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Duke Ellington

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Edward Kennedy "Duke" Ellington (Eprel 29, 1899 - Mee 24, 1974) bụ onye America na-akpọ piano jazz, onye na-ede egwu, na onye ndú nke otu egwu jazz ya site na 1923 ruo ndụ ya niile.[1]

Amụrụ ma zụlite na Washington, D.C., Ellington hibere na New York City site na etiti 1920 wee nweta profaịlụ mba site na ngosipụta ndị egwu ya na Cotton Club na Harlem. Ọkà mmụta n'ịde obere ihe maka usoro ndekọ rpm nkeji atọ, Ellington dere ma ọ bụ rụkọọ ọrụ n'ihe karịrị otu puku edemede; nnukwu ọrụ ya bụ ihe nketa jazz kachasị edekọ, na ọtụtụ akụkụ ya aghọwo ụkpụrụ. Ọ dekọkwara egwu ndị egwu ya dere, dị ka "Caravan" Juan Tizol, bụ nke wetara tinge Spanish na nnukwu jazz.

Na njedebe nke 1930s, Ellington malitere mmekorita ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ afọ iri atọ na onye na-ede egwú-onye nhazi-pianist Billy Strayhorn, onye ọ kpọrọ onye na-ede ihe na nhazi ya.[1] Site na Strayhorn, o mere otutu ihe agbakwunyere, ma ọ bụ suites, yana ọtụtụ mpempe akwụkwọ. Ruo afọ ole na ole na mmalite ntinye aka Strayhorn, ndị egwu Ellington gosipụtara bassist Jimmy Blanton na tenor saxophonist Ben Webster wee ruo n'ogo okike.[2] Afọ ole na ole ka e mesịrị na-esote oge dị ala, ngosipụta nke Ellington na ndị egwú ya na Newport Jazz Festival na July 1956 dugara na nnukwu mmeghachi omume na njem ụwa mgbe niile. Ellington dekọrọ maka ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ ndekọ America nke oge ya, rụọ ọrụ ma mee ọtụtụ ihe nkiri, ma dee egwu egwu ole na ole.

Ọ bụ ezie na ọ bụ onye dị mkpa n'akụkọ ihe mere eme nke jazz, n'echiche nke Gunther Schuller na Barry Kernfeld, "onye na-ede egwu kachasị mkpa nke ụdị ahụ", Ellington n'onwe ya nabatara ahịrịokwu ahụ "karịa ụdị", na-ewere ya dị ka ụkpụrụ nnwere onwe, ma na-ezo aka na egwu ya dị ka akụkụ nke ụdị egwu America. A maara Ellington maka ojiji o ji ìgwè ndị egwú, ma ọ bụ nnukwu ìgwè, yana maka ikwu okwu ya na ikike ya. E nyere ya onyinye pụrụ iche Pulitzer Prize maka egwu na 1999. [3]

Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

A mụrụ Ellington na Eprel 29, 1899, nye James Edward Ellington na Daisy (née Kennedy) Ellington na Washington, DC Ndị mụrụ ya abụọ bụ ndị na-akpo piano. Daisy na-akpọkarị egwu ụlọ, James makwara operatic aria.[7] Ha na nne na nna Daisy biri na 2129 Ida Place (ugbu a Ward Place) NW, na D.C.'s West End agbata.[1] A mụrụ nna Duke na Lincolnton, North Carolina na Eprel 15, 1879, na na 1886, ya na ndị mụrụ ya kwagara DC.[2] A mụrụ Daisy Kennedy na Washington, D.C., na Jenụwarị 4, 1879, ada nke ndị ohu America abụọ mbụ.[1] [3] James Ellington mere ụkpụrụ maka ndị agha mmiri United States.

Mgbe Ellington bụ nwatakịrị, ezinụlọ ya gosipụtara mpako agbụrụ na nkwado n'ụlọ ha, dị ka ọtụtụ ezinụlọ ndị ọzọ. Ndị Africa America nọ na DC rụrụ ọrụ iji chebe ụmụ ha pụọ na iwu Jim Crow nke oge ahụ.

Mgbe ọ dị afọ asaa, Ellington malitere ịnara nkuzi piano site na Marietta Clinkscales. Daisy ji ụmụ nwanyị nwere ugwu gbara nwa ya nwoke gburugburu iji mee ka omume ya sikwuo ike ma kụziere ya ịma mma. Ndị enyi ya n'oge ọ bụ nwata chọpụtara na uwe ya na-adịghị mma, nke na-adịghị mma na uwe mwụda nyere ya ohere nke nwa okorobịa a ma ama, [11] ya mere ha malitere ịkpọ ya "Duke". Ellington kwadoro enyi ya Edgar McEntee maka aha aha ahụ: "Echere m na ọ chere na ka m wee ruo eruo maka mkpakọrịta ya mgbe niile, m kwesịrị inwe aha. Ya mere ọ kpọrọ m Duke. "

Ọ bụ ezie na Ellington na-amụta piano, ọ nwere mmasị karịa na baseball. "President [Theodore] Roosevelt ga-abịa n'elu ịnyịnya ya mgbe ụfọdụ, ma "kwụsị ma lelee anyị ka anyị na-egwuri egwu", ka ọ chetara. Ellington gara Armstrong Technical High School na Washington, D.C. Ọrụ mbụ ya bụ ire ahụekere na egwuregwu baseball nke Washington Senators.

Ellington malitere ịbanye na Frank Holiday's Poolroom mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na anọ. Ịnụrụ egwu nke ndị na-akpọ piano na ọdọ mmiri kpaliri ịhụnanya Ellington nwere maka ngwá egwu ahụ, ọ malitekwara iwere ọmụmụ piano ya n'ụzọ siri ike. N'etiti ọtụtụ ndị na-akpọ piano ọ gere ntị bụ Doc Perry, Lester Dishman, Louis Brown, Turner Layton, Gertie Wells, Clarence Bowser, Sticky Mack, Blind Johnny, Cliff Jackson, Claude Hopkins, Phil Wurd, Caroline Thornton, Luckey Roberts, Eubie Blake, Joe Rochester, na Harvey Brooks.[4]

N'oge ọkọchị nke afọ 1914, mgbe ọ na-arụ ọrụ dị ka soda jerk na Poodle Dog Café, Ellington dere egwu mbụ ya, "Soda Fountain Rag" (nke a makwaara dị ka "Poodle Dog Rag"). O ji ntị mepụta ihe ahụ, ebe ọ na-amụtabeghị ịgụ na ide egwu. "M ga-akpọ 'Soda Fountain Rag' dị ka otu nzọụkwụ, nzọụkwụ abụọ, waltz, tango, na fox trot", ka Ellington chetara. "Ndị na-ege ntị amaghị na ọ bụ otu ihe ahụ. E guzobere m dị ka onye nwere ihe ndekọ nke m. " [5] N'akụkọ ndụ ya, Music is my Mistress (1973), Ellington dere na ọ hapụrụ ọtụtụ nkuzi karịa ka ọ gara, na-eche n'oge ahụ na piano abụghị talent ya.

Ellington gara n'ihu na-ege ntị, na-ekiri, ma na-eṅomi ndị na-akpọ piano ragtime, ọ bụghị naanị na Washington, D.C. kamakwa na Philadelphia na Atlantic City, ebe ya na nne ya nọrọ ezumike n'oge ọkọchị.[5] Mgbe ụfọdụ, ọ na-anụ egwu dị iche iche nke ndị na-enweghị ike ịzụta ọtụtụ egwu egwu, yabụ maka ọdịiche, ha na-akpọ ákwà ahụ n'elu ala.[6] Henry Lee Grant, onye nkuzi egwu nke Dunbar High School, nyere ya nkuzi onwe onye n'ịdị n'otu. Site na nduzi ọzọ nke onye na-eme piano na onye ndú egwu nke Washington bụ Oliver "Doc" Perry, Ellington mụtara ịgụ egwu, mepụta ụdị ọkachamara, ma melite usoro ya. Ellington sikwa n'ike mmụọ nsọ ya na Ndị na-akpọ piano James P. Johnson na Luckey Roberts. Ka e mesịrị na New York, ọ natara ndụmọdụ site n'aka Will Marion Cook, Fats Waller, na Sidney Bechet. Ọ malitere igwu egwu na kọfị na klọb dị na Washington, D.C. Mmekọrịta ya na egwu siri ike nke na n'afọ 1916 ọ jụrụ agụmakwụkwọ nka na Pratt Institute na Brooklyn. Ọnwa atọ tupu ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ, ọ hapụrụ Armstrong Manual Training School, ebe ọ na-amụ nka azụmahịa.[7]

Ọrụ[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Ọrụ mmalite[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

N'ịbụ onye na-arụ ọrụ dị ka onye na-ese ihe nrịbama na-akwụghị ụgwọ site na 1917, Ellington malitere ikpokọta otu ka ha kpọọ maka ịgba egwu. N'afọ 1919, ọ zutere onye na-akụ egwu Sonny Greer si New Jersey, onye gbara ume Ellington nwere ọchịchọ ịghọ onye na-egwu egwu ọkachamara. Ellington wuru azụmahịa egwu ya site na ọrụ ụbọchị ya. Mgbe onye ahịa gwara ya ka o mee akara maka ịgba egwu ma ọ bụ nnọkọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ, ọ na-ajụ ma ha nwere ntụrụndụ egwu; Ọ bụrụ na ọ bụghị, Ellington ga-enye ohere igwu egwu maka mmemme ahụ. O nwekwara ọrụ onye ozi na ngalaba ndị agha mmiri US na steeti, ebe o mere ọtụtụ kọntaktị.

Ellington si n'ụlọ ndị mụrụ ya pụọ wee zụta nke ya ka ọ na-aghọ onye na-akpọ piano nke ọma. Na mbụ, ọ na-egwuri egwu n'òtù ndị ọzọ, na ngwụcha afọ 1917 o guzobere otu mbụ ya, "The Duke's Serenaders" ("Colored Syncopators", mgbasa ozi ekwentị ya mara ọkwa). [7] Ọ bụkwa onye na-ede akwụkwọ nke otu ahụ. Ụbọchị mbụ ọ na-egwu bụ na True Reformer's Hall, ebe ọ kpọtara 75 cents.

