Harvey Washington Wiley

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Harvey Washington Wiley
1st Commissioner of Food and Drugs
[[ Ambassador to Àtụ:CountryPrefixThe]]
In office
Àtụ:En dash range
PresidentTheodore Roosevelt
Succeeded byCarl L. Alsberg

Harvey Washington Wiley (October 18, 1844 - June 30, 1930) bụ onye American chemist onye nke ọma maka ngafe nke Iwu Nri na Ọgwụgwụ dị ọcha nke 1906 wee ọrụ na ụlọ ụlọ ụlọ ezi ụlọ.  Ọ bụ kọmishọna mbụ nke mbụ nri na ọgwụ nri nke United States.

Na 1904, a mgbaàmà Wiley ka ọ bụrụ onye otu American Philosophical Society .  [1] N'afọ 1910, e nyere ya nrite Elliott Cresson nke Franklin Institute .

Ndụ mmalite na ọrụ[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Dr Harvey Wiley c.1905

A Manchester Wiley na Ọktoba 18, 1844, n'iche a na-akụ osisi na Republican Township, na Jefferson County, Indiana, nwa nwoke onye ozi na onye ọrụ ugbo, Preston Pritchard Wiley na Lucinda Maxwell.  [1] Nke isii n'ime ihe asaa, a na-achị Wiley n'ugbo 125-acre nke nwere mmiri mmiri mmiri nke gbapụrụ n'ime elebe Wabash, nke dị n'akanam Ohio .  Nne na nna Wiley bụ ndị nduzi n'okporo ụzọ ụgbọ oloko dị n'okpuru ala dị ka ebe ndị kacha na Indiana, n'ofe osimiri site na Kentucky nwere ohu.

Ọ debanyere aha na Hanover College dị nso na 1863 wee ihe ihe dị ka otu afọ ruo mgbe ọ debanyere aha na Union Army na 1864, n'oge Agha Obodo America.  Ọka agha ahụ dị ka corporal na Company I nke 137th Indiana Infantry Regiment.  [1] Ọ la ẹya na Hanover na 1865, bụ ike na Humanities ma onye mmụta akwụkwọ na elu (AB) na 1867. Wiley ikike MD ya na ụmụaka ụmụaka Indiana na 1871. Ọ bụ prọfesọ nke Greek na Latin na Butler, Indianapolis  , 1868–70.

Na 1878, Wiley gara Germany bụ́ ebe ọ gara ọkụ ihe August Wilhelm von Hofmann —onye Germany a na-eme emee nke ọma ihe ndị na-ahụ organic tar dị ka aniline.  Mgbe ọ nọ ebe ahụ, a mgbaàmà Wiley na German Chemical Society a ma ama nke Hofmann hiwere.  Wiley ọtụtụ oge ya na ụlọ ahịa nri nke Imperial na Bismarck na-arụ ọrụ na Eugene Sell, na- adadin iji polariscope na-amụ kemịkalụ shuga .  Mgbe ọ la iche na Purdue, ndị Indiana State Board of Health Wiley ka ọ aha sugars na sirop na-ere na steeti ahụ iji ọgwụ iko ọ llaba.  Ọta afọ ikpeazụ ya na Purdue na-amụ omenala sorghum na kemịkalụ shuga, na-arụ ọrụ iji nyere aka wulite ụlọ ọrụ shuga siri ike.  Akwụkwọ ọmụmụ ya mbụ na 1881 tụlere etu esi eme glucose na shuga .

Ọrụ gọọmentị[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

George Loring, Kọmishọna nke Agriculture, nyere Wiley ọkwa nke Chief Chemist na United States Department of Agriculture, na 1882. Loring nọ na-achọ iji onye ga-eji ụzọ ebumnobi eme ihe n'ịmụ sorghum n'chiri onye na-ahụ maka kemist ya,  onye ike ya dị ka isi iyi shuga adịbeghị anya.  Wiley nakweere oriri ahụ mgbe a gafechara ya maka onye isi oche Purdue, n'ihi na ọ bụ "oke nwata na ọ na-atọ ụtọ", [1] na- eso ezi na ebu ya, nakwa na ọ bụ nwa akwụkwọ.  [2] Wiley wetara Washington ihe enyemaka bara uru ọrụ ugbo, ụzọ maka nsogbu nke ụlọ ọrụ ugbo na nkà na-ama atụ maka mgbasa na eze.[1]

Wiley na mbụ aiming dị nnọọ ka nri kpọrọ n'ụzọ ziri ezi na-egosi ha nwekwara. Agbanyeghị, o kwubiri na a ga-amachibido ụfọdụ kemịkal. Ụlọ ọrụ nri bilitere na mkpesa. Iwu Nri a tụrụ atụ nke 1902 adaghị ọbụna debanye aha votu, ndị na-eme ihe ike meriri ya. Ọ chọrọ nkwado nke òtù ụmụ nwanyị, ọ bụghị n'ihi mmetụta ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ha kpọmkwem (dị ka ha ka na-enweghị) kama n'ihi nrụgide ụlọ nke ha nwere ike ịkpa. Mgbasa ozi a gbasara n'ime ahụike na ọdịmma obodo, na-akpọ oku ka ọha na eze (obodo) na-achịkwa mmiri na usoro nsị niile. Mgbasa ozi ya nwetara ibu mgbe Fannie Farmer sonyeere ma jikọta oku maka "nri dị ọcha".

