Environmental defender

Ndị na-ahụ gburugburu ebe obibi ma ọ bụ ndị na-ahụ ọgụ gburugburu ebe obibi bụ ndị mmadụ n'otu n'otu ma ọ bụ mkpokọta na-echebe ebe obibi site na onye ahụ sitere na mwepu, mpụ dị ize ndụ. ndụ, ọrụ, oke ala, ma ọ bụ ihe egwu ndị ọzọ. N'afọ 2019, otu Kansụl n'ahụ maka ihe ruuru mmadụ nke UN ihe na ha dị mkpa maka gburugburu ebe obibi. [1] A na-etinye okwu a na-ahụ gburugburu ebe obibi na mpaghara dị iche nke gburugburu ebe obibi na ndị isi sitere na omenala dị iche iche bụ ndị niile na-eji ụzọ dị iche iche na-ejide onwe dị iche iche. . A na-agbagha iji okwu ahụ eme ihe, ebe ọ na-ụdị ụdị iche na mgbasa ozi dị otú ahụ iche iche, ọtụtụ n'ime ha anọ onwe ha na okwu ahụ ma nwee ike na-amalite enwe, doro anya iji chebe gburugburu. ebe obibi (bụ ndị na- akpali akpali site na ndekọ nsogbu na eze. ^[1]

Ndị na- gburugburu ebe obibi na-etinye aka na gburugburu ebe obibi na-eche ụdị egwu iche iche site n'aka dị iche iche site n'aka dị iche, ndị isi obodo, na ike ndị ọzọ na-erite uru na ọrụ ndị na-ahụ na- iche. Global Witness kọrọ igbu 1,922 nke ndị na-ahụ gburugburu na mba 57 n'etiti 2002 na 2019, ebe ụmụ amaala ruru ihe dị ka otu ụzọ n'ụzọ atọ nke ihe a. Akwụkwọ akwụkwọ ime ihe ike a na-oke. Onye nkwuchite ọnụ UN mbaiche ikike mmadụ kwuru na a na-atụ ihe ruru otu ihe ndị na-ahụ gburugburu ebe obibi egwu, jide ma ọ bụ na-amaja onye ọ lụba e gburugburu.^[2]

ndabere

Enwere ogologo ihe mere eme nke ndị mmadụ na-echebe gburugburu ebe obibi ha site na nsogbu ndị agha akụ na-ahụ. A tụlere nke a mbụ gbasara ikpe ziri ezi gburugburu ebe obibi, gburugburu ebe obibi nke ndị ogbenye, ndị nkesa gburugburu ebe obibi, colonialism ndị ọbịa, na echiche ndị ọzọ na-emetụta usoro gburugburu ebe obibi. Akwụkwọ ozi, mgbasa ozi, na ndị NGO dị iche iche ejiriwo okwu ahụ na-ahụ gburugburu ebe obibi, onye na-ahụ ihe ndị ruuru mmadụ na gburugburu ebe obibi, na onye na-akpa ala na-achụ ndị na-agbasi mbọ ike ichebe ala ha site na mmetọ ma ọ bụ mkpọfu, eje ozi UN, ndị na-ama ikike mmadụ n'afọ 1998. [1] Iji okwu a na-Ụdị ichela na ihera iji chebe ndị na-ahụ na-arụ ọrụ a . A na-elekarị ndị na-ahụ gburugburu ebe obibi anya dị ka ụgwọ nke ndị na-ahụ ikike ikike ma nwa ya na tiori iwu nke ikike ikike nke United Nations kwalitere. Ha na-arụ ọrụ iji guzobe ma ọ bụ chebe ikike bụ isi maka gburugburu ebe dị mma . ^[3] ^[4]

