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Ebe a na-ekpofu ahịhịa Ringwood Mines

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Ebe a naekpofu ahịhịa Ringwood Mines bụ ebe a naegwupụta ígwè nke dị na 500-acre nke dị na mpaghara Ringwood, New Jersey. E ji ya mee ihe na ngwụcha afọ 1960 na mmalite afọ 1970 site na nnukwu ụlọ ọrụ Ford Motor Company dị na Mahwah dị nso, New Jersey maka ikpofu ihe mkpofu, ụlọ ọrụ Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) chọpụtara ya maka ndepụta Superfund ya na 1984 maka nhicha ihe mkpofu dị ize ndụ. EPA hichapụrụ saịtị ahụ site na ndepụta Superfund na 1994 mana mgbe e mesịrị depụtaghachi saịtị ahụ ọtụtụ ugboro nihi mmezi gburugburu ebe obibi dara.[1][1] E weghachiri akụkụ nke ebe a naekpofu ahịhịa dị ka ala eji eme ụlọ dị ọnụ ala maka ndị Ramapough nafọ ndị 1970, ọ bụ ezie na ala ahụ emetọla.

EPA chọtara akpa ndị ọzọ nke ágbá na 1995, 1998 na 2004; ọ gwara Ford ka ọ nụchaa ihe ọzọ.[1] Nafọ 2005, Bergen Record mere usoro nyocha nke ise, Toxic Legacy, na saịtị ahụ wee chọta mmetọ dị ukwuu na obodo obibi dị nso.[2] EPA kwenyesiri ike na mpaghara ahụ emetọla ihe mkpofu ụlọ ọrụ na ihe ndị dị ize ndụ ma tinye ebe ahụ na ndepụta Superfund na 2006. Ọ bụ akụkụ nke mmiri maka nde mmadụ 2.5 na New Jersey.[3] Akụkụ nke ebe 500-acre gbasaa nime Ringwood State Park, dịka Ford nyere ala ise nke ebe mbụ Peters Mine Pit na steeti ahụ, nke tinyere ya nime ogige ahụ.[4] Ka ọ na-erule nafọ 2011, ewepụla tọn 47,000 ọzọ nke ala emetọ site na saịtị ahụ, okpukpu ise karịa ka ewepụrụ nokpuru nhicha mbụ na 1980s na 1990s.[3]

Akụkọ ihe mere eme

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Nakụkọ ihe mere eme, a naeji mpaghara Ringwood Mines eme ihe maka nchọpụta ígwè, na mpaghara ugwu dịpụrụ adịpụ gụnyere ebe a naegwupụta ihe na oghere, ebe a naebe a naekpofu ihe na ebe a na - ekpofu ihe. Nime ngwụcha afọ 1960 na mmalite afọ 1970, ụlọ ọrụ Ford Motor Company jiri ebe 500-acre mee ihe maka iwepụ ihe mkpofu na ihe mkpofu ndị ọzọ naemepụta na ụlọ ọrụ Mahwah Assembly, noge ahụ ụlọ ọrụ nhazi ụgbọ ala kachasị na United States.[3][5][6] Ka ọ naerule oge mmechi ụlọ ọrụ ahụ na 1980, "ọtụtụ nde galọn" nke ágbá, nke e mere atụmatụ na ọ gaezu iji mejupụta abụọ nime atọ nke Lincoln Tunnel, a tụfuru nógbè ahụ.[2] Ihe ndekọ nke Ford naegosi na n'oge 1967-1971 naanị, a tụfuru tọn 11,350 nke ágbá si Mahwah na Ringwood.[7] Dị ka iwu gburugburu ebe obibi ka emebeghị, Ford naazọrọ na ịtụfu ahụ bụ iwu. Nagbata afọ 1955 - mgbe ụlọ ọrụ ahụ meghere - na 1970, a naagbanye ihe mkpofu ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe "naenweghị nchịkwa" dịka iwu steeti megide mmetọ nke iyi anaghị eme ka ọ dị.[2]

Nafọ ndị 1970, Ford nyere steeti ahụ ala ise nke Peters Mine Pit, nke mere ka ọ bụrụ akụkụ nke ihe bụ Ringwood State Park ugbu a. Mgbe 1976 na ntinye nke National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA), mgbe ụlọ ọrụ naekpofu ihe ndị dị ize ndụ ghọrọ iwu gọọmentị etiti naachịkwa nke ọma, ndị American Mafia mere ihe mkpofu iwu naakwadoghị na Ringwood. Vincent "Chin" Gigante nke ezinụlọ ndị omempụ Genovese kwuru na ọ gaeyi egwu igbu onye mmegide iji nweta "ikike" iji kpochapụ ihe naacha Ford nógbè ahụ.[8] Mmekọrịta nke mpụ a haziri ahazi malitere ma ọ dịkarịa ala na 1965, dịka Louis "Fat Lou" LaRasso gburu Joseph "Joey Surprise" Feola - na iwu nke ezinụlọ ndị omempụ Gambino - maka "izu ohi" nkwekọrịta mkpofu Ford. Ndị ọrụ nkwekọrịta tụfuru ihe mkpofu nebe ọ bụla ha nwere ike.[2]

Nafọ 2005, Bergen Record mechara nyocha ọnwa asatọ, nke e bipụtara dị ka usoro ise, Toxic Legacy (dị nịntanetị), na saịtị Ringwood. Ọ chọtara mmetọ dị ukwuu na obodo.[2] EPA kwenyesiri ike na mpaghara ahụ ka naemetọ ihe mkpofu ụlọ ọrụ na ihe ndị dị ize ndụ, mgbe e kpochapụrụ ya ugboro anọ, ma tinye ebe ahụ na ndepụta Superfund.[1] Akụkụ nke ebe 500-acre gbasaa nime Ringwood State Park.[4] Site na 2006 ruo 2011, EPA enyewo ntụziaka iwepụ tọn 47,000 ọzọ nke ala na apịtị emetọ site na saịtị ahụ, ihe karịrị okpukpu ise nke e kpochapụrụ na mgbalị mbụ.[3]