Ellington na-egwuri egwu na mpaghara DC niile wee banye na Virginia maka bọọlụ ọha na eze na nnọkọ ndị nnọchi anya obodo. Ndị otu ahụ gụnyere enyi nwata bụ Otto Hardwick, bụ onye malitere ịkụ egwu bass, wee kwaga na C-melody sax ma mesịa biri na alto saxophone; Arthur Whetsel na opi; Elmer Snowden na banjo; na Sonny Greer na-agba. Ndị otu ahụ nwere ọganihu, na-eme ihe maka ma ndị Africa America na ndị ọcha, ndị na-adịghị ahụkebe na ọha mmadụ nke oge ahụ.

Ntinye nke "East St. Louis Toodle-Oo" (1927)

Mgbe a kpọrọ onye na-akụ ya Sonny Greer ka ọ sonye na Wilber Sweatman Orchestra na New York City, Ellington hapụrụ ọrụ ya na-aga nke ọma na DC wee kwaga Harlem, n'ikpeazụ ghọọ akụkụ nke Harlem Renaissance.[21] Egwú ọhụrụ dị ka Charleston pụtara na Harlem, yana Ihe nkiri egwu ndị Africa America, gụnyere Eubie Blake na Noble Sissle (nke ikpeazụ bụ onye agbata obi ya) Shuffle Along. Mgbe ndị na-eto eto na-agụ egwú hapụrụ Sweatman Orchestra iji mee ihe n'onwe ha, ha chọtara ihe nkiri jazz na-apụta nke na-asọ mpi nke siri ike. Ha na-agba ọsọ n'ụbọchị ma na-egwu egwu ọ bụla ha nwere ike ịchọta. Ndị na-eto eto zutere onye na-eme piano Willie "The Lion" Smith, onye mere ka ha mara ebe ahụ ma nye ha ego. Ha na-egwuri egwu na oriri na ọṅụṅụ maka ego ha nwetara. Mgbe ọnwa ole na ole gasịrị, ndị na-eto eto na-eti egwu laghachiri Washington, D.C., na-enwe nkụda mmụọ.

Na June 1923, ha gbara egwu na Atlantic City, New Jersey na nke ọzọ na prestigious Exclusive Club na Harlem. Nke a sochiri na Septemba 1923 site na ịkwaga na Hollywood Club (na 49th na Broadway) na nkwa afọ anọ, nke nyere Ellington ntọala nka siri ike. A maara ya ka ọ na-akpọ opi na njedebe nke arụmọrụ ọ bụla. A na-akpọ ndị otu ahụ na mbụ Elmer Snowden na Black Sox Orchestra ma nwee ndị otu asaa, gụnyere opi James "Bubber" Miley. Ha degharịrị aha onwe ha The Washingtonians. Snowden hapụrụ otu ahụ na mmalite 1924, Ellington weghaara ọkwa dịka onye isi otu. Mgbe ọkụ gbasịrị, e meghere ụlọ ọgbakọ ahụ dị ka Club Kentucky (nke a na-akpọkarị Kentucky Club).

Ellington wee mee ndekọ asatọ na 1924, na-enweta otuto maka ide egwu na atọ gụnyere "Choo Choo". N'afọ 1925, Ellington nyere egwu anọ na Chocolate Kiddies nke Lottie Gee na Adelaide Hall na-eme, bụ ihe niile African American revue nke mere ka ndị na-ege ntị Europe mara ụdị na ndị na-eme ihe nkiri African American.  Duke Ellington na ndị Kentucky Club Orchestra ya toro ruo otu ndị egwu iri; ha mepụtara ụda nke ha site na ngosipụta na-abụghị omenala nke nhazi Ellington, ụda okporo ámá nke Harlem, na ụda trombone na wah-wahs, opi na-eti mkpu, na saxophone blues licks nke ndị otu ahụ. N'oge dị mkpirikpi, soprano saxophonist na clarinetist Sidney Bechet so ha kpọọ egwu, a kọrọ na ọ ghọrọ onye kachasị n'òtù ahụ, ebe Sonny Greer na-ekwu na Bechet "kwụrụ òtù ahụ dị ka glove". Ọnụnọ ya mere ka ya na Miley na onye na-eme trombone Charlie Irvis nwee esemokwu, ndị ụdị ha dị iche na egwu Bechet nke New Orleans. Ọ bụ n'ụzọ bụ isi enweghị ntụkwasị obi Bechet - ọ nọghị ya ụbọchị atọ n'usoro - nke mere ka mmekọrịta ya na Ellington dị mkpụmkpụ.

Mmekọrịta Cotton Club[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

N'ọnwa Ọktoba 1926, Ellington na onye na-ebipụta akwụkwọ Irving Mills mere nkwekọrịta, [8] na-enye Mills mmasị 45% na ọdịnihu Ellington. Mills nwere anya maka nkà ọhụrụ ma bipụta ihe Hoagy Carmichael, Dorothy Fields, na Harold Arlen dere na mbido ọrụ ha. Mgbe o dekọrọ akụkụ ole na ole n'oge 1924-26, ntinye aka Ellington na Mills nyere ya ohere idekọ nke ọma. Otú ọ dị, mgbe ụfọdụ ọ na-edekọ nsụgharị dị iche iche nke otu egwu ahụ. Mills na-ewere otuto mgbe niile dị ka onye na-ede egwu. Site na mmalite nke mmekọrịta ha, Mills haziri nnọkọ ndekọ na ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ akara ọ bụla gụnyere Brunswick, Victor, Columbia, OKeh, Pathé (na ndị enyemaka ya, Zuru okè), ARC/Plaza otu akara (Oriole, Domino, Jewel, Banner) na Akara ụlọ ahịa dime ha (Cameo, Lincoln, Romeo), Hit of the Week, na akara dị ọnụ ala Columbia (Harmony, Diva, Velvet Tone, Clarion) nke nyere Ellington ama ama. Na OKeh, a na-enyekarị ndekọ ya dị ka Harlem Footwarmers. N'ụzọ dị iche, a na-enyekarị Brunswicks dị ka The Jungle Band. Whoopee Makers na Ten BlackBerries bụ aha ndị ọzọ.

Na Septemba 1927, Eze Oliver jụrụ inye ndị otu ya akwụkwọ oge niile dịka ndị otu ụlọ na Harlem's Cotton Club; Ellington ga-abawanye site na otu isii ruo iri na otu iji mezuo ihe ndị nlekọta Cotton Club chọrọ maka nyocha ahụ, [3] na ntinye aka ahụ mechara malite na Disemba 4. [9][10] Site na mgbasa ozi redio kwa izu, ndị ahịa Cotton Club na-acha ọcha na ndị bara ọgaranya na-abanye n'abalị ọ bụla iji hụ ha. Na Cotton Club, ndị otu Ellington mere egwu niile maka revues, nke jikọtara comedy, nọmba ịgba egwu, vaudeville, burlesque, egwu, na mmanya na-aba n'anya. Ọ bụ Jimmy McHugh dere nọmba egwu ahụ na Dorothy Fields (mgbe e mesịrị Harold Arlen na Ted Koehler), na ụfọdụ Ellington mbụ agwakọta. (N'ebe a, ya na onye na-agba egwú, nwunye ya nke abụọ Mildred Dixon biri). Mgbasa ozi redio kwa izu site na klọb ahụ nyere Ellington ihe ngosi mba. N'otu oge ahụ, Ellington dekwara egwu Fields-JMcHugh na Fats Waller-Andy Razaf.

Adelaide Hall dekọrọ Creole Love Call na Ellington na 1927. Ihe ndekọ ahụ ghọrọ ihe a ma ama n'ụwa niile.

Ọ bụ ezie na onye na-afụ opi Bubber Miley bụ onye otu ndị egwú maka obere oge, o nwere mmetụta dị ukwuu na ụda Ellington.[11] Dị ka onye na-egosipụta opi na-eti mkpu, Miley gbanwere ụda egwu na-atọ ụtọ nke otu ahụ ka ọ bụrụ nke na-ekpo ọkụ, nke ndị oge ya kpọrọ Jungle Style, nke a pụrụ ịhụ na chorus ya na East St. Louis Toodle-Oo (1926).[31] N'ọnwa Ọktoba 1927, Ellington na ndị egwú ya dekọrọ ọtụtụ egwu na Adelaide Hall. Otu akụkụ karịsịa, "Creole Love Call", ghọrọ ihe na-akpali akpali n'ụwa niile ma nye ma Ellington na Hall ndekọ mbụ ha. Miley dere ọtụtụ n'ime "Creole Love Call" na "Black and Tan Fantasy". Onye aṅụrụma, Miley hapụrụ òtù ahụ tupu ha enweta aha ọma. Ọ nwụrụ na 1932 mgbe ọ dị afọ 29, mana ọ nwere mmetụta dị mkpa na Cootie Williams, onye nọchiri ya.

Na 1929, Cotton Club Orchestra pụtara na ogbo ruo ọtụtụ ọnwa na Florenz Ziegfeld's Show Girl, yana kpakpando vaudeville Jimmy Durante, Eddie Foy, Jr., Ruby Keeler, yana egwu na egwu George Gershwin na Gus Kahn. Will Vodery, onye nlekọta egwu nke Ziegfeld, kwadoro Ellington maka ihe ngosi ahụ.[34] Dị ka John Edward Hasse's Beyond Category: The Life and Genius of Duke Ellington si kwuo, "Ikekwe n'oge a na-agba ọsọ nke Show Girl, Ellington nwetara ihe o mesịrị kpọọ 'ihe mmụta bara uru na nhazi nke Will Vody." Na 1946 biography, Duke Ellington, Barry Ulanov dere, sị:   Ọrụ ihe nkiri Ellington malitere na Black and Tan (1929), nke dị nkeji iri na itoolu nke African American RKO mkpirisi [1] nke ọ kpọrọ dike "Duke". Ọ pụtakwara na ihe nkiri Amos 'n' Andy Check na Double Check ewepụtara na 1930, bụ nke na-egosi ndị egwu egwu na-akpọ "Old Man Blues" na ebe ịgba bọọlụ gbatịrị agbatị.[37] N'afọ ahụ, Ellington na Orchestra ya jikọtara ya na ndị na-ege ntị dị iche iche na egwu egwu ya na Maurice Chevalier, ha na-emekwa na Roseland Ballroom, "America's preemost ballroom". Onye na-ede egwú a mụrụ n'Australia Percy Grainger bụ onye na-enwe mmasị n'oge mbụ na onye nkwado. O dere, sị, "Ndị na-ede egwú atọ kasị ukwuu nke dịworo ndụ bụ Bach, Delius na Duke Ellington. N'ụzọ dị mwute, Bach anwụọla, Delius na-arịa ọrịa nke ukwuu ma anyị nwere obi ụtọ na anyị na anyị taa Duke ".[2] Oge mbụ Ellington na Cotton Club kwụsịrị na 1931.

