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Ebe a na-anọghị n'efu

Shí Wikipedia, njikotá édémédé nke onyobulạ
Nnụnụ na-ere ahịa n'efu na Scotland
Nwa ọkụkọ na-enweghị ihe ọ bụla n'aka mmadụ na Ishwarganj Upazila, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
Obere ìgwè ọkụkọ na-enweghị ihe mgbochi na-eri n'èzí

Ọnụnọ n'efu na-egosi usoro ọrụ ugbo ebe ụmụ anụmanụ, ma ọ dịkarịa ala akụkụ nke ụbọchị, nwere ike na-awagharị n'èzí n'efu, kama ịbụ ndị a kpọchiri n'ụlọ mkpọrọ maka awa 24 kwa ụbọchị.[1] N'ọtụtụ ugbo, a na-agbachi ogige dị n'èzí, si otú ahụ na-eme ka nke a bụrụ ihe mkpuchi, Otú ọ dị, usoro ndị na-enweghị ohere na-enyekarị ohere maka nnukwu ebe obibi na ìhè anyanwụ nke usoro ụlọ ime ụlọ na-egbochi. Enwere ike itinye oke n'efu na anụ, akwa ma ọ bụ ọrụ ugbo mmiri ara ehi

A na-eji okwu a mee ihe n'echiche abụọ na-adịghị ejikọta ya kpamkpam: dịka nkọwa nke ndị ọrụ ugbo na-eleba anya na ụzọ ọrụ ugbo, na dịka nkọwa nke ndị na-azụ ahịa. Enwere nri ebe onye na-eme ya na-eri naanị anụ sitere na isi mmalite ndị a na-akpọ omnivorism ụkpụrụ.

N'ebe a na-azụ anụ, a na-ahapụ anụ ụlọ ndị na-enweghị ebe ọ bụla ka ha na-agagharị na-enweghị ogige, n'adịghị ka ọrụ ugbo anụmanụ siri ike dị ka ọrụ inye nri anụ ụlọ. N'ọtụtụ akụ na ụba na-adabere na ọrụ ugbo, anụ ụlọ na-enwere onwe ya bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị.

Akụkọ ihe mere eme

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
Ọbọgwụ ndị a na-anọghị n'efu na Hainan Province, China

Ọ bụrụ na mmadụ na-ekwe ka "n'efu" gụnye "ịnụ ehi", ohere n'efu bụ usoro a na-ahụkarị maka ịzụ anụ opekata mpe ruo mgbe e mepụtara waya mgbochi na waya ọkụkọ. Nghọta a na-aghọtachaghị nke ihe oriri na ọrịa tupu narị afọ nke iri abụọ mere ka o sie ike ịzụlite ọtụtụ ụdị anụ ụlọ n'enyeghị ha ohere iri nri dị iche iche, na ọrụ nke idebe anụ ụlọ n'ụlọ mkpọrọ na iburu nri ha niile bụ ihe mgbochi ma e wezụga n'ihi nnukwu. na-erite uru anụmanụ dị ka ehi mmiri ara ehi.

N'ihe bD-linkid="36" href="./Vitamin_A" id="mwNg" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Vitamin A">A ọkụkọ, nnwere onwe bụ usoro kachasị ruo mgbe a chọpụtara vitamin A na D na 1920s, nke mere ka a na-eme ihe ịga nke ọma n'ụlọ mkpọrọ. Tupu nke ahụ, nri na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ na anwụ (maka vitamin D) dị mkpa iji nye vitamin dị mkpa.[1] A zụlitere ụfọdụ nnukwu ìgwè anụ ụlọ n'ebe ịta ahịhịa n'ime afọ 1950. Sayensị nri na-edozi ahụ mere ka a na-eji ụdị anụ ụlọ ndị ọzọ eme ihe n'otu ụzọ ahụ.

