Harold Strachan
Harold Strachan | |
|---|---|
 A still from an interview with Strachan in 2010 | |
| Born | 1 Disemba 1925 Pretoria, South Africa |
| Died | 7 Febụwarị 2020 (aged 94) |
| Nationality | South African |
| Occupation |
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Notable work | |
| Spouse(s) |
Maggie Strachan (m. 1959) |
| Àtụ:Infobox military person | |
| Umkhonto we Sizwe Chief of Explosives | |
| [[ Ambassador to Àtụ:CountryPrefixThe]] | |
| In office Àtụ:En dash range | |
| Àtụ:Infobox criminal | |
Robert Harold Lundie "Jock" Strachan (1 Disemba 1925 - 7 February 2020) bụ onye odee South Africa ọcha na onye na-akwado ịkpa ókè agbụrụ . [1] Ọ gbagara South Africa Air Force n'oge Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ, zụrụ azụ dị ka onye na-ese ihe, wee ghọọ Umkhonto we Sizwe ọkachamara ihe mgbawa mbụ. A tụrụ ya mkpọrọ n'ihi ime ihe ọjọọ, mgbe a tọhapụkwara ya, a tụrụ ya mkpọrọ ọzọ maka ịgwa onye nta akụkọ banyere ọnọdụ ụlọ mkpọrọ dara ogbenye. O dere akwụkwọ abụọ nke ọkara onwe ya, wee mechaa Marathon Comrades ugboro abụọ, na-enweta nrite otu ugboro. Ọ lụrụ ugboro abụọ ma mụọ ụmụ atọ.
Ndụ mmalite, nka na ịgba ọsọ
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]A mụrụ Harold Strachan na Pretoria na 1 Disemba 1925. [2] [1] Nna ya bụbu onye na-arụ ọrụ igwe na ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri Clyde bụ onye si Scotland kwaga South Africa na 1902, [2] [2] na nne ya bụ onye nkuzi sitere na ezinụlọ Afrikaner . [nb 1] [3] Mgbe Harold dị afọ atọ nne ya hapụrụ nna ya maka onye Scots ọzọ, Jimmy Brown. [2] Brown nwụrụ na 1931 site na mmetụta nke gas na-egbu egbu na Agha Ụwa Mbụ, nne ya kwagara Harold na ụmụnne ya nwanyị abụọ na Pietermaritzburg na Natal . [4] Ọ gara Merchiston Preparatory School mgbe ahụ Maritzburg College, [5] ebe ọ malitere ịzụlite nsụhọ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ya. [6]
Strachan sonyeere ndị agha ikuku South Africa ozugbo site n'ụlọ akwụkwọ, wee jee ozi dị ka onye ọkwọ ụgbọ elu na njedebe nke Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ [7] na ọkwa nke lieutenant . [12] Ọ zụrụ azụ na Tiger Moth wee mee ọzụzụ dị elu na Airspeed Oxford . [13] Site na 1946 ruo 1949 ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ maka nzere Fine Arts na Mahadum Natal University dị na Pietermaritzburg. [2] [6] Na 1948, National Party na-achị webatara apartheid, usoro nke ịkpa ókè agbụrụ na ịkpa ókè megide ndị isi ojii. [8] Na 1949 Strachan mezuru Marathon Comrades, 89-kilometre (55 mi) ultramarathon na-agba ọsọ n'etiti Pietermaritzburg na Durban . [9] Ruo oge ụfọdụ mgbe ọ hapụsịrị ndị agha ikuku, dị ka onye nchekwa, ọ na-enwekarị mmasị iji otu ọnwa kwa afọ na-efe efe Harvard iji nọgide na-enwe nkà ya. [16]
Na 1950 Strachan meriri akwụkwọ mmụta iji mụọ na Camberwell School of Arts and Crafts na London, [1] wee lụọ onye South Africa Jean Middleton . [2] [10] N'afọ 1951, ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na mweghachi eserese na State Academy of Fine Arts na Stuttgart . [2] N'afọ 1952, ọ laghachiri London ma rụọ ọrụ dị ka onye nche, na 1953, ọ na-elekọta ọrụ nwunye nwanne ya na-ese ihe na ịchọ mma na Chingola nke dị na Northern Rhodesia (nke bụ Zambia ugbu a), bụ ebe ọ gbara ndị ọrụ ojii ume ka ha jikọọ aka . [2] N'ime 1950s ọ rụrụ ọrụ na onye na-ese ihe Selby Mvusi . [1] [11] Tupu ya agba ọsọ Marathon Comrades nke 1954, Strachan kwesịrị ịkwado maka asọmpi ahụ site na ịṅụ gin na vermouth na nwunye ya. [19] Ọ gụchara nke isii na 7 h 48 min wee nweta nrite ọla edo. [9] [12] [13] Ya na onye bekee satirist Tom Sharpe nwere enyi ruo mgbe ha daa n'ihi otu nwanyị. [14] Strachan rụrụ ọrụ dịka onye nkuzi na onye nkuzi site na 1955 ruo 1960. [6] [23] Ọ gbara alụkwaghịm na Middleton na 1958. [2]
