Foot Emancipation Society
Ndị otu ngbahapụ ụkwụ ( Chinese ), ma ọ bụ otu ndị na emegide nke chi ụkwụ (戒缠足会; Jiè chánzú huì ), bụ ọgbakọ obodo nke na -emegide njikọ ụkwụ na ngwụcha usoro ndị eze Qing na China. [1] Otu a nwere mmetụta site na Ndozigharị nke narị ụbọchị nke afọ 1898. Nzukọ a bulirị ihe gbasara ọnọdụ ụmụ nwanyị na China.
Ndabere[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
Ijikọ ụkwụ bụ omenala a na -eme ụmụ agbọghọ na ụmụ nwanyị kamgbe n'ihe dị ka otu puku afọ na China. Nke a malitere na narị afọ nke iri. N'obodo ndị China, a na ewere ụkwụ ekere agbụ dị ka ihe mara mma na ihe na - akpali agụụ mmekọahụ. Omume a mechiri ngagharị ụmụ nwanyị, ma mgbe ụfọdụ a na -ahụ ya dị ka akara ọkwa (nwanyị ahụ agaghị na arụ ọrụ) ma ọ bụ akara nke ịbụ ihe ma ọ bụ ngwogwo nwoke (ngagharị nwanyị ahụ na epe mpe yana ọ na dabere nke ukwuu na ụmụ nwoke nọ n'ụlọ ya na imere ya ihe niile). [2]
Mgbe Agha Opium Mbụ gasịrị, China na Britain bịanyere aka na "Nkwekọrịta Nanking " nke afọ 1842, nke mere ka gọọmentị Qing mepee ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri ise. Ọtụtụ Ndị Kraịst bịara China wee malite imegide njikọ ụkwụ, n'ihi na ha chere na ọ bụ ịkpa oke megide ụmụ nwanyị. Na afọ 1875, ndị inyom ndị otu Kraist dị n'etiti iri isii na iri asaa n'ọnụ ọgụgụ na obodo Xiamen gara nzukọ nke onye mgbasa ozi Ktaist site n'ala ọzọ John MacGowan do were. Na ọgbakọ ahụ ka ha malitere otu akpọrọ Ụkwụ ka esi ke ya (tianzu, nke pụtara Ụkwụ Eluigwe), [3] Ndị bụ otu a na isi bụ ndị otu akpọrọ Woman's Christian Temperance Movement nke ehiwere na afọ 1883 nke ndị mgbasa ozioma ala ọzọ gụnyere Timothy Richard kwadoro ya, onye chere na ịso ụzọ Kraịst nwere ike ịkwalite ịha nhatanha n'etiti nwoke na nwanyị . Ihe odide Richard ga -emetụta ndị na eme mgbanwe na China dị ka Kang Youwei na Liang Qichao, Ndị a bụ ndị gbaghara omume nke ịjiko ụkwụ ụmụ nwanyị [4]
Ntọala[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
Ndozigharị nke otu narị ụbọchị nke afọ 1898 kpaliri ọtụtụ ọrụ mgbanwe ọha. Nke kacha gbasawanye bụ '' mmegide ijikọ ụkwụ, '' nke butere ntọala ''Otu ntọhapụ ụkwụ''.
Na afọ 1887, Kang Youwei na Qu Eliang guzobere "Otu ntọhapụ ụkwụ" na Nanhai District, nke Foshan City; agbanyeghị, a gbahapụrụ ya n'ihi mmegide ọha. Na afọ 1885, Kang Youwei na nwanne ya nwoke Kang Guangrou (康广仁) guzobere "Otu ntọhapụ ụkwụ nke Canton". Ọ rịọrọ ụmụ ya nwanyị Kang Tongwei na Kang Tongbi ka ha hapụ ụkwụ ha dịka ọmụmaatụ. Otu a malitere imetụta ọdịbendị na obodo Guangdong. N'ọgwụgwụ afọ 1896, Wu Xinggang (吴 性 刚) hiwere "Otu mmegide ijikọ ụkwụ" na mpaghara Hunan.