United States

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Na United States, iwu USDA n'efu na-emetụta ugbu a naanị maka anụ ọkụkọ ma gosi na ahapụla anụmanụ ahụ ịbanye n'èzí.[1] Iji weere ya dị ka "n'efu," anụ ọkụkọ ga-enwerịrị ike ịbanye n'èzí maka ihe karịrị 51% nke ndụ anụmanụ. Agbanyeghị, iwu USDA ekwughị maka ịdịmma ma ọ bụ nha nke oke dị n'èzí.[2] Mmemme Humane Certified na-enye asambodo ndị ọzọ maka ndị na-emepụta ihe na-agbaso ụkpụrụ kacha nta, gụnyere inye ohere ịta ahịhịa, akwụ ọdịnala, na “ebe uzuzu uzuzu iji mee omume okike.". [2]

A na-ejikarị okwu ahụ bụ "nwere onwe" eme ihe dị ka okwu ahịa karịa okwu ọrụ ugbo, nke pụtara ihe dị ka, "ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ala", "ebe a na-azụ anụ", "ihe oriri", "ihe ọkụkụ", "ihe ochie", "nke mmadụ zụlitere", wdg.

E nweela aro iji chịkwaa akara USDA nke ngwaahịa dị ka n'efu n'ime United States. Ka ọ na-erule n'afọ 2017 ihe mejupụtara ịzụlite anụmanụ "n'efu" bụ ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ onye na-emepụta ngwaahịa ahụ kpebiri kpamkpam, ọ na-ekwekọghị na echiche ndị ahịa banyere ihe okwu ahụ pụtara.

Nnụnụ ndị na-agagharị n'efu

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
Anụ ọkụkọ na-enweghị ego na-achọ ndò n'ugbo US.

N'ịkpa ọkụkọ, a na-agbagwoju anya na "nwere onwe" na yarding, nke pụtara idebe ọkụkọ n'ogige ndị e ji mgbidi gbaa gburugburu. Yarding, yana pensụl ọkụkọ na-enweghị ala ("tractor ọkụkọ") nwere ike ịnwe ụfọdụ uru nke anụ ụlọ na-agagharị n'efu mana, n'eziokwu, usoro ndị ahụ nwere obere ihe jikọrọ ya na usoro na-agafe n'efu.

A behavioral definition of free range is perhaps the most useful: "chickens kept with a fence that restricts their movements very little."[Tinye edensibịa][citation needed] This has practical implications. For example, according to Jull, "The most effective measure of preventing cannibalism seems to be to give the birds good grass range."[3] De-beaking was invented to prevent cannibalism for birds not on free range, and the need for de-beaking can be seen as a litmus test for whether the chickens' environment is sufficiently "free-range-like".[4][Tinye edensibịa]

Ngalaba U.S. nke Ọrụ Ugbo Food Safety and Inspection Service (FSIS) chọrọ ka ọkụkọ ndị a zụlitere maka anụ ha nwee ike ịbanye n'èzí iji nweta asambodo n'efu.[5] Otú ọ dị, a kọwaghị ihe a na-akpọ "inweta".[6] Enweghị ihe achọrọ maka ịnweta ebe ịta nri, enwere ike ịnweta naanị unyi ma ọ bụ okwute. Otú ọ dị, àkwá ọkụkọ na-enweghị onwe ha enweghị nkọwa iwu na United States. N'otu aka ahụ, ndị na-emepụta àkwá n'efu enweghị ụkpụrụ ọ bụla gbasara ihe okwu ahụ pụtara.