Mgbasa ozi, sabotage na nga
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Mmegide Strachan megide ịkpa ókè agbụrụ sitere na ụkpụrụ omume onwe ya, ọ bụghị echiche. [24] Ọ ghọrọ onye nchoputa nke Liberal Party nke South Africa na 1954, yana Alan Paton na Peter Brown, [25] na na 1957 sonyeere Congress of Democrats . [26] [15] Na 1959 ọ lụrụ Maggie von Lier, onye bụbu nwa akwụkwọ ya. [28] Na 1960, n'oge ngagharị iwe mgbe mgbuchapụ Sharpeville gasịrị, ya na Maggie guzoro n'etiti ndị uwe ojii ji egbe na ndị ngagharị iwe ojii, na-egbochi ndị uwe ojii ịgbagbu. [nb 2] [15] E nyere akwụkwọ ikike ka e jide ha, ma ka ha gbanarị ya, ha gbagara Swaziland . [nb 3] [31] Mgbe ọnwa atọ gachara, ha laghachiri na South Africa, Harold n'okpuru aha Robert "Jock" Lundie, [31] wee biri na Port Elizabeth ebe Harold na Govan Mbeki rụkọrọ ọrụ, ma nyere ya aka ịmepụta na kesaa akwụkwọ akụkọ Izwe. Lomzi ("Voice of the People"). [nb 4] [1] [33] Na 1961 o sonyeere South African Communist Party (SACP) iwu na-akwadoghị, ma dezie akwụkwọ akụkọ ha New Age . [7] [34] Ọ nabatara arịrịọ Mbeki ka ọ rụpụta ihe mgbawa maka Umkhonto we Sizwe (MK) e hibere ọhụrụ, [nb 5] wee nwalee ihe ndị dị ka nitric acid, potassium permanganate, magnesium, glycerol na shuga icing . [36] [37] [38]
Strachan, onye bụ ọkachamara ihe mgbawa mbụ nke MK, [40] haziri ngwaọrụ dị mfe na-agba ọkụ dabere na mmanụ ụgbọala wee malite site na glycerol na-enyocha site na ájá osimiri na potassium permanganate. O mechara nyocha wee kee ihe mgbawa dabere na ụdị ammonal, [41] sitere n'ike mmụọ nsọ ya na-agụ Robert Graves . [42] Ọ zụrụ ndị ọrụ ndị ọzọ, bụ ndị kesaa nka ahụ site na usoro cell zoro ezo . [43] Akụnyere bọmbụ ụlọ ya na atụmatụ akụrụngwa dị mkpa dị ka ọdụ ụgbọ ala eletrik na ahịrị ụgbọ oloko. [44] Dị ka a maara, ọnweghị ọnwụ nwụrụ na mwakpo ndị a. [45]
E jidere ya mgbe otu n'ime ndị na-azụ ya kụrụ ihe mgba ọkụ arụrụ n'ụzọ na-ezighi ezi n'ụlọ ikpe majisiti dị na Butterworth . Ọ gbapụghị, achọpụtara ya, wee chọpụta onye ọrụ ahụ site na akaebe akara mkpịsị aka . Mgbe ndị uwe ojii tara ya ahụhụ, o kpughere adreesị Strachan. [46] E jidere Strachan na egbe ma kpee ya ikpe n'okpuru Iwu Mgbawa. A mara ya ikpe nke sabotage na 8 May 1962, ma tụọ ya mkpọrọ afọ isii, na-akwụsịkwa afọ atọ. [nb 6] [48] [49] Ọ nọrọ ọnwa iri na atọ n'ụlọ mkpọrọ n'ụlọ mkpọrọ dị na Pretoria, wee wepụ ezé ya. [15] [16] Ọ gafere oge naanị ya na-arụ Agụ nla n'echiche ya wee na-akwadebe usoro aerobatics maka ya. [51] [52] Mgbe akpọrọ Strachan dị ka onye na-akpa nkata na ikpe Rivonia na 1963–64, [17] ọ jụrụ inye ihe akaebe megide Mbeki na Denis Goldberg, ọbụlagodi mgbe a tụrụ ya egwu ịkpọgide ya . [54] Ọtụtụ n'ime ndị eboro ebubo na Rivonia (gụnyere Nelson Mandela ) nwetara mkpọrọ ndụ dịka iwu siri ike mgbe ikpe Strachan gasịrị. [16] Na 31 Maachị 1965 Strachan chere ikpe ọzọ ihu maka mwakpo ogbunigwe ndị ọzọ mana ahụghị ya ikpe mara . A tọhapụrụ ya na Mee. [1]
