Gene Weltfish
Gene Weltfish (amụrụ Regina Weltfish) (August 7, 1902 - Ọgọst 2, 1980) bụ onye America ọkà mmụta gbasara mmadụ na ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme na-arụ ọrụ na Mahadum Columbia site na 1928 ruo 1953. Ya na Franz Boas gụrụ akwụkwọ ma bụrụ ọkachamara na omenala na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ. Ndị Pawnee nke Midwest Plains. A na-ewere usoro ọmụmụ ya nke 1965, The Lost Universe: Pawnee Life and Culture, dị ka ọrụ ikike na omenala Pawnee ruo taa.
A makwaara ya maka akwụkwọ mpịakọta 1943 maka Ndị agha US, nke a na-akpọ The Races of Mankind, nke ya na Ruth Benedict dere. E bu n’obi kụziere ndị ọrụ agha gbasara ọdịiche ọdịbendị dị n’etiti ndị mmadụ n’ụwa maka nkwadebe maka ọgụ ha na ndị mmekọ dị iche iche sitere na omenala ndị ọzọ. Ndị ode akwụkwọ kwuru na ndịiche aghọtara n'etiti agbụrụ bụ omenala kama ịbụ nke ndu. Otu n'ime data e ji mee ihe n'edemede ahụ bụ nchọpụta IQ sitere na Agha Ụwa Mbụ, bụ nke chọtara ọnụ ọgụgụ dị elu n'etiti ụfọdụ ndị ojii ugwu na United States karịa n'etiti ụfọdụ ndị ọcha. Ekesachaghị akwụkwọ nta ahụ n'ime ndị agha, na ka ọ na-erule mmalite afọ 1950, amachibidoro ya ka ọ bụrụ onye mgbagha.
N'ịbụ onye na-etinye aka na ọrụ mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya n'afọ 1940, Weltflish dọtara uche FBI, nke na-enyo ya enyo (na ndị ọzọ nọ n'aka ekpe) na ọ bụ onye Kọmunist. N'afọ 1952 na 1953, a kpọrọ ya na Congress maka ajụjụ site na kọmitii abụọ nke Senate nke raara onwe ya nye ịchọpụta "ọrụ na-abụghị nke America" n'oge Egwu uhie nke afọ 1950. Izu abụọ tupu ọ pụta na ikpe nke afọ 1953, ebe ọ jụrụ ịza ajụjụ sitere n'aka onye ọka iwu Roy Cohn na Senator Joseph McCarthy banyere ma ọ bụ onye Kọmunist, a kwụsịrị nhọpụta afọ 16 ya na Columbia. E debere ya na blacklist ma ghara ịchọta ọnọdụ agụmakwụkwọ ruo ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ afọ iri. N'ime afọ iri ikpeazụ ya na agụmakwụkwọ oge niile, ọ kụziri na Mahadum Fairleigh Dickinson. Ọ gara n'ihu na-akụzi nwa oge mgbe ọ lara ezumike nká.
Akụkọ ndụ
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Regina Weltfish bụ otu n'ime ụmụ nwanyị abụọ; a mụrụ ya na 1902 n'ezinụlọ ndị Juu German na Lower East Side nke New York City. Ọ tolitere na-asụ German dị ka asụsụ mbụ ya, nke onye Germany na-elekọta ụlọ nke nna nna ya goro ọrụ kụziiri. Nna ya, onye ya na ya dị n'ezigbo mma, nwụrụ mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na atọ.N'ịbụ onye nne nne ya gbara ume, ọ na-aga n'ụlọ nzukọ kwa ụbọchị iji na-agwa ya kaddish n'ime afọ mbụ mgbe ọ nwụsịrị, ihe ùgwù na ọrụ e debeere nwa nwoke. Enweghị nna, ezinụlọ ahụ nọ n'ọnọdụ akụ na ụba siri ike. N'ihi na nna ya anwụọla n'enweghị ọchịchọ, steeti ahụ na-elekọta ala ya ma debe ya na ntụkwasị obi. Nne Weltfish kwesịrị itinye akwụkwọ anamachọihe edobere maka ego ọ bụla. Iji nyere ezinụlọ aka, na 14 Weltfish malitere ịrụ ọrụ dị ka onye odeakwụkwọ ụlọ akwụkwọ ma gaa ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị na mgbede.
