Havasupai Tribe v. Arizona Board of Regents

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Havasupai Tribe v. Arizona Board of Regents bụ ikpe nkọwa nke asụsụ American Indian Havasupai na Board of Regents University nke Arizona.

[1]N'agbata 1990 na 1994, John Martin na Therese Markow chị achị ihe pụtara DNA sitere na 400 ndị otu Havasupai maka ọrịa shuga nke Mahadum State University Arizona (ASU) na-eduzi.  Havasupai bụ ụdị ndị India America bi na Grand Canyon ma nwee ọnụ ọgụgụ dị elu nke ụdị ọrịa shuga II.  [1] N'ihi ndị ọchịchị ọnụ ọgụgụ dị elu nke ọrịa shuga nke ọma, ndị otu ebo ahụ ji obi ha nye ASU ihe elele n'okpuru echiche na a ga-eji ya mee agha ndụ ihe nketa .  N'afọ 2003, otu onye si n'ebo Havasupai aha ya bụ Carletta Tilousi tara na anaghị eji eji ọkụ e nyere ASU eme nsogbu ọrịa shuga.  [2] Kama nke ahụ, a na-eji ha mee ihe maka ọtụtụ ọkụ ihe dị iche iche gbasara schizophrenia, ipi nwa, na kannaga mba ọzọ, nke ndị Havasupai na-anabataghị. [2]

N'afọ 2004, ndị Havasupai gbara akwụkwọ ikpe ikpe nke Arizona State of Regents maka iji ihe ịrịba DNA ha eme ihe n'ụzọ na- isiokwu ezi yana ozi gbasara ihe gbasara ASU.  N'afọ 2010, Havasupai Tribe v. Arizona Board of Regents nke ebo Havasupai.  Ọ bụ ebe na ihe si na ya pụta pụtara iwu iwu ọ bleba, e nyere ebo ahụ $700,000 n'gwọ, eweghachighachi ihe àmà ha.  [1] Nlaghachi nke ihe àmà ahụ bụ izi mkpa maka ebo ahụ n'ihi na elele na DNA bụ ihe dị nss maka omenala na shupu Havasupai.

Ikpe a setịpụrụ ụkpụrụ na-akwadoghị maka nkwenye ama ama wee weta nhụta adịghị ike nke ụmụ amaala. Ọ na-amanyekwa ndị na-eme nchọpụta ka ha ghọtakwuo ohere nke ozi nwere ike ịnakọta na DNA. [3] E wetakwara ihe gbasara omenala maka ebo dị iche iche site na nyocha a n'ihi mmetụta ikpe a nwere na omenala omenala ndị Havasupai. N'ozuzu, a gbara ajụjụ banyere bioethics site na nnwale a, ma kpatara enweghị ntụkwasị obi n'etiti obodo ndị Amerịka na ụwa ahụike. N'agbanyeghị na enweghị usoro iwu e debere, ikpe a ewepụtala mkpa ọ dị maka omume nyocha nke ọma ọkachasị gbasara obodo ndị America.

Nyocha University nke Arizona State[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

The akara oru ngo na Arizona State University akara mgbe ebo polyre a prọfesọ na mahadum.  John Martin, onye ebo ahụ �������������������������￡  [1] A ga-eji ihe na-egosi ike ana ịsọ n'aka ndị otu ebo ahụ mee ihe maka njikọ ndụ ihe nke nwere ike ime na ọrịa shuga.  Ndị egwuregwu ahụ na a ga-eji ụgwọ naanị maka ndị ahịa nke njikọ.  Martin na prọfesọ ibe Therese Ann Markow, bụ ndị na-arụbu ọrụ na nyọcha nke ọrịa ndị ọzọ, e nyere ọrụ na-arụ ọrụ ọnụ ọgụgụ.  Markow ntụrụndụ n'ịgbasawanye ọrụ ahụ iji tinye mmetụta ọrịa uche;  Otú ọ dị, Martin nwere ikike na ebo ahụ enwe enwe na-achụpụ ọzọ a.

Ụdị ụdị Havasupai ụdị nke ọnụọgụ ọnụọgụ shuga n'etiti ndị otu, wee gbakwuru ASU ka ha mekọrịta ma njikọ dị ka ọtụtụ ebo ndị ọzọ dị na United States nkwado.  Ha nọ na-achọ njikọ ndị ihe nketa na ụdị ọrịa shuga nke nke nta ka ọ naanị ụmụ amaala America nke a mara dị ka ọrịa shuga na-ahụ insulin na-adabere na ya ma ọ bụ NIDDM bụ ọrịa njọ njọ.  a na-ahụ n'agbụrụ ndị America taa.  Akọego NIDDM n'etiti ebo arịgoro nke ukwuu alụ Agha ịma nke ịhụ .  Saịtị na nchebe, ihe na-ejikọta ihie ndụ ihe nketa n'ọtụtụ ebo mmetụta ihe omume NIDDM n'etiti ụmụ amaala America.  Na njedebe nke ọrụ na ASU, ndị akara akara ike ike njikọ njikọ ihe nketa yiri nke ahụ na NIDDM nke a na-egbochira na ndị ọzọ na United States.  [1] Mgbe ha kwuchara nke a, ndị otu nyọcha ahụ gara n'ihu na nchacha ha site n'iji ike nke ebo ahụ mee ike nsogbu ndị ọzọ n'ama ebo ahụ.  Ozi ahụ dị ka ụzọ isi nyere ebo nwere siri siri ike na prọfesọ na ASU, ma ọ bụ ụzọ maka ndị na-agụ, ọ bụghị ndị ASU, iji ndị ọrịa ndị ọzọ na-akpata nke inwe nsogbu.  ọhụrụ sample.  [1] Ọtụtụ n'ime ọgụ ndị ọzọ e mere n'ịlụ mmepụta ngwá agha ndị e ketara n'aka ndị nna ha.  Ndị ebo Havasupai taka na onye nwuru anwu nke ebo ahụ enwe enwe ike izu ike ma ọ nwụsịrị ma ọ bụrụ na e lirighị ọ llaba nke ahụ ha.  N'ihi ya, ebo ahụ faịlụ anya na ha ga-enwetaghachi ọkụ ha nyere[4]