Nafọ 2011, Ford tụrụ aro iweghachite ebe a naegwupụta ihe na Peters, mana ndị naahụ maka gburugburu ebe obibi emegidewo nke a, naechegbu onwe ha na olulu ahụ nwere ike jupụta na mmetọ. Ihe karịrị ụmụ amaala 65,000 bịanyere aka nakwụkwọ mkpesa nịntanetị naemegide atụmatụ ahụ, Ngalaba Naahụ Maka Gburugburu Ebe Obibi na Ogige Steeti kwuru na ọ dịghị mgbe ọ tụlere ịlaghachi na saịtị ahụ na Ford. Ọrụ ahụ naaga nihu na nhicha.[4]

Ndị naahụ maka gburugburu ebe obibi naechegbu onwe ha banyere mmetọ naabanye na mmiri dị n'okpuru ala ma naeyi egwu mmiri nke naejere nde mmadụ 2.5 ozi, otu ụzọ nụzọ anọ nke ndị bi na steeti ahụ. Ọtụtụ ndị mmadụ emetụtala ya nụzọ doro anya, ebe ọ bụ na Ringwood abụwo ebe ndị mmadụ bi na Ramapough Mountain Indians, ndị ụmụ ha naeji ihe osise naegwuri egwu na ihe mkpofu nke ebe a naekpofu ahịhịa. Ndị nna nna ha naarụ ọrụ nebe a naegwupụta ígwè.[2]

Nime afọ ndị a naekpofu ihe, ụfọdụ nime ndị ikom ahụ naekpochapụ ihe mkpofu, naachọ ọla kọpa na ọla ndị ọzọ bara uru maka ire ere. A tụbara ihe mkpofu ụlọ ọrụ nime olulu na ogbunigwe; sludge agba naesi ike wee pụta dị ka mbadamba nkume nakụkụ iyi. Achọtala ọkwa nke ndu na antimony nime sludge agba dị nso na ebe obibi ka ọ bụrụ ọkwa nchekwa otu narị ugboro. Ọtụtụ ezinaụlọ emetụtala ọnụ ọgụgụ dị elu nke ọrịa cancer na nsogbu ahụike sitere na mmetọ dị nso ebe obibi ha na nime mmiri dị nime ala. Nafọ 2006, ihe dị ka Ramapough 600 gbara akwụkwọ mkpesa nke ukwuu, Mann v. Ford, megide Ford Motor Company maka mkpofu. Noge ọgba aghara ụlọ ọrụ ụgbọ ala 2008-2010, noge ọ pụtara na Ford nwere ike ịnọ nihe ize ndụ nke ịda mba, Ramapough naatụ egwu na ụlọ ọrụ ahụ gaapụ na Ford mere ihe naatụ egwu ndị ahụ, na Septemba 2009 agbụrụ ahụ nakweere nhazi. nke $11 nde sitere na Ford na ndị ọrụ ya, gbakwunyere $1.5 nde sitere na obodo Ringwood, maka nkezi ugwo nke $8,000 maka onye bi na Ramapough mgbe ụgwọ onye ọka iwu.

Nnọchiteanya na mgbasa ozi ndị ọzọ

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  • E kpuchiri ikpe Ramapough megide Ford na Mann v. Ford, ihe ngosi nke HBO mepụtara. Nịbụ nke Maro Chermayeff na Micah Fink duziri, ọ gosipụtara Wayne Mann nke Ramapough na Vicki Gilliam nke The Cochran Firm, nke naanọchite anya agbụrụ ahụ. Ọ naekpuchi afọ ise nke agbụrụ ahụ gbasoro ikpe ahụ, yana arụmụka nihu Congress maka enyemaka na nkwụghachi ego. Ndị gbara akwụkwọ na ụlọ ọrụ ahụ emeela mkpebi.
  • Toxic Legacy site na akwụkwọ akụkọ The Record, ihe ngosi nke akụkụ 5 dị nịntanetị na toxiclegacy.northjersey.com
  • Usoro SundanceTV The Red Road bụ akụkọ ifo nke onye uwe ojii ma tinye ọtụtụ ihe nke ọnọdụ ahụ nime akụkọ ahụ, dị ka ihe naacha odo odo na Ramapo Lenape Nation.

Ihe odide

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  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Site Description. Ringwood Mines/Landfill. United States Environmental Protection Agency. Retrieved on 2011-09-02.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 Barry. Overview. Toxic Legacy. The Record. Archived from the original on 2011-09-03. Retrieved on 2011-09-02.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 Layton. "No end in sight for Ford cleanup in Ringwood", The Record, December 12, 2010. Retrieved on 2011-09-02.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 O'Neill. "Ford says it wants a piece of Ringwood State Park", NorthJersey.com, August 18, 2011. Retrieved on 2011-09-02.
  5. ↑ Ringwood Mines/Landfill Site. Region 2 Superfund. United States Environmental Protection Agency. Retrieved on 2011-09-02.
  6. ↑ Ervolino. "Mahwah's Ford assembly plant gone but not forgotten", The Record, July 25, 2010. Retrieved on 2011-09-02.
  7. ↑ Barry. Regulators Failed. Toxic Legacy. The Record. Archived from the original on 2011-09-03. Retrieved on 2011-09-02.
  8. ↑ Belton (2010). Protecting New Jersey's Environment: From Cancer Alley to the New Garden State. Piscataway, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 85–86. ISBN 978-0-8135-4887-6. 
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