Nnukwu "nwere onwe" na US emeela ka ụfọdụ ndị chọọ okwu ndị ọzọ. "Nri ọkụkọ a na-azụ" bụ okwu nke onye ọrụ ugbo / onye edemede Joel Salatin kwalitere maka ọkụkọ a zụlitere n'ebe ahịhịa na-azụ maka ndụ ha niile ma e wezụga oge mbụ ha na-azụ. Ọ bụ American Pastured Poultry Producers' Association (APPPA) na-akwalite echiche Pastured Poaltry, [7] otu nzukọ nke ndị ọrụ ugbo na-azụ ọkụkọ ha site na iji ụkpụrụ Salatin. USDA akọwaghị okwu a ma ọ nweghị nkọwa iwu. Iji jiri okwu dị ka ebe ịta ahịhịa, ndị na-emepụta ga-enyefe akwụkwọ na FSIS nke ịnweta n'efu n'èzí, mana ọ dịghị mkpa itinye okwu ndị ọzọ iji kọwaa ebe ịta nri na akara ya.[8]

Anụ ụlọ ndị na-agagharị n'efu

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Ojiji ndị America n'ọdịnala na-eme ka "n'efu" na "enweghị mgbidi", yana ihe pụtara na ọ nweghị onye ọzụzụ atụrụ na-edokọta ha ọnụ ma ọ bụ na-ejikwa ha n'ụzọ ọ bụla. N'ụzọ iwu kwadoro, ikike nnwere onwe kwere ka anụ ụlọ (ma eleghị anya ọ bụ naanị ụdị ole na ole aha) na-agba ọsọ n'efu, ọ bụghịkwa onye nwe ya maka mmebi ọ bụla ha kpatara. N'ebe ndị dị otú ahụ, ndị chọrọ ka a ghara imebi anụ ụlọ aghaghị ịgbachiteere ha; N'ebe ndị ọzọ, ndị nwe ha ga-agbachi ha ogige..[9]

USDA enweghị nkọwa doro anya maka anụ ehi, anụ ezì, na ngwaahịa ndị ọzọ na-abụghị ọkụkọ. Nkọwa USDA niile nke "free-range" na-ezo aka kpọmkwem na ọkụkọ.[10]

Na Disemba 2002 Federal Register ọkwa na arịrịọ maka nkwupụta (67 Fed. Reg. 79552), USDA's Agricultural Marketing Service tụrụ aro "ihe kacha nta achọrọ maka mmepụta / ahịa anụ ụlọ ọrụ".[11] A na-etinye ọtụtụ ụdị ụlọ ọrụ na ọkwa ahụ, gụnyere nkwupụta ụdị, nkwupụta ọgwụ nje, na nkwupụta nri ọka. "Free Range, Free Roaming, ma ọ bụ Pasture Raised" ga-akọwa dị ka "ụmụ anụmanụ ndị nwere ohere na-aga n'ihu na nke a na-akparaghị ókè maka ịta ahịhịa n'oge ndụ ha niile" ma e wezụga maka ezì ("ịnọgide na-enweta ịta ahụhịa maka ọ dịkarịa ala 80% nke usoro mmepụta ha"). Na ọkwa nke May 2006 Federal Register (71 Fed. Reg. 27662), ụlọ ọrụ ahụ gosipụtara nchịkọta na nzaghachi ya na nkwupụta natara na ọkwa nke afọ 2002, mana naanị maka ụdị "ahịhịa (forage) fe" nke ụlọ ọrụ ahụ kwuru na ọ ga-abụ ụdị dị iche na "n'efu".[12] A ga-ebipụta nkọwa ndị e nwetara maka ụdị ndị ọzọ, gụnyere "n'efu", na mbipụta Federal Register n'ọdịnihu.

