Gertrud Baer

Gertrud Baer

Gertrud Baer (1890-1981) bụ onye Germany na-ahụ maka ikike ụmụ nwanyị na udo. Otu n'ime ndị guzobere Women's International League for Peace and Freedom, ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka odeakwụkwọ ukwu nke alaka Germany nke WILPF malite na 1921 na onye isi oche nke nzukọ mba ụwa site na 1929 ruo 1947. N'oge Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ, ọ bụ ezie na e kewara ndị isi, Baer bụ onye isi nke nzukọ ahụ. Na ngwụcha agha ahụ, ọ ghọrọ onye ndụmọdụ WILPF mbụ na United Nations ma nọrọ na ọkwa ahụ ruo n'afọ 1972.

Oge ọ malitere

A mụrụ Gertrud Baer na 25 Nọvemba 1890 na Halberstadt, na mpaghara Saxony nke alaeze Prussia na di na nwunye ndị Juu, Sara (née Stern) na Gustav Baer. Nna ya, nke sitere na ezinụlọ e guzobere ogologo oge site na Halberstadt nke ndị dọkịta na ndị nkuzi. Ọ bụ onye na-ere ígwè. Nne ya bụ nwa nwanyị nke Chief Rabbi nke Hamburg, Anschel Stern [de], na nwunye ya Jeanette (née Adler). [1] Nna nna nna Baer bụ Nathan Marcus Adler onye jere ozi dị ka Chief Rabbi nke Alaeze Ukwu Britain na nna ya Mordechai Baer Adler, onye bụ Chief Rabbi nke Hanover. [2]

Baer bụ nwanne ya nwoke kasị okenye na ezinụlọ ahụ, nke gara Hamburg mgbe ọ dị ihe dị ka afọ abụọ. A mụrụ ụmụnne Erna (1892 Xi-1967), Walter (amụrụ 1894), Harriet (1896 Xi-1956), na Jeanette (1903 Xi-1944) na Hamburg. E gburu Jeanette na Auschwitz n'oge Oké Mgbukpọ ahụ. [1] Ntinye aka nne ya na òtù ụmụ nwanyị German bourgeois metụtara ya ma soro ya gaa nzukọ. N'otu n'ime nzukọ ndị ahụ, ọ zutere Lida Gustava Heymann ma soro ya rụọ ọrụ n'ụlọ ụmụ nwanyị mbụ dị na Hamburg. [1] Baer gụsịrị akwụkwọ n'oge ọ bụ nwata ma bụrụkwa onye nkuzi na-agụ akwụkwọ na Hamburg, Leipzig, Munich na Neuchâtel, Switzerland. [2]

Ọrụ

Mgbe ọ gụsịrị ọzụzụ ya, Baer malitere ọrụ ya dị ka onye nkuzi na Hamburg. [1] N'oge Agha Ụwa Mbụ, Baer gara Munich wee sonye na Heymann, Anita Augspurg na Helene Stöcker na Pacifist Movement. [2] [3] N'afọ 1915, ọ gara International Congress of Women [3] nke e mere na The Hague, ebe a malitere echiche mbụ maka ụmụ nwanyị mepụtara Kọmitii Mba Nile nke Ụmụ nwanyị maka Udo Na-adịgide Adịgide Adịgide adịgide. Nzukọ ahụ so na 1919 site na nzuko nke umunwanyi Ebe etiti maka ogo mahadum ụwa International League for Peace and Freedom (WILPF), [1] nke Baer sonyeere ozugbo, jere ozi na ọkwá dị iche iche na alaka Germany nke WILPF site n'afọ ntọala ya. [1] N'etiti 1918 na 1919, Baer guzobere kansụl ụmụ nwanyị na Munich Ministry of Social Affairs, maka Bavarian Soviet Republic nke e mepụtara ọhụrụ. [2] Ọ sonyekwara na ọmụmụ oge okpomọkụ na Internationalism, nke WIL PF kwadoro na mmalite afọ 1920. [3] N'etiti 1919 na 1933, ọ rụrụ ọrụ maka akwụkwọ akụkọ Die Fried (The Fried (The Girl imers).