Mgbe a tọhapụrụ ya, o nyere onye nta akụkọ Benjamin Pogrund akụkọ banyere ndụ ya n'ụlọ mkpọrọ, [55] bụ onye ji ya dee akụkọ dị egwu banyere ọnọdụ ndị a na-edebe ndị mkpọrọ, nke gụnyere mwakpo ugboro ugboro na ọnọdụ adịghị ọcha. Mgbe e bipụtara akụkọ ahụ na Rand Daily Mail, na ngwụcha June na mbido Julaị 1965, [1] gọọmentị kpọkuru Iwu Mkpọrọ. [15] [16] N'okwu ikpe nke sochirinụ, onye saboteur ibe ya nyere ihe akaebe megidere ebubo Strachan, na na May 1966 a tụrụ Strachan mkpọrọ maka ya. afọ. [nb 7] [40] E wedara nke a ka ọ bụrụ na mkpesa, [16] [56] wee ruo otu afọ site na mgbaghara. [40] N'oge a tụrụ ya mkpọrọ nke abụọ, a naghị ekwe ya ka ọ gụọ ma ọ bụ mụọ ihe; o nyere aka kwalite mmụọ nke ndị mkpọrọ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ibe ya site n'ichepụta ihe eji eme ihe na ejiji maka ihe nkiri amateur. [57] Okwu Strachan na mgbasa ozi gbara ya gburugburu mere ka ụlọ ọrụ mgbasa ozi South Africa kpachapụ anya karịa maka ibipụta ihe ọ bụla na-akatọ ụlọ ọrụ gọọmentị ọ bụla; [18] n'ime ogologo oge ha dugara na usoro nhazigharị ụlọ mkpọrọ nke nyeere ọgbọ na-esote ndị mkpọrọ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị dịka Mandela aka. [40] .mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}
Nkọwapụta
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 "Harold Strachan", Sunday Times, 10 May 1998. Retrieved on 29 October 2017.
- ↑ Strachan. "Sandy Life", Weekend Witness, 24 March 2012. Retrieved on 4 November 2017.
- ↑ Levin (1 January 2017). Capturing a disappearing city skyline. Independent Online. Retrieved on 4 November 2017.
- ↑ Strachan. "Something Soft", The Witness, 19 August 2016. Retrieved on 4 November 2017.
- ↑ Strachan (9 June 2012). Excelsior!. Weekend Witness. Retrieved on 31 October 2017.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 Mngoma. "DUT to honour columnist Harold Strachan", News24, 24 December 2010. Retrieved on 31 October 2017.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 Harold Strachan is served with restriction order. South African History Online (3 July 1965). Retrieved on 4 February 2013.
- ↑ "South Africa profile - Timeline", BBC News, 9 August 2017. Retrieved on 3 December 2017.
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 Comrades Marathon Results History. Archived from the original on 7 November 2017. Retrieved on 4 November 2017.
- ↑ Herbstein. "Jean Middleton obituary", TheGuardian.com, 3 January 2011. Retrieved on 29 October 2017.
- ↑ Miles. Selby Mvusi. Revisions. Retrieved on 3 November 2017.
- ↑ Strachan. Agony and ecstasy. Noseweek 159. Retrieved on 4 November 2017.
- ↑ Crawley. Dear Editor. Noseweek 160. Retrieved on 4 November 2017.
- ↑ Johnson (2013). We Owe Tom Sharpe a Thousand Laughs. Standpoint. Archived from the original on 7 November 2017. Retrieved on 4 November 2017.
- ↑ 15.0 15.1 15.2 15.3 Molver (1 October 2007). "But he didn't know how to read it ...": The editing of Harold Strachan's Way Up, Way Out. English in Africa. Business.highbeam.com. Archived from the original on 11 October 2012. Retrieved on 4 February 2013.
- ↑ 16.0 16.1 16.2 16.3 Human Rights Violations – Submissions: Questions and Answers. Truth and Reconciliation Commission (22 July 1997). Retrieved on 29 October 2017.
- ↑ The indictment of Nelson Mandela and others (Rivonia 10) for sabotage. Law2.umkc.edu. Retrieved on 4 February 2013.
- ↑ Chapter 7: Institutional Hearing: Prisons – The O'Malley Archives. Truth and Reconciliation Commission. Retrieved on 4 November 2017.
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