Ná mmalite afọ ndị 1930[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Ellington duuru ndị egwu egwu site na iji akara piano na mmegharị anya na-eduzi site na kiiboodu; ọ na-adịkarị obere ka ọ na-eji osisi eme ihe. Ka ọ na-erule 1932 òtù egwú ya nwere ngwá egwú ọla isii, ahịhịa amị anọ, na otu akụkụ nke ndị egwuregwu anọ.[1] Dịka onye ndu, Ellington abụghị onye ndụmọdụ siri ike; ọ ji nchikota nke ịma mma, ọchị, ịja mma, na akparamagwa nwere ọgụgụ isi na-achịkwa ndị egwú ya. Onye dị mgbagwoju anya, onye nzuzo, ọ na-ekpughere mmetụta ya naanị ndị ya na ya na-akpachi anya. O ji ọdịdị ọha ya mee ihe n'ụzọ dị irè iji wepụ uche n'ebe onwe ya nọ.

Ellington bịanyere aka na Brunswick naanị na 1932 wee soro ha nọrọ ruo ngwụcha 1936 (n'agbanyeghị na ọ nwere obere oge 1933-34 gbanwee gaa na Victor mgbe Irving Mills wepụrụ ihe omume ya na Brunswick nwa oge).

Ka ịda mbà n'obi na-akawanye njọ, ụlọ ọrụ na-edekọ ihe nọ na nsogbu, na-agbada ihe karịrị 90% nke ndị na-ese ihe na 1933.[1] A goro Ivie Anderson n'ọrụ dị ka onye egwu egwu Ellington Orchestra na 1931. Ọ bụ onye na-agụ ụda na "It Don't Mean a Thing (If It Ain't Get That Swing)" (1932) n'etiti ihe ndekọ ndị ọzọ..Sonny Greer anọwo na-enye olu oge ụfọdụ ma gaa n'ihu na-eme ihe na-ekwu okwu na Anderson. Ihe ngosi redio nyere aka mee ka Ellington nọgide na-enwe ọkwa ọha na eze ka ndị egwú ya malitere ịgagharị. 78 ndị ọzọ nke oge a gụnyere: "Mood Indigo" (1930), "Sophisticated Lady" (1933), "Solitude" (1934), na "In a Sentimental Mood" (1935).

Ọ bụ ezie na ndị na-ege Ellington United States nọgidere bụrụ ndị Africa America n'oge a, ndị egwu egwu nwere nnukwu ndị na-eso ya na mba ofesi. Ha gara England na Scotland na 1933, yana France (egwu egwu atọ na Salle Pleyel na Paris) [1] na Netherlands tupu ha alaghachi New York.[2] [3] Na June 12, 1933, Duke Ellington Orchestra nyere mpụta mbụ ya na Britain na London Palladium;Ellington natara otuto mgbe ọ na-eje ije n'elu ikpo okwu. Ha bụ otu n'ime ihe iri na atọ na ụgwọ ahụ ma bụrụ ndị a kpaara ókè na ọnụọgụ asatọ dị mkpirikpi; ndebanye aha ahụ dịgidere ruo June 24. [12] Nleta ndị Britain hụrụ Ellington ka ọ na-enweta otuto site n'aka ndị otu egwu dị egwu, gụnyere onye na-ede egwu Constant Lambert, nke mere ka mmasị Ellington n'ide ọrụ ogologo.

Iberibe ya ndị toro ogologo amalitelarị ịpụta. Ellington edeela ma dekọọ "Creole Rhapsody" n'oge dị ka 1931 (ewepụtara dị ka akụkụ abụọ nke ndekọ 12' maka Victor na akụkụ abụọ nke ndekọ 10" maka Brunswick).[47] A ụtụ nne ya, "Reminiscing na Tempo", were anọ 10" 78rpm ndekọ n'akụkụ ka ndekọ na 1935 mgbe ọ nwụsịrị n'afọ ahụ.[48] Symphony na Black (nakwa 1935), a obere ihe nkiri, featured ya ogologo ibe ' A Rhapsody of Negro Life' Ọ gosipụtara Billie Holiday, ma merie Academy Award maka Best Musical Short Subject. Ellington na ndị egwú ya pụtakwara na ihe nkiri Murder at the Vanities na Belle of the Nineties (ha abụọ bụ 1934).

Maka onye ọrụ Mills, nlebara anya ahụ bụ mmeri mgbasa ozi, dịka a maara Ellington ugbu a n'ụwa niile. Na njem nke òtù ahụ site na South nke kewara ekewa na 1934, ha zere ụfọdụ ihe isi ike njem nke ndị Africa America site na ịgagharị na ụgbọ okporo ígwè onwe ha. Ndị a nyere ebe obibi, nri, na nchekwa maka ngwá ọrụ ka ha na-ezere ihere nke ụlọ ndị kewara ekewa.

Otú ọ dị, asọmpi ahụ gbasiri ike ka ìgwè egwu egwu dịka Benny Goodman malitere inweta nlebara anya zuru oke. Ịgba egwu Swing ghọrọ ihe ntorobịa, ọkachasị ndị na-ege ntị na kọleji ọcha, na ịgba egwu mere ka ịre ahịa na ntinye akwụkwọ. Jukeboxes mụbara na mba niile, na-agbasa ozi ọma nke swing. Ndị otu Ellington nwere ike na-amagharị, mana ike ha bụ ọnọdụ, nuance na ụbara ihe mejupụtara ya, ya mere nkwupụta ya "jazz bụ egwu, swing bụ azụmahịa".

Mgbe afọ 1930 gasịrị[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Site na 1936, Ellington malitere iji obere ìgwè (sextets, octets, na nonets) dekọọ ndekọ sitere na ìgwè ndị egwú 15 ya n'oge ahụ.[51] O dere iberibe ndị e bu n'obi iji gosipụta otu ngwa ngwa, dị ka "Jeep's Blues" maka Johnny Hodges, "Akụkụ maka Ịhụnanya" maka Lawrence Brown, "Trumpet in Spades" maka Rex Stewart, "Echoes of Harlem" maka Cootie Williams na "Clarinet Lament". " maka Barney Bigard.[52] Na 1937, Ellington laghachiri na Cotton Club, nke kwagara n'etiti obodo Theatre District. N'oge ọkọchị nke afọ ahụ, nna ya nwụrụ, na n'ihi ọtụtụ mmefu, ego Ellington siri ike. Otú ọ dị, ọnọdụ ya ka mma n'afọ ndị sochirinụ.

Mgbe ọ hapụsịrị onye nnọchi anya Irving Mills, ọ banyere na William Morris Agency. Otú ọ dị, Mills gara n'ihu na-edekọ Ellington. Mgbe nanị otu afọ gasịrị, akara nna ukwu ya na ụdị dị iche iche (obere ìgwè ndị e dekọrọ maka nke ikpeazụ) daa ná ngwụsị 1937. Mills debere Ellington azụ na Brunswick na obere ìgwè ndị ahụ na Vocalion ruo 1940. A nọgidere na-edekọ akụkụ ndị a maara nke ọma. , “Caravan” na 1937, na “Ekwere M Ka Abụ Ọma Si n’Obi M Ga-aga” n’afọ sochirinụ.

Ellington na 1939

Billy Strayhorn, onye e were n'ọrụ dị ka onye na-ede abụ, malitere mmekọrịta ya na Ellington na 1939. [13] A na-akpọ ya "Sweet Pea" maka omume ya dị nro, n'oge na-adịghị anya, Strayhorn ghọrọ onye otu dị mkpa nke nzukọ Ellington. Ellington gosipụtara nnukwu mmasị n'ebe Strayhorn nọ ma ghara ikwu okwu n'ụzọ na-egbuke egbuke banyere nwoke ahụ na mmekọrịta ọrụ ha, "ogwe aka nri m, ogwe aka ekpe m, anya niile dị n'azụ isi m, ụbụrụ m dị n'isi ya, na nke m". Strayhorn, site na nkuzi ya na egwu oge gboo, ọ bụghị naanị nyere egwu egwu na egwu mbụ ya kamakwa ọ hazie ma mekwaa ọtụtụ ọrụ Ellington, wee bụrụ Ellington nke abụọ ma ọ bụ “Duke's doppelgänger”. Ọ bụghị ihe ọhụrụ ka Strayhorn dejupụta maka Duke, ma ọ bụ na-eduzi ma ọ bụ na-emegharị ìgwè ahụ, na-akpọ piano, na ogbo, na n'ebe a na-edekọ ihe.[1] Afọ iri ahụ kwụsịrị na njem nleta ndị Europe na-aga nke ọma na 1939 dị nnọọ ka Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ na-adakwasị na Europe.

Ellington na mbido ruo n'etiti afọ 1940[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Duke Ellington na Hurricane Club, Broadway & W. 51St, New York City, [14] Mee 1943

Ndị egwu abụọ sonyeere Ellington n'oge a mepụtara mmetụta n'onwe ha, Jimmy Blanton na Ben Webster. E were Blanton n'ọrụ n'ụzọ dị irè n'ebe ahụ na ngwụcha Ọktoba 1939, tupu Ellington amata aha ya, mgbe ọ banyere na egwu Fate Marable na St Louis.[15] Blanton nke dị mkpirikpi gbanwere ojiji nke bass abụọ na jazz, na-enye ya ohere ịrụ ọrụ dị ka ngwá egwu solo / melodic kama ịbụ ngwá egwu rhythm naanị.[58]Ọrịa na-egbu egbu mere ka ọ pụọ na njedebe 1941 ka ihe dị ka afọ abụọ gachara. Oge isi nke Ben Webster na Ellington dịruru 1939 ruo 1943. Ọchịchọ nke ya, ọ gwara onye were ya n'ọrụ gara aga, Teddy Wilson, onye na-edukwa otu nnukwu ìgwè, na Ellington bụ naanị onye mgba ọ ga-ahapụ Wilson. Ọ bụ onye na-egwu egwuregwu saxophonist nke mbụ nke ndị egwu egwu wee mee ka akụkụ sax ahụ gbasaa ruo ise na nke mbụ.[2][1] Johnny Hodges nwere mmetụta dị ukwuu, ọ na-ekwukarị na Hodges gosiri ya "otu esi akpọ mpi m". Ndị ikom abụọ ahụ nọdụrụ n'akụkụ ibe ha n'òtù egwú..

