebe a na-egosi ihe dịgasị iche iche maka coke mmanụ ala (nke a na-akpọ coke na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ [6]) mepụtara na coker na-egbu oge na ihe ndị kwekọrọ na ya mgbe a gbasịrị coke na 2375 °F (1302 °C):  

Ihe Ndị E Si Nri Na-egbu Oge
Akụkụ ya Cokeas na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ
 Ọkụ ọkụ 2375 °F
 
Carbon kwụ ọtọ, wt % 80 − 95 98.0 − 99.5
Hydrogen, wt % 3.0 − 4.5 0.1
Naịtrogen, wt % 0.1 − 0.5  
Sulfur, wt % 0.2 − 6.0  
Ihe na-efe efe, wt % 5 − 15 0.2 − 0.8
Mmiri, wt % 0.5 − 10 0.1
Ash, wt % 0.1 − 1.0 0.02 − 0.7
Mkpụrụ, g/cm3 1.2 − 1.6 1.9 − 2.1
Mkpụrụ, ịdị arọ ppm:
Aluminium    15 − 100 15 − 100
Boron    0.1 − 15 0.1 − 15
Calcium    25 − 500 25 − 500
Chromium    5 − 50 5 − 50
Cobalt    10 − 60 10 − 60
Iron    50 − 5000 50 − 5000
Manganese    2 − 100 2 − 100
Magnesium    10 − 250 10 − 250
Molybdenum    10 − 20 10 − 20
Nickel    10 − 500 10 − 500
Potassium    20 − 50 20 − 50
Silicon    50 − 600 50 − 600
Sodium    40 − 70 40 − 70
Titanium    2 − 60 2 − 60
Vanadium    5 − 500 5 − 500

Akụkọ ihe mere eme[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

E bu ụzọ mee mmanụ coke n'afọ 1860 na ụlọ nrụpụta mmanụ mbụ na Pennsylvania nke na-esi mmanụ n'ime obere, ígwè distillation stills iji weghachite kerosene, mmanụ oriọna dị mkpa. A na-eji osisi ma ọ bụ ọkụ coal nke e wuru n'okpuru ha na-ekpo ọkụ, nke na-ekpuchi ma na-eme ka mmanụ dị nso na ala. emechara distillation ahụ, a hapụrụ ka ọ jụọ oyi ma ndị ọrụ nwere ike igwu coke na tar.

  • N'afọ 1913, e nyere William Merriam Burton, onye na-arụ ọrụ dị ka onye na-emepụta kemịkal maka Standard Oil of Indiana refinery na Whiting, Indiana, ikike ikike [7] maka usoro mgbawa ọkụ nke Burton nke ọ mepụtara. O mechara bụrụ onye isi oche nke Standard Oil of Indiana tupu ọ laa ezumike nká.
  • N'afọ 1929, dabere na usoro ịgbaji ọkụ nke Burton, Standard Oil nke Indiana wuru coker mbụ na-egbu oge. chọrọ ka e jiri aka sie ike dee ya.
  • Na ngwụcha afọ 1930, mmanụ Shell mepụtara hydraulic decoking site na iji mmiri dị elu na refinery ha na Wood River, Illinois. Nke ahụ mere [8] o kwe omume, site n'inwe drum coke abụọ, maka igbu oge decoking ịghọ usoro na-aga n'ihu.
  • Site n'afọ 1955 gaa n'ihu, uto n'iji coking na-egbu oge mụbara.
  • [9] ọ na-erule afọ 2002, e nwere ụlọ nrụpụta mmanụ 130 n'ụwa niile na-emepụta tọn 172,000 kwa ụbọchị nke mmanụ. 'ime data ndị ahụ zuru ụwa ọnụ, ihe dị ka iri ise na itoolu coking units na-arụ ọrụ na United States ma na-emepụta 114,000 tọn kwa ụbọchị nke coke.

Ngwaahịa coke sitere [10] coker na-egbu oge nwere ọtụtụ ojiji na ngwa azụmahịa. [11] Ojiji kachasị ukwuu bụ dị ka mmanụ.

