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Ebe Nchekwa Aiken Canyon

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Aiken Canyon Preserve

Aiken Canyon Preserve bụ ala steeti 1,621-acre (6.56 km2) nke Nature Conservancy na-achịkwa na Colorado. A hụrụ ya na mbụ ma nye ya aha Charles Aiken, onye nyocha US nke narị afọ nke iri na itoolu, onye ọsụ ụzọ, na onye na-amụ banyere ụmụ nnụnụ bụ onye mbụ nyochara mpaghara ahụ n'afọ 1870 wee chọpụta ihe karịrị ụdị nnụnụ iri asaa na ise.[1] Nchekwa ahụ nwere ala ugwu, obere osisi na gburugburu ebe obibi nke ọhịa ma dị 12.4 (20.0 km) n'ebe ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ site na Colorado Springs nke dị na ndagwurugwu ọwụwa Anyanwụ nke Rampart Range nke dị n'ime obere usoro ala ugwu nke Front Range. Ugwu ndị gbara Rampart Range na Palmer Divide gburugburu mepụtara ihe okike na-echekwa usoro okike na'adịgide adịgide.[2] E nwekwara ụzọ njem kilomita anọ (6 km) na nchekwa ahụ.[3]

Aha nchekwa ahụ malitere na 1991 mgbe Nature Conservancy bịanyere aka na nkwekọrịta nchekwa afọ 99 iji nọgide na-enwe ikike pụrụiche nke 1,080 acres (hectare 440) ka ọ ka nwere steeti, Nature Conservancy wee nweta ihe fọdụrụ 541 acres (hectare 219) nke gbakọtara ihe nchekwa ahụ ruo acres 1,621 (hectare 656) nke ala. Ala nke fọdụrụ n'akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Aiken canyon bụ nke Fort Carson na akụkụ ọdịda anyanwụ nke fọdụrụ bụ nke Bureau of Land Management.[4]

Aiken Canyon bụ otu n'ime mpaghara okike nke steeti ahụ na otu n'etiti The Nature Conservancy na-echebe, mgbalị nke malitere ihe karịrị afọ 50 gara aga. Ebumnuche ya bụ "ichekwa osisi, anụmanụ na obodo ndị na-anọchite anya ụdị ndụ dị iche iche nke ụwa site na ichebe ala na mmiri ha chọrọ iji dịrị ndụ".[5]

Akụkọ ihe mere eme

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Ọkụ

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Ponderosa pine tree stump showing a cross section of growth rings and fire scars
Ogwe osisi pine Ponderosa na-egosi akụkụ gafere nke mgbanaka na-eto eto na akara ọkụ

Site na dendrochronology nke nyocha nke Ponderosa Pine Trees (Pinus ponderosa), achọpụtara na n'etiti afọ 1602 na 1999 e nwere ihe karịrị ọkụ 20 na Aiken canyon. E nwekwara "afọ ọkụ ise gụnyere 1753, 1839, 1859, 1892 na 1933".[2]

A tụrụ aro na ihe omume ndị a sitere na mgbasawanye ụgbọ okporo ígwè na ịzụ ehi site na nsonaazụ nke ọrụ nzipu ozi ugboro ugboro n'ime mpaghara ahụ n'etiti 1872 na 1935 yana mgbanwe ihu igwe.[6]

Nchọta ọla edo n'ime mpaghara Front Range na mmalite narị afọ nke 19 na-eduga na nguzobe obodo Denver na Colorado nke meziri ewu ewu ọrụ nzipu ozi. Ọrụ nzipu ozi oge niile na-eduga na nguzobe nke okporo ụzọ ụgbọ oloko dị ka Kansas Pacific, Union Pacific, Denver Pacific Railway na Telegraph Company na Denver na Rio Grande Railway. Mgbasawanye nke okporo ụzọ ụgbọ okporo ígwè ndị a dị nso na Aiken Canyon wetara anụ ụlọ n'ebe ahụ ka ọ na-adịkarị na a na-eresị ndị na-egwu ọla edo ehi maka ọla edo. Mgbasawanye ihe owuwu a na ọrụ ugbo mere ka mpaghara anụ ụlọ na-ere ọkụ maka nri ehi ka mma. A na-akpọ ebe ndị ahụ ọkụ iji mee ka anụ ụlọ ahụ banye n'ala ahịhịa ahịhịa ka mma iji wepụ ala ahịhịa ndị ejirilarị. Usoro ihe omume a kpatara ọtụtụ n'ime ọkụ ọkụ akụkọ ihe mere eme.[6]