Onye na-afụ opi Ray Nance sonyeere, na-anọchi Cootie Williams onye hapụrụ Benny Goodman. Tụkwasị na nke a, Nance gbakwunyere violin na agba ndị Ellington nwere n'aka ya. Ihe ndekọ dị na ụbọchị egwu mbụ nke Nance na Nọvemba 7, 1940, na Fargo, North Dakota. N'ịbụ ndị Jack Towers na Dick Burris mere na nzuzo, e wepụtara ihe ndekọ ndị a n'ụzọ ziri ezi na 1978 dị ka Duke Ellington na Fargo, 1940 Live; ha so na ndị mbụ nke ọtụtụ ihe ngosi dị ndụ nke dị ndụ. Nance bụkwa onye na-agụ egwú oge ụfọdụ, ọ bụ ezie na Herb Jeffries bụ onye isi nwoke na-agụ egwu n'oge a (ruo 1943) ebe Al Hibbler (onye nọchiri Jeffries na 1943) gara n'ihu ruo 1951. Ivie Anderson hapụrụ na 1942 n'ihi ihe gbasara ahụike mgbe afọ iri na otu gasịrị, oge kachasị ogologo n'ime ndị ọ bụla na-agụ egwú Ellington.[16]

Ndekọ ọzọ maka Victor (site na 1940), ebe a na-enye ndị nta ahụ na akara Bluebird ha, ihe osise nkeji atọ na akụkụ ndekọ 78 rpm gara n'ihu na-esi na Ellington, Billy Strayhorn, nwa Ellington Mercer Ellington, na ndị otu egwu egwu. [63] "Cotton Tail", "Main Stem", "Harlem Air Shaft", "Jack the Bear", na ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ sitere n'oge a. Strayhorn's "Take the "A" Train", a hit na 1941, ghọrọ isiokwu nke òtù ahụ, dochie "East St. Louis Toodle-Oo". Ellington na ndị mmekọ ya dere maka otu ndị egwú nwere olu pụrụ iche na-egosipụta nnukwu ihe okike.[17] E wepụtara ihe ndekọ azụmahịa sitere n'oge a na nchịkọta CD atọ, Never No Lament, na 2003.

Otú ọ dị, ebumnobi Ellington dị ogologo bụ ịgbatị ụdị jazz site na njedebe nkeji atọ ahụ, nke ọ bụ nna ukwu a kwadoro.[1] Ọ bụ ezie na o depụtala ma dekọọ akụkụ ụfọdụ agbasawanye na mbụ, ọrụ ndị dị otú ahụ ghọrọ ihe a na-ahụkarị na mmepụta Ellington. Na nke a, Strayhorn nyeere ya aka, onye nwetara ọzụzụ nke ọma n'ụdị ejikọtara na egwu oge ochie karịa Ellington.Nke mbụ n’ime ndị a, Black, Brown, and Beige (1943), raara onwe ya nye n’ịkọ akụkọ banyere ndị America America na ebe ịgba ohu na ụka na akụkọ ntolite ha.[66] Black, Brown na Beige rụrụ arụrụ arụ na Carnegie Hall na Jenụwarị 23, 1943, na-amalite usoro egwu Ellington kwa afọ na ebe a na-eme egwuregwu n'ime afọ anọ na-esote. Ọ bụ ezie na ụfọdụ ndị na-egwu jazz na-egwuri egwu na Carnegie Hall na mbụ, ọ dịghị onye mere ihe ọ bụla dị ka ọrụ Ellington. N'ụzọ dị mwute, ịmalite usoro oge niile, a naghị anabatakarị ọrụ Ellington ogologo oge.

Ihe dị iche iche bụ Jump for Joy, egwu zuru oke dabere na isiokwu nke njirimara African American, nke malitere na Julaị 10, 1941, na Ụlọ ihe nkiri Mayan na Los Angeles. Ndị na-eme ihe nkiri Hollywood bụ John Garfield na Mickey Rooney tinyere ego na mmepụta ahụ, Charlie Chaplin na Orson Welles kwere nkwa iduzi.[18] N'otu ihe ngosi, Garfield siri ọnwụ na Herb Jeffries, onye nwere akpụkpọ anụ, kwesịrị iyi ihe ntecha. Ellington jụrụ n'oge ahụ ma jiri Jeffries tụnyere Al Jolson. A gbanwere mgbanwe ahụ. Onye na-agụ egwú ahụ mechara kwuo na ndị na-ege ntị ga-eche na ọ bụ onye dị iche na ọkara nke abụọ nke ihe ngosi ahụ.

Ọ bụ ezie na ọ na-ere ahịa ma nweta nyocha dị mma, ọ gbara naanị 122 performances ruo na Septemba 29, 1941, na mweghachi dị mkpirikpi na Nọvemba nke afọ ahụ. Isiokwu ya emeghị ka ọ bụrụ ihe na-adọrọ mmasị na Broadway; Ellington nwere atụmatụ na-emezughị iji kpọga ya ebe ahụ.[19] N'agbanyeghị mmechuihu a, mmepụta Broadway nke Ellington's Beggar's Holiday, naanị akwụkwọ egwu ya, gosipụtara na Disemba 23, 1946, n'okpuru nduzi nke Nicholas Ray.[20]

Ndozi mmachibido iwu ndekọ ndekọ mbụ nke 1942–44, na-eduga n'ịbawanye ụgwọ ọrụ eze a na-akwụ ndị na-egwu egwu, nwere nnukwu mmetụta na ikike ego nke nnukwu ìgwè, gụnyere Ellington's Orchestra. Ego ọ na-enweta dị ka onye na-ede abụ nyere ya aka. Ọ bụ ezie na ọ na-emefu ego mgbe nile ma na-enweta ego a na-akwanyere ùgwù site n'ọrụ ndị egwú egwú, ego ndị òtù egwú na-enweta na-ekpuchi nanị mmefu.[1] Otú ọ dị, na 1943 Ellington gwara Webster ka ọ pụọ; Àgwà onye saxophonist mere ka ndị ọrụ ibe ya nwee nchegbu na onye saxophonist na-enwekarị esemokwu na onye ndu.

Afọ ndị mbụ mgbe agha gasịrị[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Ndị na-agụ egwú na-abanye n'ọrụ agha na ihe mgbochi njem mere ka njem sie ike maka nnukwu ìgwè, na ịgba egwú ghọrọ ihe a ga-akwụ ụtụ isi ọhụrụ, nke gara n'ihu ruo ọtụtụ afọ, na-emetụta nhọrọ nke ndị nwe klọb. Ka ọ na-erule oge Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ kwụsịrị, a na-elekwasị anya na egwu egwu dịka Frank Sinatra na Jo Stafford. Ka ọnụahịa nke iwe nnukwu ìgwè n'ọrụ amụbaala, ndị nwe klọb ahụ ugbu a hụrụ obere ìgwè jazz dị ọnụ ala karị. Ụfọdụ n'ime ọrụ ọhụrụ Ellington, dị ka ụda olu na-enweghị okwu "Transblucency" (1946) na Kay Davis, agaghị enwe ihe yiri nke ahụ dị ka kpakpando ọhụrụ.

Ellington na-ese foto na piano ya na KFG Radio Studio na Nọvemba 3, 1954.

Ellington gara n'ihu n'ụzọ nke ya site na mgbanwe tectonic ndị a. Ọ bụ ezie na a manyere Count Basie ịgbasa mkpokọta ya ma rụọ ọrụ dị ka octet ruo nwa oge, Ellington nwere ike ịgagharị ọtụtụ n'Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ Europe n'etiti Eprel 6 na June 30, 1950, ebe ndị egwu egwu na-egwu ụbọchị 74 n'ime ụbọchị 77.[1] N'oge njem ahụ, dịka Sonny Greer siri kwuo, Ellington arụghị ọrụ ọhụrụ ahụ.Agbanyeghị, ihe mejupụtara Ellington gbatịrị agbatị, Harlem (1950), nọ na-emecha n'oge a. Ellington mechara wepụta akara ya nye Onye isi ala hụrụ egwu n'anya Harry Truman. Ọzọkwa n'oge ya na Europe, Ellington ga-edepụta egwu maka ihe ngosi nke Orson Welles. Oge akpọrọ Time na-agba ọsọ na Paris[1] na mgbede na Orson Welles na Frankfurt, ihe ngosi dị iche iche gosikwara Eartha Kitt ọhụrụ achọpụtara, onye rụrụ egwu izizi Ellington bụ "Agụụ obere nsogbu" dị ka Helen nke Troy.

Na 1951, Ellington nwere nnukwu mfu nke ndị ọrụ: Sonny Greer, Lawrence Brown, na, nke kachasị mkpa, Johnny Hodges hapụrụ ịchụso ihe omume ndị ọzọ. Agbanyeghị, naanị Greer bụ onye ọpụpụ na-adịgide adịgide. Drummer Louie Bellson nọchiri Greer, na "Skin Deep" ya bụ ihe egwu maka Ellington. Onye ọkpụkpọ Tenor Paul Gonsalves sonyeere na Disemba 1950[1] mgbe oge ya na Count Basie na Dizzy Gillespie gachara wee nọrọ ruo oge ndụ ya niile, ebe Clark Terry sonyeere na Nọvemba 1951.[21]

André Previn kwuru na 1952, sị: "Ị maara, Stan Kenton nwere ike iguzo n'ihu otu puku fiddles na otu puku ọla kọpa ma mee ihe ngosi dị ịrịba ama na onye ọ bụla na-ahazi studio nwere ike isi n'isi ya kwuo, sị, Ee, ee, nke a mere dị ka nke a. Ma Duke na-ebuli mkpịsị aka ya elu, mpi atọ na-ada ụda, amaghịkwa m ihe ọ bụ!"[1] Otú ọ dị, na 1955, mgbe afọ atọ nke ndekọ maka Capitol gasịrị, Ellington enweghị njikọ ndekọ mgbe niile.