Njikọ Europe

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
Obere ọrụ ugbo n'efu na Northern Black ForestOké ọhịa Ojii nke Ebe Ugwu

European Union na-achịkwa ụkpụrụ ahịa maka ịzụlite àkwá nke na-akọwapụta ọnọdụ ndị a (nchịkọta) kacha nta maka usoro nnwere onwe:

  • Nne ọkụkọ na-aga n'ihu na-agagharị n'ehihie, ma e wezụga n'ihe gbasara mmachi nwa oge nke ndị ọrụ anụmanụ.
  • a na-ejikarị ahịhịa kpuchie oghere ikuku nke ọkụkọ nwere ike ịbanye ma ọ bụghị maka ebumnuche ndị ọzọ ma e wezụga maka ubi mkpụrụ osisi, ọhịa na ịta anụ ụlọ ma ọ bụrụ na ndị ọchịchị nwere ikike nyere ikike.
  • ọsọ ikuku ga-emezu ma ọ dịkarịa ala ọnọdụ akọwapụtara na Nkeji edemede 4 (1) (3) (b) (ii) nke Ntuziaka 1999/74/EC ebe ọnụ ọgụgụ kachasị elu nke ụlọ anaghị agafe 2500 ọkụkọ kwa hekta nke ala dị maka ọkụkọ ma ọ bụ otu ọkụkọ kwa square mita 4 (43 sq n'oge niile na ọsọ anaghị agafe radius nke mita 150 (490 site na oghere pop nke ụlọ ahụ; mgbatị nke ruru mita 350 (1,150 site n'ime oghere ikuku kachasị nso na oghere ikuku ahụ bụ ihe kwere omume ma ọ bụrụha ahụ.[13]
Nnụnụ a na-anọghị n'efu na Germany

Ma ọ bụghị ya, a na-ekewa ọrụ ugbo àkwá na EU n'ime ụdị anọ: Organic (ecological), Free Range, Barn, na Cages.[14]) Ntinye aha iwu na mkpokoro àkwá na-enye nọmba (nke bụ nọmba mbụ na akara ahụ) na nke ọ bụla n'ime ụdị ndị a: 0 maka Organic, 1 maka Free Range, 2 maka Barn na 3 maka Cages.[15]

E nwere iwu EU banyere ihe nnwere onwe pụtara maka ịtụrụ ọkụkọ na anụ ọkụkọ (anụ ọkụkọ) dịka egosiri n'elu. Otú ọ dị, enweghi iwu EU maka anụ ezì n'efu, yabụ ezì nwere ike ịnọ n'ime ụlọ maka ụfọdụ ndụ ha. Iji kewaa ha dị ka ndị na-agagharị n'efu, ụmụ anụmanụ ga-enwerịrị ohere ịbanye n'èzí ma ọ dịkarịa ala akụkụ nke ndụ ha.[16]

United Kingdom

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
Ezì ndị a na-azụ n'efu n'England

Ezì: A na-edebe ụmụ ehi dị ime n'ìgwè n'ìkọ ma na-enyekarị ha ahịhịa maka àkwà, mgbọrọgwụ na ịta. A na-edebe ihe dị ka 40% nke ụmụ ehi UK n'èzí n'efu ma na-anọ n'ụlọ n'ụlọ ha.[17]

Nne ọkụkọ na-eyi àkwá: Mmepụta Àkwá na-enweghị ụlọ na-agụnye ụlọ nkwakọba ihe, usoro nnwere onwe na usoro ihe ndị dị ndụ. UK bụ nnukwu ụlọ ọrụ na-emepụta àkwá n'efu na Europe.[18] Usoro ndị na-enweghị ohere bụ ndị kachasị ewu ewu n'ime ihe ndị ọzọ na-abụghị ụlọ, na-eme ihe dị ka 57% nke àkwá niile, ma e jiri ya tụnyere 2% na ụlọ nkwakọba ihe na 2% organic. N'ime usoro ndị na-enweghị ihe mgbochi, a na-etinye ọkụkọ n'ọnọdụ yiri nke ahụ dị ka ụlọ nkwakọba ihe ma ọ bụ ụlọ nnụnụ.[19]

Ịzụlite Mgbọ n'efu: Ịzụlite bọọlụ n'efu maka ịtụrụ àkwá na-ebute ụzọ na UK site n'ugbo dị iche iche na-azụ ọkụkọ. N'ime usoro ndị a, a na-ekwe ka mgbọ ndị ahụ pụọ n'èzí site na izu anọ, karịa usoro ndị a na-ahụkarị ebe a na-azụlite mgbọ ndị a n'ụlọ nkwakọba ihe ma hapụ ha ka ha pụọ na izu iri na isii.