A naghị eji usoro nchekwa gburugburu ebe obibi ebe eme ihe n'ofe enwere ma nwee ike inwe mmetụta dị na mpaghara iche dị iche iche. apeere, French défenseurs de l'environnement nwere ike na-ezo aka na ndị na-ahụ maka gburugburu ebe obibi n'ozuzu ma tinye ya n'ahụ ndị mmadụ na Global North . [2] Ọtụtụ ndị na- alụ ihu n'ihu dị iche onwe ha na okwu ahụ, na- àgwà ụdị dị iche iche nke ndị ọzọ dị ka: onye na-ama mmiri, onye na-ahụ maka gburugburu ebe obibi, onye bụ ndụ, onye na- alụ, ọkpọ ihe ihe ndị dị ndụ, onye na-ahụ maka gburugburu ebe obibi, onye ndu obodo, na ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ. [2] Esemokwu gburugburu ebe obibi n'obodo mepere emepe ma ọ bụ mba etiti ruo nnukwu ego na-ebute okwu site na usoro ikpe ziri gburugburu ebe obibi. Esemokwu dị n'ime ime obodo na mba ndị nwere obere ego na-ama okwu gburugburu ebe obibi nke ndị ogbenye. Ndị ọkà-akpa obodo na-arụtụ aka na ha anọwo na- eje ala ha eje ije ozi,alụ na-ama mgba ha na-alụ n'ihe àmà ndị ọbịa. [5] Nchedo gburugburu ebe obibi nwera ike ọ-abụ abụa doro anya nke ụfọdụ obodo ndị na- gburugburu ebe obibi bụ ndị nwere ike kpalie ya site na okwu ikpe ziri ezi ma ọ bụ ikike ala ụmụ amaala . [6] Otú ọ dị, nke ọrụ ihe mmetụta nke obodo ime obodo na-arụ bụ nke mba dị iche iche na-egwupụta akụ na aka na-azụmaahịa na agri-azụmahịa, n'ihi ya, ọ mụrụ obodo ndị na-ahụ gburugburu ebe obibi na- akpali site n'usoro ihe mmetụta nke aka ha, ihe mgbochi bụ ichekwa gburugburu ebe obibi. [6] Ya mere, ifufe aka na ndị na-akpa gburugburu ebe obibi na àgwà gbasara ala na-ahụ ụzọ na ụzọ doro anya mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi, ma ọ bụghị mgbe niile ^[5]

Mmegharị zuru ụwa ọnụ

na- gburugburu ebe obibi nọ n'ihu nke usoro ikpe ziri ezi gburugburu ebe obibi zuru ụwa ndị ọnụ nke ndị na-adabere na ebe onye ọ elala (ya bụ, ngwaọrụ nke gburugburu ebe obibi) na-enye aka na usoro ikpe Ziri ezi gburugburu ebe obibi na-eto eto nke na-ama na-enye echiche ọhụrụ na mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi na ikpe ziri ezi nke mmadụ. [7] [8] [9] Ndị a na-eche n'ihe ihe na-ahụ maka gburugburu ebe obibi na-atụ aro na akụ na-abụ mepere emepe na-achọ ụzọ ndị ọhụrụ maka iwepụta, [10] na-eduga n'ịbawanye nwa nkesa gburugburu ebe obibi. Ebe ikpeazụ siri ike nke ụdị dị iche iche nke ụmụ na-echebe ugbu a ka a na-eche maka iwepụta pụta. [11] Ọtụtụ ndị egwu na UN Human Rights Council kwubiri na ngwaọrụ na-echebe ebe ndị siri ike site n'aka ndị na-ahụ gburugburu ebe obibi nwere ike bụrụ ihe dị mkpa maka mkpuchi gburugburu ebe obibi na ibelata ihu igwe.. ^[2] ^[6]

The Environmental Justice Atlas na-edekọ iheỤbọ nkesa gburugburu puku atọ na narị ise gburugburu ụwa. [13] Linyon e mere na nchekwa data a na ebe ozi ndị ọzọ okpuruere iwu iwu ndị nche na-atụ anya na ha ga-eme ka ikike nke usoro ikpe ziri ezi gburugburu ebe obibi zuru ụwa ọnụ na njikwa nke ndị na- . gburugburu ebe obibi. [1] fim dị mma:

Ọnụ ọgụgụ ka ukwuu nke ogbugbu na-ejikọta ya na esemokwu dị na mpaghara Ngwuputa na agrarian. ^[3]
Mba ndị na-akpata obere ego na-enwekwu esemokwu n'ime ime obodo metụtara nchekwa, biomass, iji ala na njikwa mmiri. Mba ndị nwere nnukwu ego na-enwe esemokwu karịa n'ime obodo ma ọ bụ ọkara ime obodo metụtara mkpofu mkpofu, njem nlegharị anya, ike nuklia, ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe na ọrụ akụrụngwa. ^[3]
A na-achịkọtakarị ụmụ amaala megide mmerụ ahụ gburugburu ebe obibi ma na-etinye aka na 41% nke akwụkwọ ndekọ. Ntinye aka nke ụmụ amaala na ọnụ ọgụgụ ogbugbu dị elu karịa. ^[3]
Mgbasa ikpe ziri ezi gburugburu ebe obibi na-aga nke ọma (nke sitere na ịkagbu ọrụ ma ọ bụ mkpebi iwu dị mma) na-eji ụzọ dị iche iche na-adịghị eme ihe ike . Nkagbu ọrụ butere 26.7% nke mkpọsa akọpụtara. ^[3]
Esemokwu nkesa gburugburu ebe obibi nwere ike imetụta ụmụ nwanyị n'ụzọ na-ezighi ezi n'ihi oke ọrụ nke nwoke na nwanyị na ikesa enweghị oke. Ụmụ nwanyị ndị na-agbachitere gburugburu ebe obibi na-echekwa ime ihe ike nwoke na nwanyị dị ka ịgba akwụna mmanye, idina mmadụ n'ike, na efu nke ụmụ nwanyị amaala. ^[7]

Ime ihe ike megide ndị na-agbachitere

Global Witness kọrọ igbu mmadụ 1,922 nke ndị na-agbachitere gburugburu na mba 57 n'etiti 2002 na 2019, ebe ụmụ amaala ruru ihe dị ka otu ụzọ n'ụzọ atọ nke ngụkọta a. Ná nkezi, a na-egbu ndị na-agbachitere atọ kwa izu. ^[4] Akwụkwọ akụkọ ime ihe ike a ezughịkwa ezu. Onye na-ahụ maka UN Pụrụ Iche gbasara ikike mmadụ kwuru na ihe ruru otu narị ndị na-agbachitere gburugburu ebe obibi na-atụ egwu, jide ma ọ bụ na-amaja ndị ọzọ maka onye ọ bụla e gburu. ^[2]

Ime ihe ike nwere ọtụtụ akụkụ

Ọ bụ ebe na a na-amakarị ime ihe ike na ndị gburugburu ebe obibi dị ka ihe omume, iche (dị ka mwepu, ndina n'ike, ma ọ bụ igbu ọchụ), ndị àmà ụfọdụ na-egosi na esemokwu oke ime ime. ihe ike megide obodo ndị na-ahụ gburugburu ebe obibi ụzọ dị iche iche. [15] Na mgbakwunye na ime ihe ike a na-akọkarị, ime ihe ike arụrụ arụ (nke gbanyere n'usoro ụzọ, soja, na nke akụ na-), ime ihe ike omenala (nke ejire n'asụsụ, , arọrechi, ma ọ bụ echiche), ime ihe ike na- ngwa (dị ka mkpirisi mkpokọta na ozi dị ala), na gburugburu ebe obibi. ime ihe ike (dị ka nbibi nke ihe oriri) niile na-enye aka na ime ihe ike nke obodo ndị na- egbochi.. ^[8]