Mweghachi ọrụ[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Ọdịdị Ellington na Newport Jazz Festival na July 7, 1956, mere ka ọ bụrụ onye a ma ama. Akụkụ "Diminuendo na Crescendo na Blue" nwere egwu abụọ dị n'akwụkwọ egwu ahụ kemgbe 1937. Ellington, onye kwụsịrị usoro a haziri na mberede n'ihi mbata nke ndị isi anọ, kpọrọ egwu abụọ ahụ ka oge na-eru nso n'etiti abalị. N'ịkpọsa na a ga-ekewapụ akụkụ abụọ ahụ site na mkparịta ụka nke tenor saxophonist Paul Gonsalves na-egwu, Ellington gara n'ihu duzie ìgwè ahụ site na ibe abụọ ahụ, ya na Gonsalves '27-chorus marathon solo na-akụ ìgwè mmadụ ahụ n'oké iwe, na-eduga Maestro na-egwu egwu. gafere oge ị na-alọta n'agbanyeghị arịrịọ ngwa ngwa sitere n'aka onye nhazi ememme George Wein ka o weta mmemme ahụ na njedebe.

Egwuregwu ahụ mere akụkọ mba ụwa, wee bute otu n'ime akụkọ mkpuchi akwụkwọ akụkọ Time ise nke raara nye onye egwu jazz, [1] wee rụpụta album nke George Avakian mepụtara nke ga-abụ LP kacha ere nke ọrụ Ellington.[2] Ọtụtụ n'ime egwu dị na LP bụ, dị ka a pụrụ isi kwuo ya, simulated, na naanị ihe dị ka 40% n'ezie sitere na egwu n'onwe ya. Dị ka Avakian si kwuo, Ellington enweghị afọ ojuju na akụkụ nke mmemme ahụ ma chee na ndị egwu ahụ emeghị nke ọma.[22] Ìgwè ahụ gbakọtara n'ụbọchị na-esote iji dekọọ ọtụtụ ọnụọgụ na mgbakwunye nke ụda adịgboroja nke ìgwè mmadụ, nke ọ dịghị nke a kpughere ndị zụrụ abọm ahụ. Ọ bụghị ruo n'afọ 1999 ka a tọhapụrụ ndekọ egwu ahụ n'ụzọ ziri ezi na nke mbụ ya. Nlebara anya ahụ eweghachitere nke ọdịdị Newport wetara ekwesịghị iju onye ọ bụla anya, Johnny Hodges alọghachila n'afọ gara aga, [1] na mmekorita Ellington na Strayhorn ka emegharịrị n'otu oge ahụ, n'okpuru usoro dị mma nye onye okorobịa ahụ.

Abọm mbụ Ellington na Newport bụ nke mbụ a tọhapụrụ na nkwekọrịta ndekọ ọhụrụ na Columbia Records nke mere ka ọtụtụ afọ nke ndekọ kwụsie ike, karịsịa n'okpuru onye na-emepụta Irving Townsend, onye mere ka ma azụmahịa ma nka site na Ellington.[23]

N'afọ 1957, CBS (ụlọ ọrụ nne na nna Columbia Records) wesara mmepụta telivishọn dị ndụ nke A Drum Is a Woman, ụlọ ihe atụ nke natara nyocha dị iche iche. Ememe ngosi na Monterey Jazz Festival ọhụrụ na ebe ndị ọzọ nyere ebe maka ikpughe ndụ, na njem ndị Europe na 1958 nabatara nke ọma. Dị otú ahụ Sweet Thunder (1957), nke dabeere na Shakespeare si ejije na agwa, na The Queen's Suite (1958), nke a raara nye Britain Queen Elizabeth II, bụ ngwaahịa nke ọhụrụ mkpali nke Newport ọdịdị nyere aka kee. Otú ọ dị, ọrụ nke ikpeazụ abụghị nke azụmahịa n'oge ahụ. N'ọgwụgwụ 1950s hụkwara Ella Fitzgerald ka ya na Ellington na ndị egwú ya dekọọ Duke Ellington Songbook (Verve) - nkwenye na abụ Ellington aghọwozi akụkụ nke omenala omenala a maara dị ka 'Great American Songbook.'.

James Stewart na Ellington na Anatomy of a Murder (1959)

N'oge a, Ellington na Strayhorn malitere ịrụ ọrụ na ihe nkiri. Nke mbụ n'ime ndị a bụ Anatomy of a Murder (1959), [24] ihe nkiri ụlọ ikpe nke Otto Preminger duziri ma gosipụta James Stewart, nke Ellington pụtara n'ihu ụlọ ọrụ okporo ụzọ. Ndị na-akọ akụkọ ihe mere eme eme eme amatala akara ahụ "dị ka ihe ịrịba ama - egwu ihe nkiri Hollywood mbụ dị mkpa site n'aka ndị Africa America nke gụnyere egwu na-abụghị nke a na-ahụ anya, ya bụ, egwu nke isi iyi ya anaghị ahụ anya ma ọ bụ na-apụta site n'omume na fim ahụ, dị ka otu egwu na ihuenyo. "Akara ahụ gbanarị stereotypes omenala bụ nke mara ọkwa jazz na mbụ wee jụ ịrapagidesi ike na visuals n'ụzọ ndị e debere sinima New Wave nke '60s'. Akwụkwọ akụkọ Steinbeck Sweet Thursday, Tchaikovsky's Nutcracker Suite na Edvard Grieg's Peer Gynt.

Paris Blues (1961) sochiri Anatomy of Murder, nke gosipụtara Paul Newman na Sidney Poitier dị ka ndị egwu jazz. Maka ọrụ a, a họpụtara Ellington maka ihe nrite Academy Award for Best Score

Na mmalite 1960s, Ellington nakweere ndekọ ya na ndị na-ese ihe bụ ndị na-eme enyi n'oge gara aga ma ọ bụ ndị na-eto eto na-egwu egwu bụ ndị lekwasịrị anya n'ụdị ndị ọzọ. Edekọrọ ndị egwu egwu Ellington na Count Basie yana ọba oge mbụ! Ọnụ ọgụgụ ahụ zutere Duke (1961). N'ime oge mgbe Ellington nọ n'etiti nkwekọrịta ndekọ, o mere ndekọ na Louis Armstrong (Roulette), Coleman Hawkins, John Coltrane (ma maka Impulse) wee soro na nnọkọ ya na Charles Mingus na Max Roach nke mepụtara Money Jungle (United Artists) album. Ọ bịanyere aka na akara ọhụrụ Reprise Frank Sinatra, mana njikọ ya na akara ahụ adịteghị aka.

Ndị na-agụ egwú bụ ndị ya na Ellington rụburu ọrụ laghachiri na Orchestra dị ka ndị otu: Lawrence Brown na 1960 na Cootie Williams na 1962.

Ide na ịkpọ egwu bụ ihe gbasara ebumnuche... Ị pụghị ịtụba brọsh na mgbidi ma kpọọ ihe ọ bụla na-eme nka. Egwú m dabara na àgwà ụda nke onye ọkpụkpọ ahụ. Echere m n'ụzọ siri ike n'ihe gbasara ịgbanwe egwu m iji mee ka onye na-eme ihe nkiri nwee mmasị na egwu mberede. Ị pụghị iwere doodling n'ụzọ siri ike.[5]

Ọ nọ ugbu a na-eme ihe nkiri n'ụwa niile ma na-etinye akụkụ dị mkpa nke afọ ọ bụla na njem nleta esenidụt. N'ihi ya, ọ malitere mmekọrịta ọhụrụ na ndị na-ese ihe si gburugburu ụwa, gụnyere onye na-agụ egwú Swedish Alice Babs, na ndị egwu South Africa Dollar Brand na Sathima Bea Benjamin (A Morning na Paris, 1963/1997).

Ellington dere akara mbụ maka mmepụta nke onye nduzi Michael Langham nke Shakespeare's Timon nke Athens na Stratford Festival na Ontario, Canada, nke meghere na Julaị 29, 1963. Langham ejirila ya mee ihe maka mmepụta ihe dị iche iche na-esote, gụnyere mgbanwe dị ukwuu nke Stanley Silverman. jiri ụfọdụ ọrụ Ellington kacha mara amara gbasaa akara ahụ.

Afọ ndị gara aga[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Ellington na-anata ihe nrite nke nnwere onwe nke Onye isi ala Nixon na 1969

Edepụtara Ellington maka ihe nrite Pulitzer maka egwu na 1965. Agbanyeghị, ọ nweghị ihe nrite e mechara nye n'afọ ahụ.[1] Mgbe ahụ ọ dị afọ 66, ọ kwara ọchị, sị: "Akara aka na-emere m ebere, akara aka anaghị achọ ka m bụrụ onye a ma ama na nwata."N'afọ 1999, e nyere ya ihe nrite Pulitzer pụrụ iche "na-echeta afọ narị afọ nke ọmụmụ ya, n'ịkwado amamihe egwu egwu ya, bụ nke kpalitere ụkpụrụ ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya nke ọma site na jazz ma si otú a nye aka na nkà na omenala. "

Na Septemba 1965, ọ malitere ihe ngosi izizi ya dị nsọ. O kere jazz Christian liturgy. Ọ bụ ezie na ọrụ ahụ nwetara nyocha dị iche iche, Ellington nwere obi ụtọ maka ihe mejupụtara ya ma rụọ ya ọtụtụ oge. Abụọ ndị ọzọ nwere otu ụdị sochiri egwu a na 1968 na 1973, nke a maara dị ka egwu egwu nke abụọ na nke atọ. Ọtụtụ ndị hụrụ ụlọ egwu dị nsọ dị ka mgbalị iji kwalite nkwado azụmahịa maka okpukpe a haziri ahazi. Agbanyeghị, Ellington kwuru naanị na ọ bụ “ihe kacha mkpa m megoro”.[1] Piano Steinway nke e debere ihe nkiri dị nsọ bụ akụkụ nke mkpokọta Smithsonian's National Museum of American History. Dị ka Haydn na Mozart, Ellington si na piano na-eduzi ndị egwú ya—ọ na-akpọkarị akụkụ ahụigodo mgbe a na-eme ihe nkiri dị nsọ.[25]

Duke tụgharịrị afọ 65 n'oge opupu ihe ubi nke 1964 mana o gosipụtaghị akara ọ bụla nke iji nwayọ nwayọ ka ọ na-aga n'ihu na-edekọ ọrụ ndị dị ịrịba ama dịka The Far East Suite (1966), New Orleans Suite (1970), The Afro-Eurasian Eclipse (1971) na Latin American Suite (1972), ọtụtụ n'ime ya sitere na njegharị ụwa ya. Ọ bụ n'oge a ka ọ na Frank Sinatra dekọtara naanị album ya, akpọrọ Francis A. & Edward K. (1967).