Anụ ọkụkọ: A na-azụ anụ ọkụkọ na-enweghị ihe ọ bụla maka anụ ma na-ekwe ka ha banye n'èzí ma ọ dịkarịa ala awa 8 kwa ụbọchị. Ụkpụrụ RSPCA na-ekwu na iji mee ka ọkụkọ bụrụ ndị nweere onwe ha, a gaghị enwe ihe karịrị ọkụkọ 13 kwa square mita.[20] Usoro ndị na-agba ọsọ n'efu na-eji ụdị ọkụkọ na-eto ngwa ngwa iji melite ọdịmma, nke pụtara na ha na-eru ibu igbu egbu na izu 16 karịa izu 5-6 na usoro ịzụlite.

Turkeys: Turkeys na-enweghị onwe ha nwere ohere na-aga n'ihu n'èzí n'ehihie. A ga-ekpuchi mpaghara ahụ n'ụzọ dị ukwuu na ahịhịa ma nye ohere ka ukwuu. Inweta ikuku dị ọcha na ìhè ehihie pụtara ahụike anya na iku ume ka mma. Turkeys nwere ike imega ahụ ma gosipụta omume okike nke na-akpata ụkwụ siri ike, nke dị mma. Usoro ndị na-aga n'efu na-ejikarị ụdị turkey na-eto ngwa ngwa.[21]

Mmiri ara ehi n'efu: Ugbo na-enye mmiri ara ehi n"okpuru akara mmiri ara ehi na-agbaso nkwa ịta ahịhịa, nke pụtara na ehi ga-enwe ohere ịnweta ala ịta ahụhịa iji rie nri maka opekata mpe ụbọchị 180 na abalị n'afọ. E nwere ihe akaebe na-atụ aro na mmiri ara ehi sitere na ahịhịa nwere ọkwa dị elu nke abụba dịka omega-3 na conjugated linoleic acid (CLA). Tụkwasị na nke a, mmiri ara ehi n'efu na-enye ndị na-azụ ahịa nhọrọ karịa ebe mmiri ara ha si. Mmiri ara ehi n'efu na-enye onye na-azụ ahịa mmesi obi ike na mmiri ara ha na-aṅụ sitere n'ụmụ ehi nwere nnwere onwe ịgagharị ma nwee ike ịta nri n'ebe obibi ha.

Australia

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

A na-akwado ụkpụrụ Australia n'ihe gbasara mmepụta n'efu n'ụzọ dị ukwuu na akara ahịa nke atọ n'ihi enweghị iwu ọ bụla dị mkpa. Ndị na-azụ azụ na-eji ọtụtụ ndị na-enye asambodo eme ihe iji mata ngwaahịa ha na ọkwa pụrụ iche nke ụkpụrụ ọdịmma anụmanụ. N'ihe omume ebe ndị na-emepụta anaghị ahọrọ iji akara ahịa a kwadoro ma kwuo na ngwaahịa ha bụ 'nwere onwe', onye na-emepụta ihe na-ejide atụmanya na nghọta nke ihe mejupụtara nnwere onwe. A na-eche na ndị na-emepụta ihe na-ejikọta ya na Model Codes of Practice of Animal Welfare nke CSIRO bipụtara, na steeti ụfọdụ nke a bụ akụkụ nke iwu.