Mgbakọ Aarhus (1998) na-ekwu na ndị mmadụ n'otu n'otu nwe ikike gburugburu ozi gburugburu ebe obibi, na-ekere òkè na ime gburugburu ebe obibi, na-eche ikpe ziri ezi. [16] A na-echekwa echiche ndị a n'iche 10 nke ịhụnanya Rio . A na-echekwa ikike gburugburu ebe obibi dị mma n'ọtụtụ mba ụwa egwu African Charter on Human Rights, American Convention on Human Rights, Escazu Agreement, Arab Charter on Human Rights, na Control ASEAN na ikike . ^[4]

Nkatọ na nzaghachi

Mmegide nke ndị na-agbachitere gburugburu nwere ike were ụdị mpụ ma ọ bụ nchụpụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke na-emepe omume nchekwa gburugburu ebe obibi n'usoro arụmụka ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị buru ibu. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, na Colombia, a na-atụbakarị líderes ambientale (ndị isi gburugburu) dị ka ndị radical ekpe na ndị agha nchekwa na gọọmentị na-eche. Na Global North, agha a na-eyi egwu ebutela mpụ nke ndị na-agbachitere gburugburu ebe obibi. ^[1]

Ọ bụ ebe na ndị na-akpa gburugburu ebe obibi ọgụghị eji ụzọ nwere ike ime ihe ike, na ndị ọzọ nwe ike ike ịkatọ omume ndị na- , mbụ oge ha na-eme ngosi ihe ma ọ bụ omume ndị yiri ya. [1] ihe atụ, a gbara Jessica Reznicek akwụkwọ na USA maka ibu ọkụ eji arụ ụlọ Dakota Access Pipeline, onye ọka ikpe tinyekwuru oge n'ikpe ya na 'mkwalite iyi ọha egwu.. ^[9]

Enwekwara nka dị mkpa nke echiche nchekwa gburugburu ebe obibi ma ọ bụ obodo obodo gburugburu ebe obibi dabere na ọnọdụ ihe mere eme ma ọ bụ ihe mgbagha omume. Ndị a na-agụnye ichekwa ọrụ mkpokọta n'otu n'otu, akụkụ nke okwu ahụ, yana ọnọdụ anya anya nchekwa ma ọ bụ ọrụ ume ọhụrụ.. ^[1] ^[8]

Ọ bụ ezie na ọtụtụ ebe agụmakwụkwọ na United Nations na-akọwapụta ndị na-agbachitere gburugburu ebe obibi ịgụnye otu ndị mmadụ, ụlọ ọrụ mgbasa ozi na ndị na-akwado nkwado na-akọkarị gbasara ndị na-agbachitere onwe ha, na-eme ka okwu ahụ nwee mmetụta n'otu n'otu na nghọta ọha na eze banyere esemokwu nkesa gburugburu ebe obibi. ^[1] Nke a nwere ike ikpuchi ụdị esemokwu nkesa gburugburu ebe obibi, tinyekwuo ndị isi n'otu n'otu n'ihe egwu, ma mee ka esemokwu dị n'ime obodo dị n'etiti obodo ndị na-agbachitere ka njọ. ^[1]

N'otu n'otu nke ndị na-ahụ gburugburu ebe obibi see ike iketa anwụ. dhimashada n'ihi nwera ike inwe ike nke ịgbasa nkwado Ndị maka ndị nkesa gburugburu ebe obibi, ime ka njikọ aka dị ike, ma kwalite ọkwa nke ọma. [2] Dị ka ihe atụ na Philippines, ogbugbu nke Macli-ing Dulag mere ka ndị mmadụ gbakọrọ ọnụ ọnụ dam River River na ịkagbu ọrụ ahụ. [18] Otú ọ dị, ịnwụ n'ihi na-tallọ ọrụ aka n'otu aka na-eme ka ìhè nke gburugburu ebe obibi na-aga nke ọma. N'okpuruokpuru mmegbu , ịnwụ nke ndị na-akpa nwere ike bute mkparị; na mba ndị nwere ọnụ ọgụgụ igbu ọchụ dị elu, ọrịa nke ndị na-enwe ike ịgafe n'ama ^[1]