Na 1972-1974 Ellington rụrụ ọrụ na opera naanị ya, Queenie Pie, yana Maurice Peress. Ellington nwetara echiche ide opera gbasara onye ịma mma ojii n'afọ ndị 1930, mana o mechabeghị ya.

N'etiti ihe ngosi ikpeazụ Ellington na ndị egwú ya mere bụ otu na Machị 21, 1973, na Purdue University's Hall of Music, abụọ na Machị 22, 1973, na Sturges-Young Auditorium na Sturgis, Michigan [26] na Eastbourne Performance na Disemba 1, 1973, e mechara wepụta ya na LP. Ellington mere ihe a na-ewere dị ka egwu egwu ikpeazụ ya zuru oke n'ụlọ ịgba egwú na Mahadum Northern Illinois na Machị 20, 1974. Kemgbe afọ 1980, a raara ụlọ ịgba egwú ahụ nye dị ka "Duke Ellington Ballroom". [27]

Ndụ onwe onye[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Ellington na 1973

Ellington lụrụ onye ọ hụrụ n'anya n'ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị, Edna Thompson (nwụrụ n'afọ 1967), na Julai 2, 1918, mgbe ọ dị afọ 19. N'oge opupu ihe ubi na-esote, na Machị 11, 1919, Edna mụrụ naanị nwa ha nwoke, Mercer Kennedy Ellington. [28]

Nwunye ya na nwa ya nwoke sonyeere Ellington na New York City na ngwụcha 1920s, mana di na nwunye ahụ kewapụrụ n'oge na-adịghị anya.[1] Dị ka akwụkwọ akụkọ ọnwụ ya na magazin Jet si kwuo, ọ "na-agụ Washington agụụ" wee laghachi.[2] N'afọ 1929, Ellington ghọrọ onye mmekọ Mildred Dixon, [1] bụ onye ya na ya na-eme njem, jikwaa egwu Tempo, egwu sitere n'ike mmụọ nsọ, dịka "Nwanyị Ọkachamara",[2] n'oge ọrụ ya kacha elu, ma zụlite nwa ya nwoke.

Mercer zoro aka na Mildred Dixon dị ka nne ya.

N'afọ 1938, ọ hapụrụ ezinụlọ ya (nwa ya nwoke dị afọ iri na itoolu) wee soro Beatrice "Evie" Ellis, onye ọrụ Cotton Club biri. Mmekọrịta ha, ọ bụ ezie na ọgba aghara, gara n'ihu mgbe Ellington zutere ma mepụta mmekọrịta ya na Fernanda de Castro Monte na mbido afọ 1960. Ellington kwadoro ụmụ nwanyị abụọ ahụ n'oge ndụ ya niile.[29]

Nwanne nwanyị Ellington Ruth (1915–2004) mechara gbaa Tempo Music, ụlọ ọrụ mbipụta egwu ya.[1] Di nke abụọ Ruth bụ bass-baritone McHenry Boatwright, onye ọ zutere mgbe ọ na-abụ abụ na olili ozu nwanne ya nwoke.[2] Dị ka onye toro eto, nwa nwoke Mercer Ellington (d. 1996) na-akpọ opi na piano, duru ndị otu ya, ma rụọ ọrụ dịka onye njikwa azụmaahịa nna ya.[30]

Ellington bụ onye otu Alpha Phi Alpha [31] ma bụrụkwa Freemason jikọtara ya na Prince Hall Freemasonry. [32]

Ọnwụ[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Ellington nwụrụ na Mee 24, 1974, n'ihi nsogbu sitere na Ọrịa kansa akpa ume na oyi bara ya n'ahụ, [33] izu ole na ole mgbe ọ gachara afọ iri asaa na ise. N'ememe olili ozu ya, nke ihe karịrị mmadụ 12,000 bịara na Katidral nke St. John the Divine, Ella Fitzgerald chịkọtara ihe omume ahụ: "Ọ bụ ụbọchị mwute. Onye nwere ọgụgụ isi agafeela".

E liri ya n'ebe a na-eli ozu Woodlawn, Bronx, New York City .

Ihe Nketa[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Ihe ncheta[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

A raara ọtụtụ ihe ncheta nye Duke Ellington n'obodo dị iche iche site na New York na Washington, D.C. ruo Los Angeles.

N'ebe ọmụmụ Ellington, Washington, D.C., Duke Ellington School of Arts na-akụziri ụmụ akwụkwọ nwere nkà bụ ndị na-atụle ọrụ nka na nka site n'inye nkuzi nka na mmemme agụmakwụkwọ iji kwado ụmụ akwụkwọ maka agụmakwụkwọ ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị na ọrụ ọkachamara. N'afọ 1974, mpaghara ahụ degharịrị aha Calvert Street Bridge, nke e wuru na 1935, dị ka akwa Duke Ellington. Ụlọ akwụkwọ ọzọ bụ P.S. 004 Duke Ellington na New York.

N'afọ 1989, e tinyere ihe ncheta ọla n'ụlọ Duke Ellington a na-akpọ ọhụrụ na 2121 Ward Place NW.[1] N'afọ 2012, onye nwe ụlọ ọhụrụ ahụ nyere ya ihe osise nke Aniekan Udofia nke pụtara n'elu mkpụrụedemede "Duke Ellington". N'afọ 2010 ogige triangular, dị n'ofe okporo ámá site na ebe ọmụmụ Duke Ellington, na nkwụsị nke New Hampshire na M Streets NW, ka akpọrọ Duke Ellington Park.

Ebe obibi Ellington na 2728 Sherman Avenue NW, n'ime afọ 1919-1922, [34] nwere akara ọla nchara.

Na Febụwarị 24, 2009, ụlọ ọrụ United States Mint wepụtara mkpụrụ ego nwere Duke Ellington na ya, na-eme ka ọ bụrụ onye Africa America mbụ pụtara n'onwe ya na mkpụrụ ego US.[35] Ellington pụtara n'akụkụ azụ (ọdụ) nke District of Columbia. [35] Mkpụrụ ego ahụ bụ akụkụ nke mmemme US Mint na-asọpụrụ District na mpaghara US [35] ma na-eme emume ebe a mụrụ Ellington na District of Columbia.[36] E gosipụtara Ellington na nkeji iri na ise ka ọ nọdụrụ na piano, na-eji egwu egwu n'aka, yana ihe odide "Justice for All", nke bụ ụkpụrụ distrikti ahụ.

Na 1986, e wepụtara stampụ ncheta nke United States nke gosipụtara myiyi Ellington.

Ellington na Washington, D.C., wepụtara na 2009

Ellington biri afọ ikpeazụ ya na Manhattan, n'ime ụlọ ime obodo na 333 Riverside Drive nso West 106th Street. Nwanne ya nwanyị bụ́ Ruth, bụ́ onye na-elekọta ụlọ ọrụ mbipụta ya, bikwa n’ebe ahụ, nwa ya nwoke bụ́ Mercer bikwa n’akụkụ ya. Mgbe ọ nwụsịrị, West 106th Street ka ahagharịrị aha Duke Ellington Boulevard.

A raara nnukwu ihe ncheta Ellington, nke onye na-ese ihe Robert Graham mepụtara, nye na 1997 na Central Park nke New York, nso Fifth Avenue na 110th Street, ebe a na-akpọ Duke Ellington Circle.

E gosipụtara ihe oyiyi Ellington na piano n'ọnụ ụzọ UCLA's Schoenberg Hall. Dị ka magazin UCLA si kwuo   Essentially Ellington High School Jazz Band Competition and Festival bụ asọmpi a ma ama kwa afọ maka ndị otu ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị a ma ama. Malite na 1996 na Jazz na Lincoln Center, a na-akpọ emume ahụ aha Ellington n'ihi na emume ahụ lekwasịrị anya n'ọrụ ya.

Ụtụ[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Mgbe Duke nwụsịrị, nwa ya nwoke bụ Mercer weghaara onye isi nke ndị egwu egwu, na-aga n'ihu ruo mgbe ọ nwụrụ na 1996. Dị ka Count Basie Orchestra, "ghost band" a nọgidere na-ahapụ albums ruo ọtụtụ afọ. Digital Duke, nke ekwuru na Duke Ellington Orchestra, meriri ihe nrite Grammy nke 1988 maka Album nnukwu Jazz kacha mma. Mercer Ellington anọwo na-ejikwa akụkụ nchịkwa niile nke azụmahịa nna ya kemgbe ọtụtụ iri afọ. Ụmụ Mercer na-aga n'ihu na njikọ na ọrụ nna nna ha.

Gunther Schuller dere na 1989:

Ellington dere ihe n'akwụsịghị akwụsị ruo n'ụbọchị ikpeazụ nke ndụ ya. Egwú bụ n'ezie onye isi ya; ọ bụ ndụ ya zuru oke na mkpebi ya na ya enweghị atụ na nke a na-apụghị ịgbanwe agbanwe. Na jazz ọ bụ dike n'etiti ndị dike. Na egwu nke narị afọ nke iri abụọ, ọ nwere ike ịbụ otu ụbọchị ka a ga-amata ya dị ka otu n'ime ndị isi iri na abụọ kachasị ukwuu n'oge anyị.[37]: 157 

Martin Williams kwuru, sị: "Duke Ellington dịrị ndụ ogologo oge iji nụ aha ya n'etiti ndị na-ede egwú anyị kacha mma. Ma kemgbe ọ nwụrụ na 1974, ọ bụghị ihe ọhụrụ ịhụ aha ya, yana Charles Ives, dị ka onye na-ede egwú kacha mma anyị mepụtara. , n'agbanyeghị ụdịdị."[38]

N'echiche nke Bob Blumenthal nke The Boston Globe na 1999: "[i] narị afọ kemgbe a mụrụ ya, ọ dịghị onye na-ede egwú ka ukwuu, onye America ma ọ bụ nke ọzọ, karịa Edward Kennedy Ellington.