Na Disemba 1905, Wiley haziri nzukọ nke ndị na-emepụta nri na-aga n'ihu (gụnyere Heinz) tinyere ndị inyom na-akwado Theodore Roosevelt iji kwado maka iwu nri dị mma. Akwụkwọ Upton Sinclair The Jungle kpughere ozi dị n'ime ụlọ ebe a na-egbu anụ nke Chicago nke butere oke ụjọ. Nkpughe nke a na-abụghị nke sayensị nke ụlọ ọrụ anụ mkpọ chetaara Roosevelt ahụmahụ ya na anụ na-asọ oyi na Cuba na 1898. Na June 1906 nke a dugara na ngafe nke Iwu Nleba Anụ (ịchịkwa ebe a na-egbu anụ) na Iwu nri na ọgwụ ọjọọ (na-ele anya na mmachi nke mgbakwunye). Ebe Roosevelt chọsiri ike ịnara otuto, ndị nta akụkọ a ma ama nke oge ahụ kpọrọ Iwu Dr. Wiley .

Onye isi ala Roosevelt kpọbatara otu n'ime ndị dike ya, Ira Remsen, ka o wee nyochaa Wiley. Nke a ga-ebute esemokwu dịka Wiley welitere nchegbu gbasara ojiji onye isi ala jiri saccharin nke Remsen chepụtara. Ebum n’obi nke a iji kwụsị Wiley bụ onye a katọrọ ibubata nnukwu nri na ihe mgbakwunye.

Akpọrọ Wiley utu aha "Nna nke Iwu Nri na Ọgwụ dị Ọcha" [2] mgbe ọ ghọrọ iwu na 1906. O dere mbipụta abụọ nke nri na ịkwa iko ha (1907 na 1911), nke kọwara maka ndị na-ege ntị na-abụghị ndị ọkachamara akụkọ ihe mere eme, nkwadebe na ịkwa iko nke nri bụ isi. Ọ bụ nna ntọala nke Association of Official Analytical Chemists, ma hapụ nnukwu ihe nketa na nri nri dị ọcha nke America dị ka "chemist chemist" ya.

Wiley lekwasịrị anya na Coca-Cola na 1909, ọ bụghị n'ihi iji cocaine nke kwụsịrị afọ ole na ole gara aga, kama n'ihi iji caffeine gabigara ókè nke egosiri na ọ na-eri ahụ. Ụjọ ahụ bụ karịsịa maka ụmụaka. Nke a gara ikpe na 1911 ebe Coca-Cola rụrụ ụka na ọ nwere ike ịṅụ mmanya na-enweghị mmetụta ọ bụla ma ọ na-eri ahụ ma ọ bụ na ọ bụghị. Ụlọikpe kpebiri na Wiley agabigala oke na Coca-Cola achọpụtaghị na ọ dara iwu nke imebi Iwu nri na ọgwụ ọjọọ: lee United States v. Forty Barrels na Kegs iri abụọ nke Coca-Cola . A manyere Onye isi ala Taft ka ọ gbaa Wiley mana ndị nta akụkọ kwadoro ịga n'ihu ya.

. N'okpuru nduzi Wiley, Otú ọ dị, ndị ji ikike Chemistry tolitere nke ukwuu n'ike na nwata elu mgbe hasịrị ọrụ maka mmanye nke Iwu 1906. Nagbata 1906 na 1912, ndị ọrụ Wiley akwụkwọ site na 110 ruo 146. Ntụnye,  nke bụ $155,000 na 1906, bụ $963,780 na 1912. Onye ọrụ ahụ kwagara n'ime ụlọ nke ya ma jiri akara akara nke ndị ọrụ Aesculapius, ma ọ bụ Ophiuchus .  N'afọ 1911, ndị iro ya gbara ume ka a chụrụ ya n'ọkwa na Ngalaba Agriculture maka nkà na ẹzẹ nke a ọrụ onye na ngalaba ya ụfọdụ ọnụ iwu.  Mana n'ime afọ ahụ, Onye isi ala William Howard Taft dere akwụkwọ ozi nke wepụrụ Wiley kpamkpam