Ike mmeghari ohuru na nchekwa

Ọtụtụ ihe nkesa gburugburu ebe obibi na-esite na mmetụtata ma ọ bụ ojiji ala ncheta ya na ike mmeghari ohuru ma ọ bụ nchekwa. [19] [13] [20] A katọrọ ndị na- gburugburu ebe obibi na-echebe ala ha site n'ihe egwu ndị a maka egwu aka na nke nwera ike ọchịchị na ọ dị mkpa maka mbelata ihu igwe, mkpa nke ụdị ndị dị ize ndụ, ma ọ bụ "ọdịmma nsogbu". [21] Ihe atụ ndị a na- akara nhụsianya omume nke nwere ike ịgba na mgba nke obodo ndị na- gburugburu ebe obibi. apeere, nchekwa nke Virunga National Park dị na Democratic Republic of the Congo agbaala agha, ndị na-elekọta ụlọ enwewokwa ndị na ndị obodo obodo, na-eduga na nkatọ nke 'nchekwa ndị agha.. ^[7] ^[5]

Ojiji ala na ọrụ mmetụta ume ọhụrụ na-ebute ogụ gburugburu; ọtụtụ nri ụtụtụ na EJAtlas amụ ume ọhụrụ. [13]. [20] Ebe a na-arụ ọrụ ikuku na mbara igwe ọkụ ikpe ikpe ziri ezi na gburugburu ebe obibi, dị ka ìhè maka ọla kọpa, lithium, na mineral ndị ọzọ dị oke mkpa maka ike ume ọhụrụ. [19] Thacker Pass lithium mine na USA bụ ihe atụ nke ụdị na mpaghara ume ọhụrụ ebe ndị na- gburugburu ebe obibi na- 1 ogbunigwe mepere emepe nke ndị ọrụ gburugburu ebe obibi ndị ọzọ mụrụ na ọ dị mkpa ị na-agụ lithium maka ụgbọ ụgbọ ala elektrika iji kwado mbelata ihu igwe . ^[10] ^[11]

Ọchịchị colonial

usoro na iwu nke ikike mmadụ zuru ụwa ọnụ ebutela nkatọ nke echiche ndị na-ahụ gburugburu ebe obibi dị ka akara colonial nke ụfọdụ n'elu obodo ndị na-emepụta echiche ma ọ bụ echiche iche, njikwa nke ikike ikike mmadụ. . [2] Ọkà nhọrọ Colville bụ Dina Gilio-Whitaker na-mpụtapụta na imesi ike na ikike maka gburugburu ebe obibi dị mma na ikpe ezi gburugburu ebe obibi nwere ike iche na ọ bụ nnukwu ego nke ala nke na-ekwekọghị n'echiche ụwa. ụmụ amaala. [24] Onye nta URL UN iche John Knox atụwo aro na ihekwere ikike maka gburugburu ebe dị mma bụ mba ndị dị na South South na-edu ma nwee ike ike aka na mkpochapụ nke iwu ikike mmadụ.. ^[4]