Ka afọ 1897 gachara, ndị otu na nghọta maka mmegide ijikọ ụkwụ malitere ma na aba-uba ngwa ngwa. Na Shunde District nke obodo Foshan, ihe karịrị otu narị mmadụ gara nzukọ mgbochi ijikọ ụkwụ. Liang Qichao (梁启超) dere akụkọ akpọrọ '' Akụkọ maka ijikọ ụkwụ'' (《戒 缠足 会 叙》). Na June 30, e guzobere "Otu mmegide ijikọ ụkwụ nke Shangai". Ọ metụtara ndị ọzọ na Fuzhou, Tianjin, na Macau . [5] Na afọ 1897, Chen Baoyi (陈保彝) kwuputara nguzobe otu ndị na -ahụ maka mmegide ijikọ ụkwụ na Changsha . N'afọ sochirinụ, Tan Sitong na Tang Caichang malitere Otu ntọhapụ ụkwụ nke Hunan. [6] A na-ekwu na ndị otu nke ndị na-egbochi ijikọ ụkwụ ruru puku narị atọ. [7]
O nwere ike bụrụ na mpaghara ụfọdụ gbochiri ọrụ ndị a n'oge a. Ọzọ bụ na naanị ụmụ amaala mara ihe nwere nghọta maka mgbochi ijikọ ụkwụ. [8] Mgbe mmezigharị nke otu narị ụbọchị gasịrị, mmegide maka ijikọ ụkwụ kwụsịrị. Nke mere na njigide ụkwụ bido na-aga n'ihu na-eme ebe niile.
Agba nke abụọ[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
N'oge Ndozigharị Gengzi (清末新政, 庚子新政), amaliteghachiri mmemme mgbochi ụkwụ. Na afọ 1902, Empress Dowager Cixi kwupụtara mmachibido iwu maka ijikọ ụkwụ iji mee ka obi jụrụ ndị ala ọzọ, mana ewepụrụ iwu nke a obere oge ka e mesịrị. Na afọ 1905, eguzobere ndị otu Natural Feet Society (天足会) Nke a metụta ọnọdụ na ihe gbasara ijikọ ụkwụ nke ukwuu. Ndị otu a nwetara nkwado nke ọtụtụ ndị gọvanọ mpaghara dị iche iche. Gọvanọ Sichuan Cen Chunxuan bipụtara akwụkwọ puku iri ise iji kwado ihe gbasara ọnọdụ ahụ. Gọvanọ Zhili Cen Chunxuan, Gọvanọ Huguang Duanfang dekwara akụkọ na-emegide ijikọ ụkwụ. Na afọ 1904, amachibidoro ijikọ ụkwụ n'ọtụtụ ógbè, ụfọdụ ndị ọrụ gọọmentị rịọrọ ndị nwunye ha ma ọ bụ ụmụ ha nwanyị ka ha hapụ ike ụkwụ ha agbụ. [5]
Na afọ 1912, mgbe ọdịda nke usoro eze ndị Qing dara, gọọmentị China ọhụrụ machibidoro njikọ ụkwụ. A gwara ụmụ nwanyị ka ha yipụ ihe eji kechie ụkwụ ha ka a ghara igbu ha. E hiwere ọgbakọ dị iche iche iji kwado mkpochapụ nkedo ụkwụ, ma nwee nkwekọrịta n'etiti ezinụlọ ndị ga-ekwe nwa ọhụrụ nwoke na nwa nwanyị nkwa anụmdị ma ọ bụrụ na ekeghị ụkwụ nke nwanyị agbụ . Mgbe ndị Kọmunist weghaara ọchịchị na afọ 1949, ha tinyere iwu ma mmachibido njikọ ụkwụ, gụnyere mpaghara ndị dịpụrụ adịpụ ma ọ bụ nke dị n'ime ime obodo ebe elefuru anya n'oge gara aga maka mmachibido iwu nke ahụ. Nmachibido ijikọ ụkwụ ka dị irè taa na China.
Ntụrụaka[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
- ↑ Grady, Helen. Regulation of Marriage and the Anti-Footbinding Society. Retrieved on June 1, 2011.
- ↑ Marie Vento: One Thousand Years of Chinese Footbinding: Its Origins, Popularity and Demise. Term Paper/Core 9: Chinese Culture/ March 7, 1998. Archived from the original on June 4, 2011. Retrieved on June 1, 2011.
- ↑ Dorothy Ko (2008). Cinderella's Sisters: A Revisionist History of Footbinding. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0520253902.
- ↑ Vincent Goossaert (15 April 2011). The Religious Question in Modern China. University of Chicago Press, 70–. ISBN 978-0-226-30416-8. Retrieved on 31 July 2012.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 反缠足与放足. Archived from the original on 2016-03-03. Retrieved on 2021-08-11.
- ↑ Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs namedchangsha - ↑ Guangqiu Xu (2011). American Doctors in Canton: Modernization in China, 1835–1935. Transaction Publishers. ISBN 978-1412818292.
- ↑ 浅论戊戌时期不缠足运动的局限. Archived from the original on 2021-08-11. Retrieved on 2021-08-11.