Agụmakwụkwọ
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]N'ịbụ onye gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Wadleigh High School for Girls [1] na 1919, Weltfish banyere Hunter College ebe ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na akwụkwọ akụkọ. Ọ gafere na kọleji Barnard nke Mahadum Columbia, ebe ọ tolitere na nkà ihe ọmụma n'okpuru John Dewey. Ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Barnard na 1925 wee debanye aha na mmemme gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Columbia na nkà mmụta ihe ọmụmụ. Ya na Franz Boas ewerela akwụkwọ mmụta n'oge agadi ya wee soro ya na-amụ ihe dị ka onye ndụmọdụ ya.
N'oge a, ọ lụrụ nwa akwụkwọ ibe ya gụsịrị akwụkwọ Alexander Lesser, onye mụkwara akwụkwọ na Boas wee ghọọ onye na-amụ banyere ụmụ mmadụ na-amụ agbụrụ ndị na-asụ Siouan. Ha lụrụ di na nwunye afọ iri na ise. A mụrụ nwa ha nwanyị Ann n'afọ 1931.[1] Ha abụọ rụrụ ọrụ mbụ ha n'ọhịa na Oklahoma, na-arụ ọrụ na usoro ndị ikwu Siouan.
N'ịhụ Henry Moses, onye Pawnee na New York, Weltfish kpebiri ịmụ agbụrụ ya dị ka isiokwu nke edemede ya. Ọ gara n'ógbè dị na Oklahoma, ebe ndị agbụrụ ka na-asụkarị Asụsụ Pawnee. Weltfish amụghị asụsụ ahụ n'oge gara aga mana ọ mụtara ya n'oge ọ na-agụ akwụkwọ. O lekwasịrị anya n'ịmụ ihe ịchọ mma na nka nka, na-amụta nka ime nkata, bụ nke ụmụ nwanyị Pawnee na-eme naanị ya. Edemede doctoral ya sitere na Columbia ka akpọrọ The Interrelation of Technique and Design in North American Basketry. Ọ dechara akwụkwọ akwụkwọ ya na 1929, mana o nwetaghị Ph.D. ruo n'afọ 1950. N'oge ahụ Columbia gbanwere amụma ya chọrọ ka ụmụ akwụkwọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ kwụọ ụgwọ maka ibipụta akwụkwọ edemede (na ọnụ ahịa $ 4,000) wee malite ịnakwere mbipụta nke mimeographed theses.
Ọrụ na Mahadum Columbia
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Na 1935 Boas kpọrọ Weltfish ka ọ kuzie ihe na Columbia. Ọ nọgidere na oge nhọpụta kwa afọ ruo 1953.[1] N'ime ụmụ akwụkwọ ya na Columbia bụ Eleanor Leacock[2] na Vera Mae Green.[3] Mahadum Columbia anabataghị ikike Weltfish, ọ ga-abụ n'ihi ịkpa ókè megide ụmụ nwanyị ogologo oge. Na 1938 Ruth Benedict bụ nwanyị mbụ nwetara ọrụ na Columbia mana ọ nwetaghị ọkwa prọfesọ ruo 1948, ọnwa tupu ọnwụ ya.[4] O tinyere aka n'aha Weltfish na nzukọ ndị isi, mgbe ndị nlekọta na-atụle ịkwụsị ọrụ nwa agbọghọ ahụ.