Nne ọkụkọ na-eyi àkwá

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Na Australia, a na-eji usoro ọrụ ugbo atọ maka mmepụta àkwá. N'afọ 2011, àkwá cage (ma ọ bụ batrị) ọdịnala mejupụtara 42% nke uru, àkwá a na-etinye n'ụlọ nkwakọba ihe mejupụtara 10% nke uru, a na-enweta àkwá n'efu mejupụtara 44% nke uru, na àkwá organic mejupụtara 4% nke uru.[22] Mmụba nke ọchịchọ maka àkwá n'efu n'ihi nchegbu ndị ahịa banyere ọdịmma anụmanụ emeela ka ọtụtụ ụkpụrụ dị iche iche na-etolite n'ihe gbasara usoro ọdịmma atọ - ọnụ ọgụgụ ụlọ, ọnụ ọgụgụ mpụga, na mma ọnụ.  The Model Code of Practice na-atụ aro omume maka ọrụ ugbo n'efu na ụkpụrụ ndị a: [23]

  • Ọnụ ọgụgụ kachasị elu n'ime ụlọ nke 30 kg / m2, nke kwekọrọ na nnụnụ 14-15 kwa square mita. 
  • Ọnụ ọgụgụ kachasị elu nke nnụnụ 1500 n'èzí kwa hekta, ọ bụ ezie na enwere ike ịbawanye nke a site na ntụgharị n'ebe ịta nri ọhụrụ
  • Ịga n'èzí maka opekata mpe awa 8 kwa ụbọchị, ma e wezụga n'ọnọdụ ihu igwe ọjọọ
  • 2 mita nke popholes maka 1,000 nnụnụ maka ịbanye n'ebe ahụ
  • A na-ekwe ka a na-edozi ọnụ, ma bụrụ nke onye ọrụ a kwadoro

A naghị emezu ụkpụrụ ndị dị n'elu mgbe niile, na n'oge ụfọdụ ndị na-emepụta ihe nwere ike ịchọ ụkpụrụ omume ọma. N'ihi nke a, akara azụmaahịa a kwadoro na-arụ ọrụ dị mkpa n'ịkọwapụta ihe mejupụtara nnwere onwe. Isi asambodo eji eme ihe maka ọkụkọ na Australia gụnyere ndị a:

Egg Corp Assured bụ ọkọlọtọ kachasị ike, nke ụlọ ọrụ kachasị elu setịpụrụ ma dabere n'ụzọ dị ukwuu na Model Code of Practice. Egg Corp Assured dị iche n'ihi na ọ na-akọwa ọnụ ọgụgụ ọnụ ọgụgụ dị n'èzí dị ka ihe na-abaghị uru maka ọdịmma. A maara Egg Corp Assured ka ọ na-agba akaebe maka ugbo na-agba ọsọ ruo nnụnụ 44,000 kwa hekta n'èzí, karịa nke aro. Dị ka Model Code of practice, a na-ekwe ka a na-akpụ ọnụ ma na-agbakọta n'ime ụlọ ruo nnụnụ 15 kwa square mita.

RSPCA A kwadoro ọrụ ugbo bụ ọkọlọtọ nke enwere ike itinye n'ọrụ ma ndị na-emepụta àkwá na-enweghị ihe mgbochi. Ugbo ndị na-eji asambodo a ga-enwerịrị nnụnụ 9 kwa square mita n'ime ụlọ na slats, ma ọ bụ nnụnụ 7 kwa square mita na-eme n'ime ime ụlọ na usoro miri emi. Ụkpụrụ ndị ahụ na-ekwu na ọnụ ọgụgụ kachasị elu n'èzí nke 1500 kwa hekta na-enweghị ntụgharị, ma ọ bụ 2500 nnụnụ kwa hekta nwere ntụgharị, a na-ekwe ka a na-akpụ ọnụ.[24]

Ụkpụrụ Free Range Egg & Poultry Australia (FREPA) na-enye ihe na-agbadata maka ọnụ ọgụgụ dị n'ime ụlọ, na nnụnụ 10 kwa square mita a na-ekwe ka ọ bụrụ naanị n'ogige nwere ihe na-erughị nnụnụ 1000, na nn nnụnụ 6 kwa square mita nke kachasị maka ụlọ nkwakọba ihe nwere ihe karịrị nnụnụ 4000. Enweghị ihe a na-ekwu na ụkpụrụ banyere ọnụ ọgụgụ dị n'èzí, n'ihi ya, a na-eche na ndị ọrụ ugbo ga-emezu ụkpụrụ n'okpuru Usoro Ihe Omume. A na-ekwe ka a na-akpụchasị ọnụ n'okpuru asambodo a.