E gosikwara na El Niño-Southern Oscillation nyere aka na anomalies ndị ọzọ ọkụ na mpaghara Aiken Canyon n'etiti oge 1753 na 1935. Njikọ a bụ n'ihi oke ọhịa dị elu nke osisi Ponderosa Pine bụ nke a na-agbasa site na ntinye mkpụrụ n'oge. oge ihu igwe dị mma karịa oge ihu igwe El Niño n'oge ọkọchị na oge opupu ihe ubi yana oge La Niña nke na-emepụta ihu igwe na-ekpo ọkụ karịa ka ọ dị na mbụ na ụkọ mmiri ozuzo, enweghị iru mmiri na mmiri ozuzo. Oge a na-ekpo ọkụ na-emepụta ọkụ na-adịghị agwụ agwụ bụ nke mere ka ọkụ na-agba ọkụ na osisi Ponderosa Pine gburugburu Ugwu Rocky na kpọmkwem n'ihu ihu site na mgbanwe ihu igwe na-ekpo ọkụ na oyi.[7]

Ozi ndị ọzọ natara site na oghere ọkpụkpụ osisi na ọnya ọkụ gosikwara ihe akaebe nke obere oge nke ọkụ na-eme ọzọ nke karịrị okpukpu abụọ maka oge 1872 ruo 1935, nke a bụ mgbe ọkụ na-enwekarị site na ọkụ ọhịa gara aga.[2] Ndị na-eme nchọpụta maara na ihe ndị dị mkpirikpi na-enye aka na mmebi gburugburu ebe obibi n'ihi na ọ naghị ekwe ka uto na mgbasawanye nke ụdị na ahịhịa.[8]

Ụzọ mgbochi ọkụ dị ka igbu osisi na ịchịkwa ọkụ abụghị ihe a na-ahụkarị na Colorado ruo mgbe 1910 gasịrị nke a na-eche na ọ bụ n'ihi nnukwu ọkụ nke 1910. Ụzọ mgbochi ndị a bara uru mgbe e guzobere Civilian Conservation Corps na 1935 nke mere ka ọrụ nchekwa dị nso na canyon.[2] E guzobere Civilian Conservation Corps dị ka mmemme afọ itoolu iji belata mmetụta nke nnukwu ịda mbà n'obi n'oge afọ 1930 site n'inye ndị na-enweghị ọrụ ọrụ ọrụ, nke na-abụkarị ogige ntụrụndụ na idebe ụlọ na ụzọ dịka ndị dị na mpaghara Aiken Canyon.[9] Usoro mmemme ndị ọrụ afọ ofufo ka na-eji site na Nature Conservancy iji lekọta ala ogige ahụ ma belata ihe ize ndụ ọkụ na ahịhịa.[10]

The Nature Conservancy ugbu a na-etinye usoro ọkụ a na-achịkwa n'ime ọhịa iji mee ka ụdị ụfọdụ dịghachi ọhụrụ, nke bụ nsonaazụ nke ihe ọmụma sitere na ọkụ ọkụ gara aga na Aiken canyon.[2]

Ogige ntụrụndụ

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Aiken canyon chekwaa nwere ọdụ ụgbọ elu dị ka nke 1996, ọ bụ ụlọ 1,700 square feet (158 square mita) ma rụọ ọrụ dị ka ụlọ akwụkwọ maka ọha na eze, ụmụ akwụkwọ na ndị nchọpụta.[10][11] Ọ bụ otu ndị ọrụ 15 na-ahụ maka nchekwa nke ala na-ejikarị ụlọ ọrụ ahụ eme ihe.[10]