N'afọ 2002, onye ọkà mmụta Molefi Kete Asante depụtara Duke Ellington na ndepụta ya nke 100 Greatest African Americans.

Star na Hollywood Walk of Fame na 6535 Hollywood Blvd.

Ndị na-ese ihe na ndị na-eti egwu n'ụwa niile eleghachila ihe ndị o dere dị ka isi iyi nke mkpali na ntọala nke ọrụ ha:

  • Dave Brubeck raara "The Duke" (1954) nye Ellington ma ọ ghọrọ ọkọlọtọ nke ndị ọzọ kpuchiri, [39] gụnyere Miles Davis na Miles Ahead, 1957. Abọm The Real Ambassadors nwere olu olu nke egwu a, "You Swing Baby (The Duke) ", nke nwere okwu nke Iola Brubeck, nwunye Dave Brubeck. A na-eme ya dị ka abụ abụọ n'etiti Louis Armstrong na Carmen McRae. A raara ya nye Duke Ellington.
  • Miles Davis mepụtara egwu ya nke ọkara awa "Ọ hụrụ ya n'anya Madly" (na Get Up with It) dị ka ụtụ nye Ellington otu ọnwa mgbe ọ nwụsịrị.
  • Charles Mingus, onye Ellington chụpụrụ ọtụtụ iri afọ gara aga, dere abụ "Duke Ellington's Sound Of Love" na 1974, ọnwa ole na ole mgbe ọnwụ Ellington gasịrị.
  • Stevie Wonder dere egwu "Sir Duke" dị ka ụtụ nye Ellington, nke pụtara na album ya Songs in the Key of Life wepụtara na 1976.

E nwere ọtụtụ narị abọm a raara nye egwu Duke Ellington na Billy Strayhorn site n'aka ndị omenkà a ma ama na ndị a na-amaghị ama. Sophisticated Ladies, ihe nrite egwu nke 1981 nwetara, tinyere ọtụtụ egwu sitere na repertoire Ellington. Egwú nke abụọ nke Broadway na-etinye egwu Ellington, Play On!Gwuo Egwu!, nke mbụ ya na 1997.

Nkọwapụta[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Ihe nrite na nsọpụrụ[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

  • 1960, Hollywood Walk of Fame, onyinye maka ụlọ ọrụ ndekọ
  • 1964, Honorary Doctorate of Humanities site na Milton College
  • 1966, Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award.[3]
  • 1969, Presidential Medal of Freedom, ihe nrite kachasị elu nke ndị nkịtị na US [3]
  • 1971, onye Honorary PhD si Berklee College of Music [3]
  • 1973, Legion of Honour nke France, nsọpụrụ kachasị elu nke ndị nkịtị. [3]
  • 1999, Ihe nrite Pulitzer pụrụ iche maka onyinye ndụ ya na egwu na ọdịbendị

Ihe nrite Grammy[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Ellington nwetara ihe nrite Grammy iri na anọ site na 1959 ruo 2000 (atọ n'ime ha bụ ndị nwụrụ anwụ) na ngụkọta nke nhọpụta iri abụọ na ise

Duke Ellington Grammy Award History[40][41]
Afọ Ụdị Aha ya Ụdị Nsonaazụ
1999 Album Akụkọ Ihe Mere Eme Duke Ellington Centennial EditionRCA Victor Recordings (1927-1973)
style="background: #99FF99; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center; " class="yes table-yes2"|Merie
1979 Egwú Jazz Kasị Mma, Big Band Duke Ellington Na Fargo, 1940 Live style="background: #99FF99; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center; " class="yes table-yes2"|Merie
1976 Egwuregwu Jazz Kasị Mma site na Nnukwu Òtù Ụlọ Ellington style="background: #99FF99; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center; " class="yes table-yes2"|Merie
1972 Egwuregwu Jazz Kasị Mma site na Nnukwu Òtù Togo Brava Suite style="background: #99FF99; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center; " class="yes table-yes2"|Merie
1971 Egwuregwu Jazz Kasị Mma site na Nnukwu Òtù Ụlọ Nzukọ nke New Orleans style="background: #99FF99; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center; " class="yes table-yes2"|Merie
1971 Egwú Ndị Kasị Mma Ụlọ Nzukọ nke New Orleans style="background: #FDD; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center; " class="no table-no2"|Ahọpụtara
1970 Egwuregwu Jazz Kasị Mma - Nnukwu Ìgwè ma ọ bụ Onye Na-egwu N'onwe ya na Nnukwu Ìhè Duke Ellington - Egwuregwu Afọ Iri Abụọ style="background: #FDD; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center; " class="no table-no2"|Ahọpụtara
1968 Onyinye Ndị Nlekọta Ihe nrite National Trustees - 1968 style="background: #99FF99; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center; " class="yes table-yes2"|Merie
1968 Egwú Jazz Kasị Mma - Nnukwu GroupOr Onye Na-egwu Egwú Na Nnukwu Group
 ...Nne Ya kpọrọ Ya Bill style="background: #99FF99; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center; " class="yes table-yes2"|Merie
1967 Egwú Jazz Kasị Mma, Nnukwu GroupOr Onye Na-egwu Egwú Na Nnukwu Group
 Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Ụwa style="background: #99FF99; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center; " class="yes table-yes2"|Merie
1966 Bing Crosby Award - Aha gbanwere ka ọ bụrụ GRAMMY Lifetime Achievement Award na 1982. Bing Crosby Award - Aha gbanwere ka ọ bụrụ GRAMMY Lifetime Achievement Award na 1982. style="background: #99FF99; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center; " class="yes table-yes2"|Merie
1966 Egwú Jazz Kasị Mma "N'ime mmalite Chineke" style="background: #99FF99; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center; " class="yes table-yes2"|Merie
1966 Egwuregwu Jazz Kasị Mma - Ìgwè ma ọ bụ Onye Na-egwu N'onwe ya na Ìgwè Egwú Dị Nsọ (Album) style="background: #FDD; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center; " class="no table-no2"|Ahọpụtara
1965 Egwú Jazz Kasị Mma - Nnukwu Ìgwè ma ọ bụ Onye Na-egwu Egwú Na Nnukwu Ìhè
 Ellington '66 style="background: #99FF99; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center; " class="yes table-yes2"|Merie
1965 Egwú Jazz Kasị Mma Virgin Islands Suite style="background: #FDD; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center; " class="no table-no2"|Ahọpụtara
1964 Egwú Jazz Kasị Mma Ihe E Kere Eke n'abalị style="background: #FDD; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center; " class="no table-no2"|Ahọpụtara
1964 Egwuregwu Jazz Kasị Mma - Nnukwu Ìgwè (Instrumental) Oge Mbụ! (Album) style="background: #FDD; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center; " class="no table-no2"|Ahọpụtara
1961 Egwú Egwú Egwu Egwu Egwú Egwe Egwu Egwe Egwú Egwuregwu Egwu Egwuregwu Egwú Egbu Egwu Egbu Egwú Egbugbu Egwu "Paris Blues" style="background: #FDD; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center; " class="no table-no2"|Ahọpụtara
1961 Best Sound Track Album ma ọ bụ Nchịkọta nke Score site na Motion Picture ma ọ bụ Television Paris Blues (Motion Picture) (Album) style="background: #FDD; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center; " class="no table-no2"|Ahọpụtara
1960 Egwuregwu Jazz Kasị Mma ma ọ bụ Obere Ìgwè Back To Back - Duke Ellington na Johnny Hodges Play The Blues style="background: #FDD; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center; " class="no table-no2"|Ahọpụtara
1960 Egwú Jazz Kasị Mma nke Ihe karịrị nkeji ise Asụsụ '59 style="background: #FDD; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center; " class="no table-no2"|Ahọpụtara
1959 Egwuregwu Kasị Mma site n'Òtù Egwú Anatomy nke Ogbugbu style="background: #99FF99; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center; " class="yes table-yes2"|Merie
1959 Egwú Kasị Mma nke Mbụ E dekọrọ ma wepụta ya na 1959 (Ọtụtụ Ihe karịrị nkeji ise)

Anatomy nke Ogbugbu style="background: #99FF99; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center; " class="yes table-yes2"|Merie
1959 Best Sound Track Album - Background ScoreFrom A Motion Picture Or Television
 Anatomy nke Ogbugbu style="background: #99FF99; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center; " class="yes table-yes2"|Merie
1959 Egwuregwu Jazz Kasị Mma - Ìgwè Ellington Jazz Party (Album) style="background: #FDD; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center; " class="no table-no2"|Ahọpụtara

Ụlọ Nzukọ nke Grammy[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

A na-etinye ihe ndekọ nke Duke Ellington n'ime Grammy Hall of Fame, ihe nrite Grammy pụrụ iche e guzobere na 1973 iji sọpụrụ ihe ndekọ dịkarịa ala afọ 25 nke nwere ihe dị mkpa ma ọ bụ akụkọ ihe mere eme.

