Gumuz language
Gumuz (nke a na-akpọkwa Gumaz) bụ ụyọkọ asụsụ a na asụ n'ókè nke Etiopia na Sudan. E kewaala ya n'ime ezinụlọ Nilo-Sahara. Ọtụtụ ndị na-asụ asụsụ Etiopia bi na mpaghara Kamashi na mpaghara Metekel nke mpaghara Benishangul-Gumuz, ọ bụ ezie na a kọrọ na otu ìgwè mmadụ otu puku bi na mpụga obodo Welkite (Unseth 1989). Ndị na-asụ Sudanese bi n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Er Roseires, gburugburu Famaka na Fazoglo na Blue Nile, na agbasa n'ebe ugwu n'akụkụ ókèala. Dimmendaal et al. (2019) na-eche na ụdị ndị a na-asụ n'akụkụ osimiri ahụ bụ asụsụ dị iche, Kadallu.[1]
Ihe ndekọ mbụ nke asụsụ a bụ ndepụta okwu sitere na mpaghara Ugwu Guba nke Juan Maria Schuver chịkọtara na Febụwarị afọ 1883.[2]
Ụdị dị iche iche[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
Ọ bụghị ụdị niile ka a na-aghọta ibe ha. Site na ụkpụrụ ahụ, e nwere asụsụ Gumuz abụọ ma ọ bụ atọ. Ụdị ụtọ asụsụ dị iche n'etiti ugwu na ndịda Gumuz.[3]
Daats'iin, nke a chọpụtara n'afọ 2013, bụ asụsụ dị iche, ọ bụ ezie na ọ dị nso na ndịda Gumuz. Ụdị ndị a na-enweghị ihe akaebe na Sudan nwere ike ịbụ asụsụ dị iche, Kadallu. (Lee asụsụ Bʼaga.)
Ethnologue depụtara Guba, Wenbera, Sirba, Agalo, Yaso, Mandura, Dibate, na Metemma dị ka asụsụ Gumuz, na Mandura, Mabate, na metemma na-emepụta ụyọkọ asụsụ.
Ahland (2004) na-enye data okwu maka asụsụ Guba, Mandura, North Dibat'e, Wenbera, Sirba Abay, Agelo Meti, Yaso, na Metemma.[4]
Ọmụmụ ụdaolu[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
Gumuz nwere ma ụdaume ejective na implosives. A na-efunahụ àgwà implosive na velar point of articulation na ụfọdụ dialects (Unseth 1989). E nwere usoro ụdaume palatal, gụnyere ma ejective na implosive. N'asụsụ ụfọdụ, dịka Sirba, e nwere nkwụsị bilabial nke a na-akpọ 'rat' [bʲʷa] (Unseth 1989).
Mgbochiume[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
| Ọnụ | Alveolar | Mgbe alv./Obodo |
Velar | Uvular | Ọkụ | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ala dị larịị | ụlọ nyocha | ala dị larịị | ụlọ nyocha | |||||||
| Ụgbọ imi | m | n | (ɲ) | ŋ | (ŋw) | |||||
| Kwụsị | enweghị olu | p | t | c | k | (kw) | ʔ | |||
| kwuru okwu | b | d | ɟ | g | (ɡw) | |||||
| ejective | pʼ | tʼ | cʼ | kʼʼ | (kʼw) | |||||
| implosive | ɓ | ka | ||||||||
| Africate | enweghị olu | t͡s | t͡ʃ | |||||||
| ejective | t͡sʼ | t͡ʃʼ | ||||||||
| Ihe na-esiri ike | enweghị olu | f | s | ʃ | χ | (χw) | ||||
| kwuru okwu | (v) | z | ʒ | |||||||
| Tap/Trill | (ɾ) | (r) | ||||||||
| Akụkụ | l | |||||||||
| Ihe atụ | j | w | ||||||||
- Mpempe [ɾ] na-emekarị na ọnọdụ dị n'ime, ọ bụghị na ọnọdụ mmalite okwu. Ọ na-apụta dị ka allophone nke /ɗ/ na ọnọdụ intervocalic na okwu ikpeazụ.