Mgbe ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri ahụ na-arụ ọrụ nke ọma, mmekọrịta ya na ndị ọbịa na ndị nchọpụta gụnyere ihe omume ndị dị ka "njem nchọpụta, njikwa akụrụngwa na ụzọ njem, ikiri nnụnụ na nlekota, ngwongwo, atụmatụ njikwa ahịhịa yana mmemme nkuzi maka ụlọ akwụkwọ.[12] The Nature Conservancy kwadoro ọtụtụ mmemme ikiri nnụnụ n'oge ọkọchị na ọnwa oyi kemgbe 1995.[4]

E debere ọdụ ụgbọ ala ahụ maka ịkwatu ma wughachi ya na ngwụcha Septemba 2016 n'ihi mmetọ ebu n'ime ihe owuwu ahụ site na mkpuchi hay. E kpebiri ịhapụ ka a kwatuo ya na ego a na-eweghachighị ya dịka Nature Conservancy nwere obere ihe onwunwe maka ọrụ ahụ na ịmaliteghachi.[10] Kama imezigharị ọdụ ụgbọ ala ahụ, Nature Conservancy kwuru na ha ga-ewu ihe owuwu nke ga-eje ozi dị ka ebe nzukọ maka ndị na-aga ije na ụmụaka na-enweghị ego iji sonye na ụfọdụ ọrụ okike na Aiken Canyon na njedebe nke afọ 2016.[13]

Ihe Ndị Na-adọrọ Adọrọ

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Okporo ụzọ ndị njem

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Okporo ụzọ njem n'ebe nchekwa Aiken Canyon bụ loop nke dị 4.4 nke nwere elu dị elu nke 1,298 miles (2,089,000 m) na ala ala nke 1,219.7 miles (1,962,900 m).[14] A na-akọwa ụzọ ahụ dị ka nke na-aalite na kiosk ozi nke na 0.1 miles (160 m) na-agbadata n'akụkụ ala iyi, ọ na-atụgharị n'aka nri na 0.7 miles (1.1 km) nke na-eduga na mpaghara njikọ dị nso na mkpọmkpọ ụlọ na 1-1.7 miles (1.6-2.7 km). A na-eru ebe a na-ele anya na 1.8 miles (2.9 km), mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, ụzọ ahụ na-alaghachi na mpaghara looping na 2.7 miles (4.3 km) nke na-alaghachikwa na mmalite na ihe dị ka 3.4-4 miles (5.5-6.4 km).[15] "Ndị na-aga ije, ndị na-agba ọsọ, ìgwè ndị na-ekiri nnụnụ na njem n'ọhịa na-eji ụzọ ahụ eme ihe n'ógbè ahụ".[16]

Ihe omume agụmakwụkwọ okike

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The Nature Conservancy na Aiken Canyon Preserve na-anabata ọtụtụ ohere agụmakwụkwọ maka ụmụaka, ndị ọbịa na ndị nchọpụta; mmemme ndị a na-adịkarị n'oge ọkọchị na ihe dịka ìgwè ụlọ akwụkwọ 12 kwa afọ. Enwekwara mmekọrịta chiri anya n'etiti nchedo na kọleji ndị dị nso nke nwere ike ịchọ iji nchedo ahụ maka nyocha na ebumnuche ndị ọzọ.[4]

Biology na gburugburu ebe obibi

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Mgbasa gburugburu ebe obibi n'etiti akụkụ ugwu nke Palmer Divide na ndagwurugwu dị elu nke Rampart Range mepụtara usoro gburugburu ebe obibi nke ahịhịa na ọhịa na Aiken canyon. Obodo ndị dị na canyon ahụ bi nso n'ógbè Beaver Creek nke na-enye ebe a na-echebe ma na-eche nche maka osisi, ihe ndị dị ndụ na anụmanụ iji too ma melite ọzọ.[17]

Flora

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a picture of the Ipomoea leptophylla flower
Ipomoea leptophylla