Hụkwa

Eco-socialism

Ntụaka

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3 ^1.4 ^1.5 Verweijen (2021). "'Environmental defenders': the power / disempowerment of a loaded term", in Menton: Environmental and Land Defenders: Deadly Struggles for Life and Territory. New York: Routledge, 37–49. DOI:10.4324/9781003127222-6. ISBN 9781003127222. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":0" defined multiple times with different content
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 Peter Bille Larsen (2021). "Understanding and responding to the environmental human rights defenders crisis: The case for conservation action". Conservation Letters 14 (3). DOI:10.1111/conl.12777. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":10" defined multiple times with different content
↑ ^3.0 ^3.1 ^3.2 ^3.3 ^3.4 Scheidel (July 2020). "Environmental conflicts and defenders: A global overview". Global Environmental Change 63. DOI:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2020.102104. PMID 32801483. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":3" defined multiple times with different content
↑ ^4.0 ^4.1 ^4.2 ^4.3 Knox (2020-10-13). "Constructing the Human Right to a Healthy Environment" (in en). Annual Review of Law and Social Science 16 (1): 79–95. DOI:10.1146/annurev-lawsocsci-031720-074856. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":5" defined multiple times with different content
↑ ^5.0 ^5.1 Ghazoul (2018). "A global perspective is needed to protect environmental defenders". Nature Ecology & Evolution 2 (9): 1340–1342. DOI:10.1038/s41559-018-0640-1. PMID 30061565. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":1" defined multiple times with different content
↑ Human Rights Council resolution 40/L.22: Recognizing the contribution of environmental human rights defenders to the enjoyment of human rights, environmental protection and sustainable development. UN (2019-03-21).
↑ ^7.0 ^7.1 Tran (2020). "Gendered geographies of violence: a multiple case study analysis of murdered women environmental defenders". Journal of Political Ecology 27 (1): 1189–1212. DOI:10.2458/v27i1.23760. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":6" defined multiple times with different content
↑ ^8.0 ^8.1 Navas (March 2018). "Violence in environmental conflicts: the need for a multidimensional approach". Sustainability Science 13 (3): 649–660. DOI:10.1007/s11625-018-0551-8. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":7" defined multiple times with different content
↑ Joens. "Iowa climate activist sentenced to eight years in federal prison for Dakota Access pipeline sabotage", Des Moines Register. Retrieved on November 9, 2021.
↑ Penn. "The Lithium Gold Rush: Inside the Race to Power Electric Vehicles", The New York Times, 6 May 2021. Retrieved on 6 May 2021.
↑ Nilsen (2021-12-17). A rush to mine lithium in Nevada is pitting climate advocates and environmental groups against each other. CNN. Retrieved on 2021-12-17.

[:0-1] 1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3 ^1.4 ^1.5 Verweijen (2021). "'Environmental defenders': the power / disempowerment of a loaded term", in Menton: Environmental and Land Defenders: Deadly Struggles for Life and Territory. New York: Routledge, 37–49. DOI:10.4324/9781003127222-6. ISBN 9781003127222. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":0" defined multiple times with different content

[:10-2] 2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 Peter Bille Larsen (2021). "Understanding and responding to the environmental human rights defenders crisis: The case for conservation action". Conservation Letters 14 (3). DOI:10.1111/conl.12777. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":10" defined multiple times with different content

[:3-3] 3.0 ^3.1 ^3.2 ^3.3 ^3.4 Scheidel (July 2020). "Environmental conflicts and defenders: A global overview". Global Environmental Change 63. DOI:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2020.102104. PMID 32801483. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":3" defined multiple times with different content

[:5-4] 4.0 ^4.1 ^4.2 ^4.3 Knox (2020-10-13). "Constructing the Human Right to a Healthy Environment" (in en). Annual Review of Law and Social Science 16 (1): 79–95. DOI:10.1146/annurev-lawsocsci-031720-074856. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":5" defined multiple times with different content

[:1-5] 5.0 ^5.1 Ghazoul (2018). "A global perspective is needed to protect environmental defenders". Nature Ecology & Evolution 2 (9): 1340–1342. DOI:10.1038/s41559-018-0640-1. PMID 30061565. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":1" defined multiple times with different content

[6] Human Rights Council resolution 40/L.22: Recognizing the contribution of environmental human rights defenders to the enjoyment of human rights, environmental protection and sustainable development. UN (2019-03-21).

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[:7-8] 8.0 ^8.1 Navas (March 2018). "Violence in environmental conflicts: the need for a multidimensional approach". Sustainability Science 13 (3): 649–660. DOI:10.1007/s11625-018-0551-8. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":7" defined multiple times with different content

[joens-9] Joens. "Iowa climate activist sentenced to eight years in federal prison for Dakota Access pipeline sabotage", Des Moines Register. Retrieved on November 9, 2021.

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