Agbụrụ Ndị Mmadụ
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Otu n'ime obere ọrụ Weltfish, nke ya na Ruth Benedict dere, nwere mmetụta dị egwu. E bipụtara ya na 1943, The Races of Mankind bụ mpempe akwụkwọ e bu n'uche maka ndị agha America. O gosipụtara, n'asụsụ dị mfe na ihe osise eserese, ikpe sayensị megide nkwenkwe agbụrụ. [2] Mbipụta nke mpempe akwụkwọ a na iwe ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị sochirinụ nke ọ kpatara n'afọ ndị 1950, mgbe a katọrọ ya dị ka akụkụ nke mgbasa ozi nke ndị ọchịchị, dọtara uche ndị ọchịchị na-emegide ndị Kọmunist.[3]
Ndị dere ya kọrọ ụfọdụ nsonaazụ nke Ule IQ, nke e nyere American Expeditionary Force (AEF) na Agha Ụwa Mbụ. N'oge ndị ọcha kwenyere na ha dị elu karịa ndị isi ojii, "Southern Whites" nwetara n'okpuru "Northern Negroes" na ule IQ. Weltfish na Benedict kwuru na "Ihe dị iche ... .. [bilitere] n'ihi ọdịiche nke ego, agụmakwụkwọ, uru omenala, na ohere ndị ọzọ," ebe ọ bụ na ụlọ akwụkwọ ndịda ji nanị obere akụkụ nke ego a na-etinye na agụmakwụkwọ na North. Okwu a kpasuru iwe n'etiti ụfọdụ ndị agha, nke nwere ọtụtụ ndị South dị ka ndị ọrụ ọrụ na ndị agha. Weltfish na Benedict tinyere ọtụtụ akwụkwọ nta iji kọwaa na ndịiche aghọtara na ikike iche echiche otu dịgasị iche dabere n'ihe gbasara mmekọrịta ọha na eze na omenala, ọ bụghị nke ndụ.
Akwụkwọ nta ahụ nọchitere anya ụzọ Boasian si eche echiche banyere agbụrụ, bụ nke mechara bụrụ echiche ọkọlọtọ na nkà mmụta ihe ọmụmụ ma kwadoro ya na nkwupụta 1948 nke UNESCO. N'oge ahụ, esemokwu ya na agbụrụ na-ewu ewu bụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, karịsịa na South America, ebe ndị na-acha ọcha Democrats kwadoro Jim Crow ogologo oge, nkewa agbụrụ, nkwụsị nke ndị ojii, na ndị ọcha.
Ihe karịrị afọ 20 ka e mesịrị, Weltfish kọwara ihe mere o ji dee akwụkwọ nta ahụ: Ụfọdụ òtù ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị dị n'aka nri na US ka na-ewere ọrụ Weltfish dị ka akụkụ nke nkata aghụghọ nke Boas na ụmụ akwụkwọ ya iji kpochapụ ọmụmụ nke agbụrụ na nkà mmụta uche na anthropology na "nkwadebe maka mmeri nke 'White Civilization' site n'aka ndị Juu".
Edepụtara aha ọjọọ n'oge McCarthy
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]N'afọ 1953, Weltfish tụfuru ọnọdụ ya na Mahadum Columbia mgbe afọ iri na isii nke ọrụ dị ka onye nkuzi enyemaka. [4] FBI nwere mmasị na ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ya ruo oge ụfọdụ, na 1944 onye isi nke ngalaba Anthropology Ralph Linton, onye nọchiri Boas na 1937, kọọrọ ya FBI maka ebubo ọmịiko nke ndị Kọmunist.Ndị FBI nyochara ihe omume Weltfish, na-ahụ maka itinye aka na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na Congress of American Women, mbinye aka ya na arịrịọ ikike obodo, na mpụta ya na ụlọ ọrụ redio WNBC.[1] Ndị FBI ekewapụtala Congress of American Women, nke Weltfish bụbu onye isi ala, n'etiti òtù ndị na-agba ọchịchị mgba okpuru na 1940s mgbe ndị ọnụ na-ekwuchitere ya katọrọ ụfọdụ amụma mba ofesi President Harry S. Truman.
N'afọ 1952, e hotara Weltfish na Daily Worker ka ọ na-ekwughachi nkwupụta nke ndị nkatọ Soviet kwuru na ndị agha US ejirila nje nje na agha Korea. N'oge na-adịghị anya mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, a kpọrọ ya ka ọ bịa n'oge mgbụsị akwụkwọ nke 1952 n'ihu Kọmitii Ikpe Ikpe nke Senate McCarran, bụ ebe a jụrụ ya ajụjụ. Ọ jụrụ ịza ajụjụ gbasara ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị ya, mana mgbe a jụrụ ya gbasara akụkọ Daily Worker, ọ sịrị na e kwujọrọ ya.