Oge okooko osisi na Aiken Canyon dị n'etiti ngwụcha Mee na June.[18] E nwere nnukwu obodo osisi abụọ dị ụkọ n'ime mpaghara canyon, dị ka nke a gụnyere otu Piñon pine yana Juniperus monosperma.[12] N'ebe dị elu, ala ndị dị na canyon bụ ndị nwere osisi pinyon-juniper na ala ala dị ala nke ala nwere ala ahịhịa.[4] Osisi ndị a na-atụghị anya ya n'ógbè ahụ gụnyere Ipomoea leptophylla (ọhịa ụtụtụ) na Penstemon brandegeei (Brandegee's Penstemon).[17] Ụdị ahịhịa na ahịhịhịa dị elu na canyon na-enye ọtụtụ ụdị osisi na anụmanụ ebe obibi. Ihe atụ nke osisi ndị dị otú ahụ gụnyere ụdị ahịhịa ndị ọzọ dị ka prairie sandreed (Calamovilfa longifolia), obere bluestem (Schizachyrium scoparium), scribner needle grass (Stipa scribneri) na nnukwu bluestem (Andropogon gerardii); a na-ejikarị na mpaghara canyon n'ihi mmachi ala sitere na mmepe na mpaghara ndị gbara ya gburugburu.[19]

Osisi ndị ọzọ bi na ya gụnyere Achnatherum (scribner needlegrass) na Quercus gambelii (gamble oak).[20]

Mkpụrụ osisi na-eto eto na Aiken Canyon na-abụkarị site na aṅụ ndị na-anọ naanị ha, nke bụ aṅụ ndị nwere ike ịrụ ọrụ naanị ha karịa ka ha na-arụ ọrụ n'obodo. N'oge nyocha nke pollen na okooko osisi na canyon, a chọpụtara na ụmụ ahụhụ dịka aṅụ wepụrụ pollen karịa na mpaghara ọ bụla ọzọ gbara ya gburugburu. Ndị na-eme nchọpụta gosipụtara nke a ebe ọnụ ọgụgụ pollen site n'ụbọchị na-esote bụ 73% dị ala karịa ihe ọ dị na mbụ.[18] Mkpụrụ osisi a na-enwekarị site na okooko osisi bụ ihe mere mpaghara Aiken Canyon ji nwee osisi na okookooko osisi ndị dị ụkọ.[21]

Achọpụtara na osisi ndị dị na mpaghara Aiken Canyon nọ n'ọnụ ọgụgụ ọmụmụ dị elu n'ihi mpaghara ndò ebe 80% nke mkpụrụ osisi na-egosi mmasị a.[22]

A họpụtara Aiken Canyon Preserve dị ka nọmba 41 na 'nnukwu ihe dị iche iche dị mkpa' n'ime ebe nchekwa nke El Paso County. Nke a bụ n'ihi na mpaghara nwere ọkwa zuru ụwa ọnụ 'A-ranked' dabere na ụdị ala dịka pinyon nwere eriri abụọ (Pinus edulis) na ugwu mahogany shrubland (Muhlenbergia montana).[19]

Anụmanụ

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Rocky Mountain Elk
Ugwu Rocky Elk

Aiken Canyon Preserve na-enye ebe obibi maka ọtụtụ anụ ọhịa na gburugburu ya. Ndị dị otú ahụ gụnyere anụ ọhịa bea ojii, ịnyịnya ibu, ele ugwu, ọdụm ugwu, bobcats, nkịta ọhịa, badgers na tuft-eared pine squirrels yana ihe karịrị 100 ụdị nnụnụ dịka Poorwill, Cordilleran Flycatcher, Juniper Titmouse, Verginias Warbler, MacGillivrays Warbler na Western Tanager. E nwekwara nnụnụ ndị a ma ama na-achụ nta n'ógbè ahụ dị ka hawks na-acha anụnụ anụnụ, cooper's hawks, northern harriers, prairie falcons na golden eagles. N'etiti ụdị ndị a maara n'ógbè ahụ gụnyere ebe obibi e mere atụmatụ maka Mexican Spotted Owl dị n'ihe ize ndụ yana ihe nketa okike nke ụdị abụọ nke urukurubụba Dusted skipper na Simius roadside skipper nke na-adabere na Aiken canyon nke dị n'etiti ruo n'ebe dị elu maka ịdị ndụ n'ihi osisi ha kachasị amasị, nnukwu bluestem.[23][12]

Ihe egwu gburugburu ebe obibi

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Noxious weed plant
Ahịhịa na-emerụ ahụ