N'afọ 1922, Baer, onye bụ onye isi odeakwụkwọ nke German WILPF ruo otu afọ, mere njem mbụ ya na United States. [1] [2] Ọ hapụrụ nzukọ ya na Onye isi ala Harding, mgbe ndị mba na-ejide ya n'ihi ịbụ onye otu Communist Party nke Germany ma na-atụ egwu na o nweghị ego zuru ezu iji kwado onwe ya mgbe ọ nọ na mba ahụ. [3] [4] A tọpụrụ ya mgbe Jane Addams, Baer, mgbe ọ na-ekwu okwu na nzukọ ọzọ, gbara ụmụ nwanyị Baler ume ka ha sonye na ndị agha France, ka ha kwado. Otu n'ime atụmatụ ndị dị otú ahụ bụ ịkụ osisi e mere na 1926 n'ebe ugwu France. Baer jere ozi dị ka osote onye isi oche nke German Peace Cartel ma gaa ọtụtụ ebe na Europe. [1]

Mgbe ọ lotara na United States na 1924 iji gaa WILPF International Conference, Baer gbara ume ka e were Hitler dị ka nnukwu egwu. [1] [2] N'afọ 1929, ọ nọchiri Jane Addams dị ka Onye isi oche mba ụwa nke WILPF, [3] mana n'ihi oke ọrụ a ga-arụ, e kpebiri na ọrụ Addams buuru bụ ka ya na Emily Greene Balch na Clara Ragaz. [3] Mgbe ọ hapụrụ mba ahụ, Baer Germany na 1933, Bagaz, ọ pụrụ mba ahụ wee nweta ụmụ amaala na Czechoslovakia. [5] Na Na-mgbe ahụ, mgbe ahụ ka ọ ga-Nkwado,

N'afọ 1939, e zigara Baer, onye nyocha maka WILPF nke Economic Council of the League of Nations, na United States. E nupụrụ Kansụl ahụ na Princeton, New Jersey ma were ya dị ka ihe dị mkpa ka Baer kwaga ebe ọzọ maka nchegbu nchekwa. Site n'ebe ahụ, ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye isi nke WILPF, n'oge agha ahụ, na-akwado gburugburu nke a na-ezi na alaka mba ụwa kwa nkeji iri na ise. [1] Baer na Ragaz ka na-ekerịta oche ahụ, mana onye na-ahụ maka udo nke Britain Kathleen Innes, nọchiri Ramondt-Hirschmann na 1937 dị ka onye otu atọ ahụ zigara Onye isi ala Roosevelt akwụkwọ ozi na-agba ya ume ikwe ka ndị gbara ọsọ ndụ banye na mba ahụ. [2] Na 1940, Baer ghọrọ nwa amaala America, ọ lotara Geneva kpamkpam na 1950 . [1] Ebe ọ nọrọ na-ahụ n'ihi na-ahụ, mgbe ọ nọrọ mgbe ọ na-ahụ anya, mgbe ụfọdụ ndị otu ahụ, mgbe ọ ga-eme nyocha nke United Nations, mgbe ọ malitere, mgbe ọ bụ na-eme nyocha, mgbe ọ chọrọ ka ndị mmadụ na-eme nwale nke United Nations gasịrị, ọ ga-ahụ maka nkwurịta okwu na-eme, mee nyocha, na-eme na-eme ihe kpọmkwem, Malite na 1955, o kwusiri ike mkpa ọ dị iji ike anyanwụ mee ihe, kama ịchụpuike nuklia, [1] na mkpọsa 1960 gbara ume ka agụmakwụkwọ ime obodo site na mgbasa ozi redio. [2] [3]

N'afọ 1965, na ncheta afọ iri ise maka ịmepụta WILPF, Baer kwupụtara nkụda mmụọ ya na nzukọ ahụ ahapụla mgbọrọgwụ ụmụ nwanyị ya, na-echetara ndị otu na ruo mgbe e nwetara nha nhata zuru oke n'akụkụ niile nke ndụ, ụmụ nwanyị ga na-anọ n'ihe ize ndụ. [1] N'afọ nke ọzọ, dị ka onye na-ekiri UN NGO Forum nke e mere na Rome, Baer kwuru ọzọ banyere njikọ dị n'etiti ụmụ nwanyị na pacifism, mgbe ọ na-agba ume ka ndị ahụ kpebie onwe ya maka Viet Nam. [2] Na njedebe nke afọ 1960, Baer na-eme ka ndị otu (Gertrud Baer: Ndụ maka Ikike Ịha nhata nke Nwaanyị, maka Udo na Nnwere Onwe) ka a tọhapụrụ iji sọpụrụ ọrụ Baer. [1]

Ọnwụ na ihe nketa

Baer nwụrụ na 15 Disemba 1981 na Geneva. [1] A gbanwere aha nzukọ ọmụmụ ihe WILPF na-eme na afọ iji zụọ ndị otu ọhụrụ na 1981 dị ka Gertrude Baer Young Women's Summer Seminars, iji sọpụrụ ya. [2]

Hụkwa

• Ndepụta nke ndị na-eme udo