Duke Ellington: Grammy Hall of Fame AwardIhe nrite Grammy Hall of Fame[42]
Afọ E dekọrọ Aha ya Ụdị Akara Afọ A Na-etinye Ya
1932 "Ọ pụtaghị na ọ bụ ihe (Ọ bụrụ na ọ nweghị ihe ahụ) " Jazz (otu) Brunswick 2008
1934 "Cocktails maka Abụọ" Jazz (otu) Mmeri 2007
1957 Ellington na Newport Jazz (album) Columbia 2004
1956 "Diminuendo na Crescendo na Blue" Jazz (otu) Columbia 1999
1967 Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Ụwa Jazz (album) RCA 1999
1944 Black, Brown na Beige Jazz (otu) RCA Victor 1990
1928 "Ọchịchị ojii na nke Tan Fantasy" Jazz (otu) Mmeri 1981
1941 "Buru ụgbọ okporo ígwè "A" Jazz (otu) Mmeri 1976
1931 "Mood Indigo" Jazz (otu) Brunswick 1975

Nsọpụrụ na ntinye aka[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Afọ Ụdị Ihe edeturu
2022 Ntọala June 18, 2022
2009 Ihe ncheta nke U.S. D.C. na U.S. Territories Quarters Program.[43][44]
2008 Gennett Records Walk of Fame
2004 Nesuhi Ertegun Jazz Hall of Fameat Jazz na Lincoln Center
1999 Ihe nrite Pulitzer Nkwupụta Pụrụ Iche[3]
1992 Oklahoma Jazz Hall of Fame
1986 22¢ stampụ ncheta US E wepụtara ya n'April 29, 1986[45]
1978 Nnukwu Òtù Na-ewu ewu na Jazz
1973 Ndị agha France nke Nsọpụrụ [46] July 6, 1973
1973 Degree Honorary na Music site na Mahadum Columbia Mee 16, 1973
1971 Degree Doctorate Honorary site na Berklee College of Music
1971 Honorary Doctor of Music site na Mahadum Howard [47]
1971 Ụlọ Nzukọ Ndị A Ma Ama
1969 Ihe nrite nke Nnwere Onwe Onye isi ala
1968 Ihe nrite Grammy Trustees Ihe nrite pụrụ iche
1967 Honorary Doctor of Music Degree site na Mahadum Yale [48][49]
1966 Ihe nrite Grammy Lifetime Achievement
1964 Degree nsọpụrụ, Milton College, Wisconsin
1959 Ihe nrite Spingarn nke NAACP
1957 Deutscher Filmpreis: Egwú Kasị Mma Ihe nrite e nwetara maka ihe nkiri Jona na onye na-ede egwu ibe ya bụ Winfried Zillig
1956 Onye a nabatara na DownBeat Jazz Hall of Fame

Hụkwa[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

  • Ndepụta nke ndị nwere synesthesia

Edensibia[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

  1. ↑ Biography. DukeEllington.com (Official site) (2008). Retrieved on January 26, 2012.
  2. ↑ O'Dell. Blanton-Webster Era RecordingsÀtụ:SndDuke Ellington Orchestra (1940–1942) Added to the National Registry: 2002. Library of Congress. Archived from the original on October 9, 2022. Retrieved on July 28, 2022.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 "The 1999 Pulitzer Prize Winners: Special Awards and Citations". The Pulitzer Prizes. Retrieved December 3, 2013. With reprint of short biography and list of works (selected).
  4. ↑ Smith (1964). Music on My Mind: The Memoirs of an American Pianist, Foreword by Duke Ellington. New York City: Doubleday & Company Inc. 
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Ellington (1970). Current Biography. H.W. Wilson Company. Ellington, Duke (1970). Current Biography. H.W. Wilson Company. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name "current" defined multiple times with different content
  6. ↑ Mercer Ellington to Marian McPartland, on Piano Jazz, rebroadcast on Hot Jazz Saturday Night, WAMU, 2018 April 28.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Simmonds. "Duke Ellington", Los Angeles Sentinel, September 11, 2008. Retrieved on July 14, 2009.Simmonds, Yussuf (September 11, 2008). "Duke Ellington". Los Angeles Sentinel. Retrieved July 14, 2009. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Simmonds" defined multiple times with different content
  8. ↑ Gary Giddins Visions of Jazz: The First Century, New York & Oxford, 1998, pp. 112–113.
  9. ↑ Duke Ellington Music is my Mistress, New York: Da Capo, 1973 [1976], pp. 75–76.
  10. ↑ John Franceschina Duke Ellington's Music for the Theatre, Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland, 2001, p. 16.
  11. ↑ Schuller (October 1992). "Jazz and Composition: The Many Sides of Duke Ellington, the Music's Greatest Composer". Bulletin of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences 46 (1): 36–51. DOI:10.2307/3824163. 
  12. ↑ Williams. "Duke Ellington's mother dies", The Guardian, June 17, 2011. Retrieved on December 5, 2020.
  13. ↑ Stone:William Thomas Strayhorn. Billy Strayhorn Songs. University of North Carolina – Chapel Hill (1983). Archived from the original on June 22, 2009. Retrieved on July 14, 2009.
  14. ↑ Jackson (2010). The Encyclopedia of New York. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0300182576. 
  15. ↑ Whitehead. "A Look Back At How Virtuoso Jimmy Blanton Changed The Bass Forever", NPR, October 5, 2018. Retrieved on June 17, 2021.
  16. ↑ Musician Ivie Anderson (Vocal) @ All About Jazz. Musicians.allaboutjazz.com. Retrieved on February 2, 2013.
  17. ↑ Jazz Musicians – Duke Ellington. Theory Jazz. Archived from the original on September 3, 2015. Retrieved on July 14, 2009.
  18. ↑ Harvey G. Cohen, Duke Ellington's America, Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press, 2010, p. 189.
  19. ↑ Brent (February 6, 2008). Jump For Joy: Duke Ellington's Celebratory Musical | Night Lights Classic Jazz – WFIU Public Radio. Indianapublicmedia.org. Retrieved on December 31, 2011.
  20. ↑ Lawrence, 2001, p. 287.
  21. ↑ Ken Vail Duke's Diary: The Life of Duke Ellington, Lanham, Maryland & Oxford, UK: Scarecrow Press, 2002, p. 28.
  22. ↑ Jack Sohmer "Duke Ellington: Ellington at Newport 1956 (Complete)" JazzTimes, October 1999.
  23. ↑ Wein (2003). Myself Among Others: A Life in Music. Da Capo Press. 
  24. ↑ Hodeir. Ellington, Duke. Oxford Music Online. Oxford University Press. Retrieved on September 15, 2016.
  25. ↑ Ellington's Steinway Grand. National Museum of American History, Smithsonian Institution. Archived from the original on August 10, 2008. Retrieved on August 26, 2008.
  26. ↑ Vail (2002). Duke's Diary: The Life of Duke Ellington. Scarecrow Press, 449–452. ISBN 978-0810841192. 
  27. ↑ McGowan (November 3, 2003). NIU to rededicate Duke Ellington Ballroom during Nov. 6 NIU Jazz Ensemble concert. Northern Illinois University. Archived from the original on June 25, 2009. Retrieved on July 14, 2009.
  28. ↑ Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named hasse49
  29. ↑ Lawrence, 2001, p. 356.
  30. ↑ Yanow. Mercer Ellington: Biography. AllMusic. Retrieved on November 10, 2020.
  31. ↑ Famous Alphas. Alpha Phi Alpha. Retrieved on November 10, 2020.
  32. ↑ Lewis. "The secret history of the jazz greats who were freemasons", The Guardian, July 2, 2014.
  33. ↑ Jones. "From the Archives: Jazz Great Duke Ellington Dies in New York Hospital at 75", Los Angeles Times, May 25, 1974. Retrieved on January 31, 2017.
  34. ↑ Letter from Curator of the Peabody Library Association of Georgetown, D.C. Mathilde D. Williams to Felix Grant, September 21, 1972. Felix E. Grant Digital Collection. Archived from the original on January 15, 2016. Retrieved on December 5, 2012.
  35. ↑ 35.0 35.1 35.2 "Jazz man is first African-American to solo on U.S. circulating coin", CNN, February 24, 2009. Retrieved on October 3, 2009. “The United States Mint launched a new coin Tuesday featuring jazz legend Duke Ellington, making him the first African American to appear by himself on a circulating U.S. coin. [...] The coin was issued to celebrate Ellington's birthplace, the District of Columbia.”
  36. ↑ Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named mint
  37. ↑ Schuller (1989). The Swing Era. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 019504312X. 
  38. ↑ Martin Williams, liner notes, Duke Ellington's Symphony in Black, The Smithsonian Jazz Repertory Ensemble conducted by Gunther Schuller, The Smithsonian Collections recording, 1980.
  39. ↑ [[[:Àtụ:AllMusic]] 'The Duke' by Dave Brubeck: song review, recordings, covers]. AllMusic. Retrieved on March 21, 2007.
  40. ↑ Entertainment Awards Database. Los Angeles Times. Retrieved on February 2, 2013.
  41. ↑ Duke Ellington – Artist – www.grammy.com. Recording Academy (May 22, 2018). Retrieved on April 12, 2018.
  42. ↑ Grammy Hall Of Fame. Grammy.org. Archived from the original on January 22, 2011. Retrieved on February 2, 2013.
  43. ↑ The United States Mint · About The Mint. Usmint.gov. Archived from the original on February 25, 2011. Retrieved on February 2, 2013.
  44. ↑ Sheridan, Mary Beth. "Ellington Comes Out Ahead in Coin Tossup", The Washington Post, June 20, 2008. Retrieved on October 3, 2009.
  45. ↑ Featured Exhibition. Center for Jazz Arts. Archived from the original on May 18, 2013. Retrieved on February 2, 2013.
  46. ↑ NMAH Archives Center. Americanhistory.si.edu. Archived from the original on January 30, 2012. Retrieved on February 2, 2013.
  47. ↑ Recipients of Honorary Degrees (By Year). Howard University.
  48. ↑ Galston (October 2002). "The Duke & I: A professor explains how jazz legend Duke Ellington became a doctor in 1967". Yale Alumni Magazine. 
  49. ↑ Yale Honorary Degree Recipients. Yale University. Archived from the original on May 21, 2015.

Akwụkwọ[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Ịgụ ihe ọzọ[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

  • Brothers (2018). Help!: The Beatles, Duke Ellington, and the Magic of Collaboration. New York, NY: W.W. Norton & Company. ISBN 978-0393246230. 
  •  
  • Ellington (1978). Duke Ellington in Person. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 0395257115. 
  • Morton. Backstory in Blue: Ellington at Newport '56. Rutgers University Press. 
  • Karịsịa peeji nke 318-357.Schuller, Gunther (1986). Early Jazz: Its Roots and Musical Development. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0195040432.  
  • Esp. peeji nke 46-157.Schuller (2005). The Swing Era: The Development Of Jazz, 1930–1945. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0195071405.  
  • Tucker (1991). Ellington, The Early Years. University of Illinois Press. ISBN 0252014251. 
  • Ulanov (1946). Duke Ellington. Creative Age Press. 

Njikọ mpụga[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

  

Ewepụtara na https://ig.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Duke_Ellington&oldid=174191