- A trill [r] nwere ike ịpụta site na ideophones ma ọ bụ n'ihi okwu ndị a gbazitere site na Amharic.[5]
| Ọnụ | Alveolar | Mgbe alv./Obodo |
Velar | Ọkụ | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ala dị larịị | ụlọ nyocha | ||||||
| Ụgbọ imi | m | n | (ɲ) | ŋ | (ŋw) | ||
| Kwụsị | enweghị olu | p | t | c | k | (kw) | ʔ |
| kwuru okwu | b | d | ɟ | g | (ɡw) | ||
| ejective | pʼ | tʼ | cʼ | kʼʼ | (kʼw) | ||
| implosive | ɓ | ka | (Thek) | ||||
| Africate | enweghị olu | t͡s | t͡ʃ | ||||
| ejective | t͡sʼ | t͡ʃʼ | |||||
| Ihe na-esiri ike | enweghị olu | f | s | ʃ | h | ||
| kwuru okwu | (v) | z | ʒ | ||||
| Tap | ɾ | ||||||
| Akụkụ | l | ||||||
| Ihe atụ | j | w | |||||
- A velar implosive [Choke] na-adịkarị naanị n'asụsụ Agelo Meti.
- A labialized bilabial plosive [bw] na-adịkarị naanị na Sirba Abay dialect.
- A na-ekwupụta fricative [β] nwere ike ịpụta mgbe /ɓ/ na-ebelata n'ọnọdụ okwu-ọgwụgwụ n'asụsụ ụfọdụ.
Asụsụ abụọ ahụ[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
- Ezé ezé [v] na-apụta naanị na nkesa a na-adịghị ahụkebe, ọ na-emekarị na ọnọdụ intervocalic na okwu mmalite. O nwekwara ike ịbụ na a na-ewebata ya site na ideophones.
- Ọ bụ naanị okwu na-apụta n'ime okwu na gburugburu intervocalic, n'ihu ụdaume, ma ọ bụ dị ka allophone nke /n/ n'ihu vowel ihu.
- [ŋw] na-apụta naanị na nkesa a na-adịghị ahụkebe, ma ọ bụ mgbe /ŋ/ na-apụtara n'ihu ụdaume dị mkpirikpi.
- Mkpụrụ okwu ndị ọzọ [kw, ɡw, kʼw, χw] na-emekarị n'ihi mkpụrụ okwu velar ma ọ bụ uvular na-ebute ụdaume dị mkpirikpi nke na-ebu ụzọ ụdaume ọzọ.[5]
Ụdaume[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
| N'ihu | Central | Nlaghachi | |
|---|---|---|---|
| N'akụkụ | i iː | u uː | |
| N'etiti | e eː | (ə) | o oː |
| Emeghe | a aː |
- Enwere ike ịnụ allophones dị mkpirikpi nke /i, e, a, o, u/ dị ka [ɪ, ɛ, ə, ɔ, ʊ].
- Mkpụrụedemede dị nso [ɨ] nwere ike ịpụta n'ọnọdụ dị iche iche mgbe /u/ dị mkpirikpi gasịrị mgbe ọ na-eme ka ụdaume velar ma ọ bụ uvular.[5]
Ụda[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
Ụda dị elu ma dị ala, na-agbadata.[5]
Asụsụ[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
Usoro okwu bụ AVO, nke nwere akara aha, ọ bụ ezie na enwere usoro AOV n'ebe ugwu, ma eleghị anya site na mmetụta Amharic.
N'okwu ndị na-adịghị agafe agafe, isiokwu ndị dị n'usoro SXV enweghị akara, ebe ndị dị n"usoro SX nwere akara maka okwu aha.[5]
Ihe edeturu[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
- ↑ Gerrit Dimmendaal, Colleen Ahland & Angelika Jakobi (2019) Linguistic features and typologies in languages commonly referred to as 'Nilo-Saharan', Cambridge Handbook of African Linguistics, p. 6–7
- ↑ Wendy James, et al., Juan Maria Schuver's Travels in North East Africa, 1880-1883 (London: Hakluyt Society, 1996), pp. 340-43
- ↑ Ahland, Colleen Anne. 2004. "Linguistic variation within Gumuz: a study of the relationship between historical change and intelligibility." M.A. thesis. University of Texas at Arlington.
- ↑ Ahland, Colleen Anne. 2004. Linguistic Variation Within Gumuz: A Study of the Relationship Between Historical Change and Intelligibility (Ethiopia, Sudan). MA thesis, University of Texas at Arlington.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 Colleen Ahland, 2012. "A Grammar of Northern and Southern Gumuz", Doctoral Dissertation, University of Oregon.
Edensibia[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
- Ahland, Colleen Anne A Grammar nke Northern na Southern Gumuz. Akwụkwọ edemede doctoral, Mahadum nke Oregon.
- [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] "Nọmba akara na aha aha aha na asụsụ Nilo-Saharan". Anthrolopological Linguistics 42:214-261.