Ụkpụrụ Human Choice True Free Range bụ ụfọdụ n'ime ndị kachasị mma maka ọdịmma anụmanụ. A naghị ekwe ka a na-akpụchasị ọnụ ma ọ bụ ihe ọ bụla ọzọ, a ghaghị inye ebe ndị a na-anọ, ọnụ ọgụgụ kachasị elu nke ìgwè atụrụ enweghị ike karịa 2500 n'ụlọ nkwakọba ihe ọ bụla. Ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị dị n'èzí bụ nnụnụ 1500 kwa hekta, ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị dị na ime ụlọ bụ nnụisi 5 kwa square mita.

Australian Certified Organic Standards gụnyere ụkpụrụ maka ihe oriri na ojiji nke ọgwụ ahụhụ na mgbakwunye na ihe ndị a chọrọ maka ọdịmma anụmanụ. Ọnụ ọgụgụ dị n'ime ụlọ bụ nnụnụ 8 kwa square mita, ọ bụ ezie na ọtụtụ ndị na-arụ ọrụ n'okpuru ọkọlọtọ a depụtara ọnụ ọgụgụ ha dị ka nnụnụ 5 kwa square mita. Ọnụ ọgụgụ dị n'èzí bụ nnụnụ 1000 kwa hekta, a naghịkwa ekwe ka a na-akpụ ọnụ.

Anụ ọkụkọ

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

N'Australia, anụ ọkụkọ n'efu na anụ ahụ na-akpata ihe dị ka 16.6% nke uru na ahịa ọkụkọ. A na-atụ anya na pasentị a ga-eto ruo 25% n'ime afọ 5 sochirinụ. Enweghị nnụnụ anụ a na-azụ n'ụlọ mkpọrọ na Australia.[22] E nwere akara ahịa atọ dị mkpa n'ahịa a.

Ụkpụrụ Free Range Egg & Poultry Australia (FREPA) bụ ndị a kwadoro ọtụtụ ụdị nnukwu ụlọ ahịa nke anụ ọkụkọ n'efu. Ụkpụrụ ndị a chọrọ ọnụ ọgụgụ dị n'ime ụlọ nke ruru 30 kg / m2 n'ime (ihe dị ka nnụnụ 15 kwa square mita), a naghịkwa ekwe ka a na-edozi ọnụ.  A naghị ekwupụta ọnụ ọgụgụ dị n'èzí, mana a ghọtara na ọnụ ọgụgụ dịpụrụ adịpụ ga-abụrịrị okpukpu 1.5 karịa ala nke dị n'ime ụlọ nkwakọba ihe.[25]

RSPCA A kwadoro ụkpụrụ ọrụ ugbo maka ohere n'efu chọrọ ọnụ ọgụgụ dị n'ime ụlọ nke ihe dị ka nnụnụ 17 kwa square mita, na ọnụ ọgụgụ dị na mpụga nke ihe ruru nnụnụ iri na asaa kwa square mita. A naghị ekwe ka a na-akpụzi ọnụ n'okpuru usoro a.

Ụkpụrụ Organic Certified Australian na-ekpebi njupụta ime ụlọ kacha elu ruru nnụnụ 12 kwa square mita n'ime ụlọ, yana nnụnụ 2500 kwa hectare n'èzí. Ụkpụrụ ndị a chọrọ perch, ma gbochie nnukwu ụlọ broiler a na-emekarị.