Isi ihe iyi egwu na gburugburu ahịhịa ahịhịa na nchekwa Aiken Canyon bụ oke ahịhịa na-emebi emebi. Mmetụta dị otú ahụ egosiwo na ahịhịa na-emerụ ahụ nwere ike imeri ihe ọkụkụ nke ala site na ụzọ dị iche iche dị ka ikpuchi maka ìhè anyanwụ, na-eri nri ndị ọzọ sitere na mmiri na ala yana mmụba ngwa ngwa ma e jiri ya tụnyere ya. Ụlọ ọrụ nchekwa etinyela mgbalị dịka mmemme nlekọta gburugburu ebe obibi iji belata mmetụta dị otú ahụ na ala na gburugburu ebe obibi. A na-ahụ ihe atụ nke mmemme ndị a n'akwụkwọ ntuziaka mmịpụta ahihia sitere na nchekwa ebe ndụmọdụ gụnyere usoro ntuziaka dị ka ịdọrọ ma ọ bụ ịdụ na ọtụtụ usoro arụrụ arụ dị ka idei mmiri, ịkọ ihe, ịgbapụta ala, mulching na ike.[24]

Ihe iyi egwu maka ndụ anụ ọhịa dị na Aiken Canyon Preserve gụnyere parasitism cowbird, ọgba aghara ebe obibi na esemokwu mmepe enwere ike site na mpaghara gbara ya gburugburu. Cowbird parasitism bụ isi ihe iyi egwu nye ụdị nnụnụ ndị dị n'ime ọdọ mmiri dị ka a maara ụmụ ọkụkọ na-atụgharị ma ọ bụ na-akwapụ akwa nnụnụ ndị ọzọ nke na-ebelata ọnụ ọgụgụ ụmụ nnụnụ. Ọgba aghara ebe obibi bụ ihe iyi egwu maka nchekwa ebe ala ya dị n'akụkụ ya na ala nzuzo dị n'ime ọdọ mmiri ka nwere ike ime mmepe ihe owuwu. Ihe atụ nke iyi egwu a bụ atụmatụ na nso nso a nke saịtị Quarry na mpaghara El Paso County na 2016 nke ga-emebi Aiken Canyon Preserve na gburugburu ebe dị na Front Range dịka ọ ga-abụrịrị na ala nke saịtị ahụ. Ndị ụlọ ọrụ steeti gọnarịrị atụmatụ a n'afọ 2018 n'ihi na ihe owuwu ahụ ga-eme ka mmiri ọṅụṅụ dị ọcha na mpaghara ahụ pụta. The Nature Conservancy na-agbalị ịmepụta atụmatụ nchekwa iji soro ndị nwe ihe onwunwe onwe ugbu a rụọ ọrụ iji belata ihe egwu gburugburu ebe obibi n'ọdịnihu.[19]

Ọnọdụ ihu igwe

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afọ 20 nke nyocha n'etiti afọ 1978 na 1998, a chọpụtara na nkezi mmiri ozuzo kwa ụbọchị dị na 44 mm (1.7 in) nke bụ ọkara nkezi ugwu ndị gbara ya gburugburu. Nkezi okpomọkụ a tụrụ kwa ụbọchị n'ime ọnwa June bụ na 18.4 °C (65.1 ) na ọdịiche dị na 0.1 °C. A chọpụtara na ọnụ ọgụgụ pollen n'ime mpaghara Aiken Canyon bụ nkezi 16,622 ọka n'ime ọdịiche dị ka 1142 ọka.[18]

