EPA WaterSense

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Ihe ngosi EPA na-akpọsa ngwaahịa WaterSense

WaterSense bụ mmemme nke US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) kwadoro, nke e mere iji gbaa mmiri ume na United States site na iji akara pụrụ iche na ngwaahịa ndị ahịa. Ebumnuche nke mmemme a bụ ichebe ọdịnihu nke mmiri US. WaterSense naejikọ aka na ndị isi ọrụ, ndị naemepụta ihe na ndị naere ahịa na United States. WaterSense bụ nke afọ ofufo, kama ịbụ usoro nchịkwa. EPA naemepụta nkọwa maka ngwaahịa ndị na-arụ ọrụ nke ọma - ihe ndị naadịghị agafe agafe - site na usoro ọha na eze. Ọ bụrụ na onye na-emepụta ihe emeela ngwaahịa nke naagbaso nkọwa ndị ahụ, ngwaahịa ahụ ruru eru maka nnwale nke atọ iji hụ na arụ ọrụ na arụmọrụ a mezuru. Ọ bụrụ na ngwaahịa ahụ gafere ule ahụ, a naakwụ onye nrụpụta ahụ ụgwọ site na ikike itinye akara WaterSense na ngwaahịa ahụ.[1]

Ihe ndị mere noge gara aga[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

WaterSense, nke e guzobere na 2006, bụ mmemme afọ ofufo nke EPA kwadoro dị ka ihe sitere na Iwu Iwu na Nchekwa Ike (nke a makwaara dị ka Iwu Iwu Ike, ma ọ bụ EPACT92), nke United States Congress kwadoro na 1992. Omume ahụ bụ nzaghachi nye 42 U.S.C. §6295 (j) - (k), nke naekwu maka nchekwa mmiri na United States.[2] EPACT92 nyere iwu ka ụkpụrụ arụmọrụ ọhụrụ dabere na ọnụ ọgụgụ maka ụlọ mposi, isi ịsa ahụ na olulu mmiri dị ka ndị a: a ghaghị imepụta ụlọ mposi na ọnụ ọgụgụ kachasị elu nke 1.6 gallons kwa flush (gpf); a ghaghị imewe isi ịsa mmiri na ọnụego naagafe 2.5 gallons kwa nkeji (gpm) na 80 pound-ike kwa square inch (psi); a ghaghịkwa imepụta olulu mmiri na ọnụ ọgụgụ naagafughị 2.5 gpm.[3] A chọrọ ka ụkpụrụ ndị a malite na Jenụwarị 1994, tinyere ihe achọrọ maka akara na aro maka ịmepụta mmemme mgbanwe afọ ofufo.[4]

Nịzaghachi aro ndị a, na nịtụ anya mmetụta yiri nke mmemme Energy Star nyere (na mmiri karịa ike), EPA malitere WaterSense na 2006. E mere akara WaterSense ka ọ bụrụ nke afọ ofufo, ndị naemepụta ya naachọ, ma chọọ ka ihe ndị naetinye mmiri jiri ọ dịkarịa ala 20% naerughị ụkpụrụ gọọmentị etiti dịka EPACT92 guzobere.[2] Niji ụkpụrụ arụmọrụ nke EPACT92 guzobere dị ka ihe ndabere, EPA guzobere ntuziaka ndị naesonụ maka WaterSense: a ghaghị imepụta ụlọ mposi na ọnụ ọgụgụ kachasị elu nke 1.28 gpf; ụlọ ịsa ahụ gaenwerịrị ọnụego kachasị elu nke 2.0 gpm na 80 psi; a ghaghịkwa imepụta paucets ụlọ ịsa ahụ́ na ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ala nke 1.5 gpm.[3] Ụlọ mposi naadịchaghị mma bụ ngwaahịa mbụ natara akara WaterSense na 2007, nke a naesote paịpụ mmiri nọnwa Ọktoba nke otu afọ ahụ.[5]

Ebumnuche nke mmemme a bụ ịkụziri ndị naazụ ahịa banyere nchekwa mmiri na ịkwalite akara WaterSense. E mere mmemme ahụ na mbụ iji kwalite ngwaahịa ndị ahịa (ya bụ, ihe ndị naadịchaghị mmiri). Otú ọ dị, mmemme ahụ agbasawo na asambodo nke ụlọ na ikikere nke ndị ọkachamara naagba mmiri.[2] EPA wepụtara nkọwapụta edepụtara edepụtara maka ndị naahụ maka ịgba mmiri n'ala na Jenụwarị 2011.[6] Nkọwapụta maka valvụ spray tupu a naaṅụ mmiri na ihe naeme ka mmiri dị nro malitere mmepe site na 2011.[7][8] Na June 2014, WaterSense malitere asambodo nke ụlọ, nke e mere iji 20% obere mmiri karịa ụlọ ọhụrụ, yana ikikere nke ndị ọkachamara naagba mmiri maka nrụnye, mmezi, imewe na nyocha nke usoro.[9] Enweghị ụkpụrụ gọọmentị etiti maka ngwá ọrụ ịgba mmiri na US, yabụ EPA naeji ntinye aka nke usoro arụmọrụ iji guzobe ntọala na ntuziaka dabere na olu. Usoro asambodo ụlọ, nke a naakpọ WaterSense "New Home Specification", naakọwapụta ụkpụrụ maka iji mmiri eme ihe nime ụlọ na nèzí, yana agụmakwụkwọ onye nwe ụlọ.[2] Version 2.0 nke "WaterSense Specification for Homes" nwere ike ile anya ebe a.[10]