Na Maachị 15, 1912, Wiley gbara arụkwaghịm onye isi ya nke Chemistry Bureau n'ihi na, site na mmalite mmalite, a kpasuru ya iwe na mmanye nke Iwu Nri na Ọgwụ dị Ọcha, ma ọ hụla ụkpụrụ ndị bụ isi nke omume ahụ ma ọ bụ nke kpọnwụrụ akpọnwụ ma ọ bụ mebie ya. . [3] Taft kwuputara ịkwa ụta ya na arụkwaghịm nke Wiley na odeakwụkwọ ọrụ ugbo James Wilson kwuru okwu dị ukwuu banyere otú Wiley si bụrụ "bara uru", n'aka nke ya, Wiley kelere Wilson maka "obiọma onwe onye na nkwanye ùgwù e gosiri ya." [3]

Na-arụ ọrụ na ezigbo ụlọ[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Mgbe ọ na-enwe ọrịa na 1912, Wiley weghaara ụlọ nwe nke Ezi Ndị Nche Magazine, ebe ọ na-arụ ọrụ ya n'aha ndị na-eri nri.  [1] Onye isi, Bureau of Food, Sanitation and Health bụ aha Wiley.  [2] Nkwenye ya nke elele "ọgwụ" ihe kpatara kola;  onorọ aka ná ntĩa caffeine dị n'ime ha nke ukwuu.  N'ime ihe a ma nke o wetara ụta The Coca-Cola Company na 1911, ọ nwere ụka na ọ bụ iwu na-akwadoghị iji aha Coca-Cola mee ihe mgbe ezigbo cocaine na-ahụ ahụ, nakwa na iwu akwadoghị na ọ  nwere caffeine dị ka ihe mgbakwunye .  N'ụzọ na- ike ezi, nke a dị ka ịsị na ahụ ike inwe cocaine ọ bụghị caffeine.  N'agbanyeghị nke ahụ, ikpe ahụ bụ ihe dị ike ama n'ịka ike maka eziokwu n'ịkpọ aha.  A ሜዳ na-eme ihe na-aba n'anya, egwuregwu na njedebe nke September 2016, na de-cocaine-ized coca mkpa na cola nuts.

Ọnwụ[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Anna Kelton Wiley sitere na 1913 Official Programme nke Nwanyị Suffrage Procession

Harvey Wiley nwụrụ n'iche ya na Washington, DC, na June 30, 1930, 24th ụzọ nke mbinye aka nke Iwu Nri na Ọgwụ Dị Ọcha.

E liri ya na Arlington National Cemetery ya na nri ya, Anna Kelton Wiley (1877–1964), onye ọ na-ebi na 1911. Edekwara ili ya "Nna nke Iwu nri dị ọcha".

Ihe nketa[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Sarki mmirika onwe SS Harvey W. Wiley bụ otu n'ime 2751 Agha nke ọmụmụ ihe mmiri mmiri onwe onye wuru n'etiti 1941 na 1945. Ọ ụgbọ bụ mmiri tọgbọrọ September 15, 1943, Start Ọktoba 15, 1943, re rere ya  na 1947, wee ndị na 1969.

The Harvey W. Wiley Award bụ AOAC International 'kasị prestigious na nkà ịkụ ihe award;  E hiwere ya na 1956 wee gosi ya kwa afụ 1957 nye onye ọkà neobhodimo (ma ọ bụ otu ndị ọkà , 1957) bụ ndị nyere aka n'ụzọ nha nha nha na-egosi na mpaghara na mpaghara AOAC International.  E hiwere AOAC International na 1884 dị ka Association of Official Agricultural Chemists.  Wiley bụụrụ onye-otu ntọala, Onye-isi-nduzi na 1886, Ode akwụkwọ sitere na 1889 ruo 1912, na Onye-isi ụka ruo mgbe ọ nwụrụ na 1930

Ezinụlọ ahụ o wuru na Somerset, Maryland, na 1893, Wiley-Ringland House, depụtara na National Register of Historic Places na 2000   

Ntụaka[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Nkọwapụta[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

  1. ↑ Suzanne White, "Chemistry and Controversy: Regulating the Use of Chemicals in Foods, 1883-1959, unpublished dissertation, Emory University, 1994, pp. 4-5.
  2. ↑ Harvey W. Wiley (en). FDA (2016-07-28). Archived from the original on 2017-11-14.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 "Harvey Wiley Explains Resignation" (PDF), The Daily Princetonian, March 16, 1912, p. 1. “President Taft expressed his regret at the resignation. Secretary Wilson said that Wiley had been a "valuable man." Wiley thanked Wilson for the "personal kindness and regard shown him."”

 

  • Deborah Blum (2018). The Poison Squad: One Chemist's Single-Minded Crusade for Food Safety at the Turn of the Twentieth Century. Penguin Press. ISBN 978-1594205149. 
  • Piott, Steven L. American Reformers, 1870-1920: Progressives in Word and Deed (2006); chapter 10 is on Wiley.

Njikọ mpụga[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Ewepụtara na https://ig.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Harvey_Washington_Wiley&oldid=157648