Ihe odide

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  1. ↑ Aiken Canyon Nature Preserve (en). Getting Lost on the Front Range. Retrieved on 2020-05-26.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 Wieder (2004). "Fire History of the Aiken Canyon Grassland-Woodland Ecotone in the Southern Foothills of the Colorado Front Range". The Southwestern Naturalist 49 (2): 239–243. DOI:<0239:nfhota>2.0.co;2 10.1894/0038-4909(2004)049<0239:nfhota>2.0.co;2. ISSN 0038-4909.  Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":0" defined multiple times with different content
  3. ↑ Only in Colorado: Aiken Canyon Preserve, 11/27/2011, The Denver Post
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 Aiken Canyon Preserve (en). Audubon (2016-09-12). Retrieved on 2020-05-28. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":8" defined multiple times with different content
  5. ↑ Colorado's Last Great Places. nature.org. Archived from the original on October 10, 2015. Retrieved on November 16, 2016.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Earhart (1924). "Out Where the West Begins". Music Supervisors' Journal 13 (2): 66. DOI:10.2307/3382652. ISSN 1559-2472.  Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":1" defined multiple times with different content
  7. ↑ Sibold (2006). "Relationships of subalpine forest fires in the Colorado Front Range with interannual and multidecadal-scale climatic variation". Journal of Biogeography 33 (5): 833–842. DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2699.2006.01456.x. ISSN 0305-0270. 
  8. ↑ Sugihara (2006). Fire in California's ecosystems. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-93227-2. OCLC 86110764. 
  9. ↑ Civilian Conservation Corps. HISTORY. Retrieved on 2020-05-27.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 boster (2016-10-08). Longtime protectors of Aiken Canyon Preserve saying goodbyes with field station demolition (en). Colorado Springs Gazette. Retrieved on 2020-05-27. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":2" defined multiple times with different content
  11. ↑ Wang (2018-05-24). Banished to the Great Northern Wilderness. Cornell University Press. DOI:10.7591/cornell/9781501713187.001.0001. ISBN 9781501713187. 
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 Bartholomew (2010). Great places Colorado : a recreational guide to Colorado's public lands and historic places for birding, hiking, photography, fishing, hunting and camping, 1st, Belgrade, Mont.: Wilderness Adventures Press. ISBN 978-1-932098-68-6. OCLC 636246561.  Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":7" defined multiple times with different content
  13. ↑ Parsons (2017-10-12). The Aiken Canyon Preserve Pavilion and Landscape Restoration Project. Project Description. The Nature Conservancy. Retrieved on 2020-05-28.
  14. ↑ Aiken Canyon Preserve Hiking Trail, Fort Carson, Colorado. Hiking Project. Retrieved on 2020-05-27.
  15. ↑ Gaug, Maryann. (30 April 2016). Hiking Colorado : a guide to the state's greatest hiking adventures. ISBN 978-1-4930-1420-0. OCLC 944957893. 
  16. ↑ Aiken Canyon Loop Trail (en). AllTrails.com. Retrieved on 2020-05-28.
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 Turner (2016). "Aquilegia, Vol. 40 No. 3, Spring 2016". Newsletter of the Colorado Native Plant Society. 40.  Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":3" defined multiple times with different content
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 18.2 Giblin (2005-10-01). "Variation in floral longevity between populations of Campanula rotundifolia (Campanulaceae) in response to fitness accrual rate manipulation". American Journal of Botany 92 (10): 1714–1722. DOI:10.3732/ajb.92.10.1714. ISSN 0002-9122. PMID 21646089.  Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":4" defined multiple times with different content
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 19.2 Doyle, Georgia. (2001). Survey of critical biological resources, El Paso County, Colorado. Colorado State University, Colorado Natural Heritage Program. OCLC 212417868.  Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":6" defined multiple times with different content
  20. ↑ (1992) Birds of the Cimarron National Grassland : Pike and San Isabel National Forests, Cimarron & Comanche National Grasslands. Elkhart, KS: U.S.D.A. Forest Service. DOI:10.5962/bhl.title.149895. 
  21. ↑ GIBSON (2006-03-08). "Pollinator webs, plant communities and the conservation of rare plants: arable weeds as a case study". Journal of Applied Ecology 43 (2): 246–257. DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2664.2006.01130.x. ISSN 0021-8901. 
  22. ↑ Boavida (1999-01-22). "Sexual reproduction in the cork oak (Quercus suber L.). I. The progamic phase". Sexual Plant Reproduction 11 (6): 347–353. DOI:10.1007/s004970050162. ISSN 0934-0882. 
  23. ↑ (1992) Birds of the Cimarron National Grassland : Pike and San Isabel National Forests, Cimarron & Comanche National Grasslands. Elkhart, KS: U.S.D.A. Forest Service. DOI:10.5962/bhl.title.149895. 
  24. ↑ Tu (2001). Weed control methods handbook : tools and techniques for use in natural areas. Arlington: Nature Conservancy. OCLC 1012558379. 

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