Netiti afọ 2006 na 2020, EPA atụwo anya na mmemme nchekwa mmiri ya echekwara ihe dịka ijeri galọn mmiri 5.3 na ijeri kilowatt awa 603 nke ọkụ eletrik site na ike achọrọ iji kesaa ma jikwaa mmiri.[9] Ọ bụ ezie na EPACT92 bụ ihe naakpali atụmatụ a, mmemme WaterSense naarụ ọrụ ugbu a nokpuru ọtụtụ ndị isi omebe iwu, dị ka Iwu Mmiri Dị Ọcha na Iwu Mmiri Ịṅụ Dị Ọcha.[2][9]

Nafọ 2016, Nzukọ nke 114 wepụtara ọtụtụ aro iji gbasaa WaterSense, mana enweghị nkwekọrịta.[11] Nafọ 2018, Nzukọ nke 115 mere mgbanwe na mmemme ahụ na ngalaba 4306 nke America's Water Infrastructure Act (AWIA) nke 2018.[9] EPA enweghị ikike iwu nelu WaterSense ma ọ bụ nkọwa ya ruo mgbe ewepụtara AWIA. Akụkụ 4306 nke AWIA naenye iwu na nkọwapụta ndị a "kwesịrị belata ojiji mmiri, belata nrụgide na usoro mmiri, chekwaa ike, ma chekwaa ihe onwunwe mmiri".[12] AWIA ugbu a chọrọ ka EPA mee ka nkọwa ndị a, ọ bụ ezie na mmemme ahụ ka bụ nke afọ ofufo, na imelite ha kwa afọ isii. Na mgbakwunye na usoro mmemme ahụ dị na mbụ, Iwu ahụ naagbakwa ume ka EPA gbasaa mmemme ahụ karịa nchekwa mmiri iji kwalite teknụzụ maka ọgwụgwọ, iji ya mee ihe ọzọ na iji mmiri naabụghị mmiri ọṅụṅụ.[12]

Nkọwapụta Ngwaahịa na Ọrụ[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Ihe ngosi na-akwalite isi mmiri WaterSense

Ngwaahịa ndị naazụ ahịa, dị ka ụlọ mposi obibi na nke azụmahịa; olulu ịsa ahụ (na ihe ndị ọzọ); urinals; showerheads; ndị naachịkwa ịgba mmiri; na ndị naagba mmiri ruru eru ịnata akara WaterSense.[9] Ihe owuwu ọhụrụ nke ebe obibi nwekwara ike ịnata asambodo WaterSense "Homes Specification" na ndị ọkachamara naagba mmiri bụ ndị nwetara ọzụzụ sit na mmemme asambodo Water Sense nwere ike ịnata ikikere.[13]

Ngwaahịa ndị naachọ akara WaterSense gaabụ:

  • Binye usoro nyocha mbụ site naka ndị ọrụ WaterSense;
  • Mee ka ọ dịkarịa ala 20% dị irè karị, naenweghị ọdịiche ọ bụla (ma e jiri ya tụnyere nke ha);
  • Nwere ikike maka mmetụta mba (nke a hụrụ nanya karịa ngwaahịa ndị dị na mpaghara);
  • A naenyocha ya maka ịdị mfe nke ntinye site n'aka ndị naazụ ahịa, yana ọnụ ahịa.[14]
  • Gbanwee usoro asambodo nke atọ nke onye nrụpụta kwụrụ ụgwọ.[2]

Rịba ama: Ngwaahịa anaghị achọ recertification, mana 15% nke ngwaahịa niile a naakpọ aha naenyocha kwa afọ site na EPA.[9]

Ụlọ ndị naachọ asambodo gaabụrịrị na ọ dịkarịa ala pasent 30 karịa ụlọ ọhụrụ nkịtị ma naemezu atụmanya ndị nwe ụlọ maka ịrụ ọrụ.[15]

EPA naachịkwa ihe agụmakwụkwọ na ule iji nye ndị ọkachamara naagba mmiri ohere inweta ikike WaterSense. A ghaghị imezigharị ule ọ bụla afọ abụọ iji nọgide naenweta ego.[13]

Njikọ[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

EPA naanakọta ndị mmekọ nọtụtụ ụdị dị iche iche gụnyere:

  • Ọrụ, obodo, gọọmentị steeti na nke ime obodo
  • Ndị naemepụta ya
  • Ndị naere ahịa na ndị naekesa
  • Ndị naewu ụlọ
  • Nzukọ ndị naenye mmemme asambodo ruru eru
  • Òtù ndị naenweghị uru na òtù azụmahịa.[16]

Ọrụ ndị mmekọ gụnyere:

  • Ịkwalite WaterSense yana ịrụ ọrụ nke ọma
  • Ịgbaso ntuziaka akara onye mmekọ WaterSense
  • Inye data kwa afọ
  • Inye ikike EPA iji aha onye mmekọ na ebe nrụọrụ weebụ Agency ma ọ bụ nakụkụ mgbalị nkwalite mmemme ndị ọzọ.[16]

WaterSense naejikwa ndị mmekọ nkwalite naakwado ma naakpọsa mmemme ahụ netiti ndị naakwado ha. Ndị mmekọ nkwalite gụnyere utilities, gọọmentị steeti na nke ime obodo, òtù azụmahịa, na òtù ndị ọzọ naabụghị gọọmentị.

Ịkọwa Mmetụta[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

EPA chọrọ ka ndị naemepụta ihe na ndị naere ahịa / ndị naekesa ihe niile nye data gbasara nkesa ha na ọrụ ha gbasara mbupu ngwaahịa WaterSense, ahịa na mgbasa ozi. Lawrence Berkeley National Library (LBNL) naeji data a mepụta ihe nlereanya National Water Savings (NWS) iji soro nchekwa mmiri na ike. Dabere na ihe nlereanya a, ndị naazụ ahịa echekwara 1.5 puku lita mmiri na ijeri $ 32.6 na ụgwọ ọrụ.[17] LBNL jiri data a mepụta ihe nlereanya arithmetic iji tụọ mmetụta WaterSense nwere na nchekwa mmiri na United States. Ihe nlereanya ahụ bụ ọdịiche dị netiti usoro arụmọrụ nke gọọmentị etiti nyere iwu maka ihe ndị natinye mmiri na arụmọrụ nke ngwaahịa ndị a naakpọ WaterSense nke a naere kwa afọ. Ihe nlereanya a bụkwa ihe naahụ maka ịchọpụta mmetụta ego nke nchekwa mmiri maka ndị naazụ ahịa US.[17]

Ihe odide[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

  1. ↑ EPA. "WaterSense: Product Certification and Labeling." Revised 2011-04-14.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 Moore (December 4, 2017). "WaterSense®: Water-Efficiency Label and Partnership Program". Congressional Research Service.  Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":0" defined multiple times with different content
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 DeOreo (July 2020). "The Truth About Water Efficiency in the United States". Journal - American Water Works Association 112 (7): 60–65. DOI:10.1002/awwa.1537.  Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":1" defined multiple times with different content
  4. ↑ Vickers (August 1993). "The Energy Policy Act: Assessing Its Impact on Utilities". Journal - American Water Works Association 85 (8): 56–62. DOI:10.1002/j.1551-8833.1993.tb06041.x. 
  5. ↑ Grumbles (May 2008). "WaterSense® Makes Good Sense". Journal - American Water Works Association 100 (5): 34–36. DOI:10.1002/j.1551-8833.2008.tb09619.x. 
  6. ↑ EPA (2011). "Revised Draft Specification for Weather-Based Irrigation Controllers."
  7. ↑ EPA (2011). "Pre-Rinse Spray Valves."
  8. ↑ EPA (2011). "Cation Exchange Water Softeners."
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 Humphreys. "WaterSense® Program: Congressional Authorization", Congressional Research Service, June 25, 2020. Retrieved on December 14, 2020. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":5" defined multiple times with different content
  10. ↑ US EPA (2021-02-08). WaterSense Specification for Homes (en). US EPA.
  11. ↑ Copeland. "Water Use Efficiency Legislation in the 114th Congress", Congressional Research Service, December 15, 2016. Retrieved on December 16, 2020.
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 Humphreys. "America's Water Infrastructure Act of 2018 (P.L. 115-270): Drinking Water Provisions", Congressional Research Service, March 28, 2019. Retrieved on December 15, 2020.
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 US EPA (2017-01-16). Professional Certification (en). US EPA. Retrieved on 2020-12-17. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":7" defined multiple times with different content
  14. ↑ Tanner (February 2009). "Current Issue: How Does WaterSense® Select Products for Specification Development?". Journal - American Water Works Association 101: 37–39. DOI:10.1002/j.1551-8833.2009.tb09827.x. 
  15. ↑ EPA (2021-02-01). WaterSense Specification for Homes. United States Environmental Protection Agency. Retrieved on May 10, 2022.
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 EPA. "WaterSense Partners." Revised 2022-05-10.
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 Schein (2019). "Methodology for the National Water Savings Models– Indoor Residential and Commercial/Institutional Products, and Outdoor Residential Products". Water Science & Technology 19 (3): 879–890. DOI:10.2166/ws.2018.136. PMID 33414698. 
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