Ojiji maka coke na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ bụ:

  • Dị ka mmanụ maka ihe na-ekpo ọkụ na mbara igwe, nnukwu ụlọ ọrụ na-emepụta uzuoku, fluidized bed combustions, Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle (IGCC) units na cement ovenite ọkụ
  • N'ebe a na-akpụ ihe na silicon carbidefoundries
  • Maka imepụta ọkụ ọkụ

Ojiji maka coke a na-akpọ ọkụ bụ:

  • Dị ka anodes na mmepụta nke Aluminium
  • Na mmepụta nke titanium dioxide
  • Dị ka ihe na-ebuli carbon n'ime ígwè na ígwè
  • Ịmepụta graphite electrodes na ngwaahịa graphite ndị ọzọ dị ka brọsh graphite eji eme ihe na ngwá ọrụ eletrik
  • N'ihe owuwu carbon

Usoro ndị ọzọ maka imepụta mmanụ coke[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

[12] nwere usoro ndị ọzọ na-edozi mmanụ ala maka imepụta mmanụ ala, ya bụ usoro Fluid Coking na Flexicoking [13] nke ExxonMobil Research and Engineering mepụtara ma nye ya ikikere. Ụlọ ọrụ azụmahịa mbụ malitere ịrụ ọrụ na 1955. Afọ iri anọ [14] atọ ka e mesịrị, ka ọ na-erule afọ 1998, e nwere 18 n'ime nkeji ndị a na-arụ ọrụ n'ụwa niile [1] nke 6 n'ime ha dị na United States.

E nwere usoro ndị ọzọ yiri nke ahụ, mana ha anaghị emepụta mmanụ coke. ọmụmaatụ, Lurgi-VZK Flash Coker nke na-emepụta coke site na pyrolysis nke biomass.

Edensibia[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

  1. ↑ Petroleum Coke Glossary. Archived from the original on 2019-09-23. Retrieved on 2023-12-15.
  2. ↑ Gary, J.H. (1984). Petroleum Refining Technology and Economics, 2nd, Marcel Dekker, Inc. ISBN 0-8247-7150-8. 
  3. ↑ Leffler, W.L. (1985). Petroleum refining for the nontechnical person, 2nd, PennWell Books. ISBN 0-87814-280-0. 
  4. ↑ Delayed coking innovations and new design trends. Archived from the original on 2023-05-30. Retrieved on 2023-12-15.
  5. ↑ Staff (November 2002). "2002 Refining Processes". Hydrocarbon Processing: 85–147. ISSN 0887-0284. 
  6. ↑ Petroleum coke on the website of the IUPAC Compendium of Chemical Terminology
  7. ↑ United States Patent Number 0149667. Archived from the original on 2020-11-09. Retrieved on 2023-12-15.
  8. ↑ Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Tutorial
  9. ↑ Staff (31 December 2002). "2002 Worldwide Refining Survey". Oil and Gas Journal: 68–111. ISSN 0030-1388. 
  10. ↑ Petroleum coke utilization for cement kiln firing, by E. Kaplan and N. Nedder, Nesher Israel Cement Enterprises Ltd., presented at the Cement Industry Technical Conference, IEEE-IAS/PCA, in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, April–May, 2001
  11. ↑ Delayed Coking, An Attractive Alternative (by Franz B. Ehrhardt, Conoco Oil Company at Middle East Oil & Gas Conference in Bahrain)
  12. ↑ Jean-Francois Le Page (1992). Resid and Heavy Oil Processing. Editions Technip. ISBN 2-7108-0621-5. 
  13. ↑ (1994) in John C. McKetta: Encyclopedia of Chemical Processing and Design (Volume 48). CRC. ISBN 0-8247-2498-4. 
  14. ↑ Staff (November 1998). "1998 Refining Processes". Hydrocarbon Processing: 53–112. ISSN 0887-0284. 

Njikọ mpụga[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

 

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