N'afọ 1953, Kọmitii Senate nke Senator Joseph McCarthy na-ahụ maka ọrụ gọọmentị na-eduzi ikpe iji chọpụta ma ọ bụrụ na ọbá akwụkwọ America na-azụta akwụkwọ ndị na-abụghị nke America. A kpọrọ Weltfish maka ajụjụ banyere ọrụ ya n'ide akwụkwọ nta ahụ, The Races of Mankind, nke kọmitii ahụ kwupụtara na ọ bụ onye na-agba ọchịchị mgba okpuru. Izu abụọ tupu a hazie ka ọ pụta, ndị na-ahụ maka Columbia gwara Weltfish na a gaghị emezigharị nkwekọrịta ọrụ ya na ngwụcha afọ ahụ.[5] Mahadum ahụ kwuru na a na-achụ ya dabere na nkwenye mahadum nke iwu ọhụrụ megide iji ndị nkuzi na-arụ ọrụ kwa afọ.[6] Mana, mahadum ahụ kwalitere ndị nkuzi ndị ọzọ mgbanwe ahụ metụtara n'ọkwa dị elu kama ịchụpụ ha. Weltfish kwusiri ike na a chụrụ ya n'ọrụ n'ihi na ọ bụ nwanyị. Ndị ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme mechara kwubie na a chụrụ ya n'ọrụ n'ihi na ndị na-ahụ maka ya hụrụ ya dị ka onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, onye nwere ike iyi egwu ego, n'ime ọnọdụ dị egwu na nke a na-ebo ebubo n'oge afọ nke egwu uhie.[5]
N'April 1, 1953, United States Senate Subcommittee on Internal Security nke Roy Cohn na-arụ ọrụ na ndị omeiwu Joseph McCarthy, Karl Mundt, John McClellan na Stuart Symington gbara Weltfish ajụjụ ọnụ.Weltfish zara ajụjụ na-adịghị mma na kọmitii ahụ chọrọ ka ọ kpọọ ndị ọrụ ibe ya nwere ọmịiko Kọmunist. A jụrụ ya banyere ọnọdụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke ya, ọ jụrụ ịza, na-akpọku Ndezigharị nke ise.[1] Weltfish nanị kwuru na "o chere onwe ya dị ka ezigbo onye America ma mee ihe n'okwu dị ka akọ na uche ya na ihe ọmụma ya si kwuo."[2] Mgbe a jụrụ ya banyere ọdịdị nke nkwupụta ahụ e kwuru na akwụkwọ nta ahụ na ụfọdụ ndị ojii dị n'ebe ugwu agbagoro elu na nyocha ọgụgụ isi karịa ndị ọcha ndịda, Weltfish zara na otu data setịpụrụ sitere na ndekọ ndị agha US.
N'ịbụ onye a chụpụrụ n'ọrụ ya na Columbia, e debanyere Weltfish na Ndepụta ojii nke ọma ma ghara ịchọta ọkwa nkuzi maka afọ asatọ sochirinụ.[7] Nebraska na Bollingen Foundations nyere ya nkwado ego, nke nyere ya ohere ịmụ ihe ngosi nka site na nchịkọta Pawnee na Mahadum Nebraska. Dabere na nke a na ọrụ ya gara aga, o dere The Lost Universe: Pawnee Life and Culture (1965) banyere akụkọ ihe mere eme na ethnography nke Pawnee.[8]
Afọ ndị sochirinụ
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]N'afọ 1961, e were Weltfish n'ọrụ na Mahadum Fairleigh Dickinson dị na New Jersey, ebe ọ rụrụ ọrụ ruo n'afọ 1972, ebe ọ ruru afọ ezumike nká nke afọ 70.[9] Mgbe ọ lara ezumike nká na Fairleigh Dickinson, Weltfish gara n'ihu na-akụzi dị ka onye otu ngalaba na New School for Social Research na Manhattan School of Music na New York City, yana dị ka prọfesọ nleta na Mahadum Rutgers na New Brunswick, New Jersey. Na Rutgers, o sonyere na mmemme ọhụrụ na gerontology.[9] Ọ nwụrụ n'abalị asaa n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ n'afọ 1980, naanị ụbọchị ise tupu afọ iri asaa na asatọ ọ gbara.[9]
Akwụkwọ ndị a họọrọ
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]- 1930a "Prehistoric North American Basketry Techniques and Modern Distributions". American Anthropologist 32:454-495.