Hụkwa

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
  • Ịzụ ahịa
  • Àkwá ndị na-agafe agafe
  • Anụ ehi a na-enye ahịhịa
  • Àkwá ndị sitere n'okike
  • Ụmụ ọkụkọ dị ka anụ ụlọ
  • Ịkpa anụ
  • Ịrụ ihe niile
  • Ịrụ ụlọ

Ebem si dee

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
  1. ↑ Heuser, G. F: "Feeding Poultry", page 11. Norton Creek Press, 2003.
  2. ↑ Farm Animal Welfare Certification Guide (en). Vermont Law School. Retrieved on 2021-09-23.
  3. ↑ Jull (1938). Poultry Husbandry. McGraw Hill, 346–347. 
  4. ↑ Chamberlain (2016-03-26). Horrifying truth of the brutal life of free range hens laid bare (en). mirror. Retrieved on 2021-12-08.
  5. ↑ Meat and Poultry Labeling Terms. Fact Sheets. USDA. Retrieved on 22 January 2014.
  6. ↑ How to Read Protein Food Labels for Meat, Seafood, Eggs, Etc.. Labels Unwrapped | Learn How to Read Food Labels. Retrieved on 2022-11-02.
  7. ↑ Getting Started. American Pastured Poultry Producers' Association. Archived from the original on 20 November 2012. Retrieved on 8 January 2013.
  8. ↑ How to Read Protein Food Labels for Meat, Seafood, Eggs, Etc.. Labels Unwrapped | Learn How to Read Food Labels. Retrieved on 2022-11-02.
  9. ↑ Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences. www.uvm.edu.
  10. ↑ Meat and Poultry Labeling Terms. Fact Sheets. USDA. Archived from the original on 6 January 2013. Retrieved on 8 January 2013.
  11. ↑ United States Standards for Livestock and Meat Marketing Claims. Federal Register. USDA (30 December 2002). Archived from the original on 15 December 2012. Retrieved on 8 January 2013.
  12. ↑ FR Doc E6-7276. Archived from the original on 6 December 2006. Retrieved on 2007-01-04.
  13. ↑ Commission Regulation for marketing standards for eggs - page 25
  14. ↑ Steiner (10 July 2006). "Egg quality from free range and cage system of keeping layers". Stockbreeding: Journal of Animal Improvement 60 (3): 173–179. 
  15. ↑ Commission directive on the registration of establishments keeping laying hens - page 4.
  16. ↑ Know your labels. www.ciwf.org.uk.
  17. ↑ Compassion in World Farming - Pigs - Higher welfare alternatives. ciwf.org.uk. Archived from the original on 25 May 2009. Retrieved on 15 April 2009.
  18. ↑ freerangeinfo.com (en-GB). freerangeinfo.com. Retrieved on 2023-06-09.
  19. ↑ Compassion in World Farming - Egg laying hens - Higher welfare alternatives. ciwf.org.uk. Archived from the original on 30 January 2009. Retrieved on 15 April 2009.
  20. ↑ Rebecca Nicholson (18 August 2018). What does 'free-range' actually mean? It's complicated. The Guardian. Retrieved on 19 February 2021.
  21. ↑ Compassion in World Farming - Turkeys - Higher welfare alternatives. ciwf.org.uk. Archived from the original on 9 February 2009. Retrieved on 15 April 2009.
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 Market Research Reports & Analysis - IBISWorld AU. www.ibisworld.com.au.
  23. ↑ (October 2002) Model Code of Practice for the Welfare of Animals: Domestic Poultry. CSIRO Publishing. ISBN 9780643069145. 
  24. ↑ Layer Hens: RSPCA Approved Farming Scheme Standards. rspcaapproved.org.au (September 2015). Archived from the original on 2022-03-11. Retrieved on 2024-07-23.
  25. ↑ Meat Labels.
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