- 1930b. "Kpọkọ ịgba chaa chaa a tụkọtara ọnụ nke Pawnee na agbụrụ ndị ọzọ dị larịị". Ihe odide na akwụkwọ edemede ndị India 7:277-295. Ebe ngosi nka nke American Indian, Heye Foundation.
- 1931a. "Ngwá Ọrụ ite nke Ndị Na-eme Nkata Oge Ochie". Onye Ọkà mmụta n'ihe gbasara ụmụ mmadụ 33:263.
- 1931b. "Ọkpụkpụ na-acha ọcha na-acha ọbara ọbara sitere na Cochiti Pueblo". Onye na-ahụ maka ụmụ mmadụ na ala dị larịị 33:263-264.
- 1932a "Nchịkọta Mbụ nke Prehistoric Southwestern Basketry". Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, Mpịakọta nke 87, Nke 6.
- 1932b. "Nsogbu na Nnyocha nke Ndị Na-eme Nkwado Oge Ochie na nke Oge A". American Anthropologist 34:108-117.
- 1932c. "Nchịkọta nke Akụkọ Asụsụ Caddoan". (Onye edemede Alexander Lesser) Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, Mpịakọta nke 87, Nke 6.
- 1936. "The Vision of Fox Boy, a South Band Pawnee Text, with Translations and Grammatical Analysis". International Journal of American Linguistics 9:44-75.
- 1937. Ihe odide Caddoan: Pawnee, South Band Dialect. Mbipụta nke American Ethnological Society, Vol.17.
- 1943. Agbụrụ nke Ụmụ Mmadụ. (Onye edemede Ruth Benedict), Kọmitii Mmekọrịta Ọha, New York.
- 1953. The Origins of Art. Bobbs-Merrill, Indianapolis, Indiana.
- 1956. "The Perspective for Fundamental Research in Anthropology". Nkà ihe ọmụma nke sayensị 23:63-73.
- 1958a "The Linguistic Study of Material Culture", International Journal of American Linguistics 24:301-311.
- 1958b. "The Anthropologist and the Question of the Fifth Dimension", In Culture in History, nke Stanley Diamond dezigharịrị. Columbia University Press, New York.
- 1959. Ajụjụ nke Ịdị n'Otu, Ụzọ Ethnohistorical. Ethnohistory 6:321-346.
- 1960. The Ethnic Dimension of Human History: Pattern ma ọ bụ Patterns of Culture? na Selected Papers, Fifth International Congress of Anthropological and Ethnological Sciences, nke Anthony C. Wallace dezigharịrị. Mahadum nke Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia.
- 1965. The Lost Universe: Ndụ na Omenala Pawnee. Basic Books, New York.
- 1971. "The Plains Indians: Ha Na-aga n'ihu n'akụkọ ihe mere eme na njirimara India ha". Na North American Indians in Historical Perspective, nke Eleanor Burke Leacock na Nancy Oestreich Lurie dezigharịrị. Random House, New York
Hụkwa
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]- Eleanor Leacock
- Vera Mae Green
Ihe edeturu
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]- ↑ (2000) "Weltfish, Gene", in Ogilvie: The Biographical Dictionary of Women in Science: L-Z. Taylor & Francis, 1364–6. ISBN 9780415920407.
- ↑ Benedict, R. and Weltfish, G. (1943) The Races of Mankind. New York: The Public Affairs Committee. Inc.
- ↑ Price, David H. (2004). Threatening Anthropology: McCarthyism and the FBI's Surveillance of Activist Anthropologists. Duke University Press, p. 112
- ↑ Price 2004:132 notes that Pathe 1988 is in error when he states that she was fired in 1952
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 Price (2004), pp. 131-2
- ↑ Lissner, Will. "Columbia is Dropping Dr. Weltfish, Leftist", The New York Times, April 1, 1953.
- ↑ Pathe (1988), p. 377
- ↑ Price (2004), p. 133
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 Pathe (1988), p. 378