Okwu ikpe[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Havasupai Tribe nke Havasupai Reservation v. Arizona Board of Regents ka kpụgara n'ụlọ ikpe na Eprel 20, 2010. Achọpụtara na ihe nlele DNA ewepụtara n'aka ndị otu Havasupai bụ ndị e bu n'obi na mbụ ịga nyocha gbasara njikọ mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa na ụdị ọrịa shuga 2 n'afọ 1990, ka a na-eji maka nyocha ndị ọzọ. [3] Carletta Tilousi wetara okwu a n'ụlọ ikpe, onye chọpụtara na a na-eji ihe nlele DNA mee nyocha ọzọ site n'aka ndị ọzọ na-enweghị ikike nke ebo ahụ. N'ụlọ ikpe, Arizona Board of Regents kwusiri ike otú nchebe nke Havasupai Tribe si ghara iweta okwu ha tupu e weba ya n'ụlọ ikpe. Ndị Havasupai ekwupụtala nkwupụta anọ dị iche iche, ASU hụrụ na ha gafere oge nkwuputa ụbọchị 180 na-eme ka nkwupụta ahụ kwụsị. Ndị nchekwa ASU kwuru na ewezuga ebubo a na-agba akwụkwọ n'oge megide ASU, ndị Havasupai akwadoghị nkwupụta ahụ na eziokwu ndị na-egosi obi mgbawa mmetụta uche ma ọ bụ mmerụ ahụ nke nyocha ahụ kpatara. [4] Ndị na-aza ajụjụ bụ isi n'akụkụ Board Arizona bụ ndị otu nyocha nke steeti Arizona. Ụlọ ikpe ahụ kpebiri na a ga-enwe ikpe asatọ nke omume ọjọọ nke ndị nchọpụta nke Arizona State University na Markow mere, dịka nchọpụta ha gafere nke agbụrụ Havasupai kwadoro. [1] Okwu ikpe ndị a gụnyere mkpughe ozi nkeonwe n'ihe gbasara nlele ọbara nke ebo, nkọwahie nke ebo Havasupai, ntughari, mbuso agha nke nzuzo, nsogbu mmetụta uche, mmebi nke ikike obodo, enweghị nkwenye ọmụma, na nleghara anya n'ozuzu ya.

Okwu ikpe a rụpụtara ọtụtụ nsonaazụ ogologo oge dịka agbụrụ Havasupai nwetara ma tụfuo ọtụtụ ihe n'ime oge a. Ndị otu agbụrụ Havasupai bụ ndị ejiri DNA ha mee nnwale na-akwadoghị ka enwetara $700,000 ụgwọ n'ụlọ ikpe. Tụkwasị na nke ahụ, e weghachiri ndị òtù ebo ahụ ihe nlele ọbara na ndepụta zuru ezu nke ndị niile natara ọbara ha n'oge nyocha ahụ. [4] Nke a bụ ụbọchị dị mkpa maka ndị otu Havasupai n'ihi na ihe gbasara ndụ dịka DNA dị nsọ nye ụmụ amaala America. Ọbara dị mkpa nye onye ọ bụla ma na-egosi ọtụtụ ọrụ ime mmụọ na omenala n'ime obodo American American. [4] Ekwuwakwara na Mahadum steeti Arizona ga-enyere ndị Havasupai aka n'ịgbasa mmemme agụmakwụkwọ ha, ahụike, nri nri na ọganihu akụ na ụba ha. Otu n'ime isi ihe ndị agbụrụ Havasupai tụfuru na-esochi ikpe ụlọikpe a na 2010, bụ echiche nke nchekwa na nchekwa ahụike. Ọtụtụ ndị òtù Havasupai na-atụ egwu ịchọ nlekọta ahụike mgbe ikpe ikpe a gasịrị, n'ihi na ha achọghị inye DNA ha site na nlele ọbara n'ihi egwu na a ga-eme nyocha ọzọ.

Mmetụta na Havasupai[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Carletta Tilousi bụ onye otu Havasupai. Ọ na-eje ozi dị ka onye ndụmọdụ gbasara ikpe ziri ezi nke White House. [5] Ọ na-ejekwa ozi dị ka onye nnọchi anya ihe gbasara gburugburu ebe obibi na ikpe ziri ezi maka agbụrụ Havasupai. [6] N'afọ 2003, ọ bụ ya mere nchọpụta na ndị nchọpụta na Mahadum State University nke Arizona na-eji DNA sample iji mụọ isiokwu ndị metụtara ahụike dịka schizophrenia, agbụrụ agbụrụ, na ọmụmụ nke ndị otu agbụrụ, kama ịbụ naanị ndị mbụ metụtara ọrịa shuga. nyocha. O mere ka o doo anya na ndị otu agbụrụ, gụnyere onwe ya, agaraghị anabata ụdị nyocha a na iji mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa bụ na-enweghị nkwenye ha. [3] Mgbe ọ chọpụtachara na ndị nyocha na steeti Arizona na-eji mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa maka ọmụmụ ihe ndị a n'enweghị nkwenye, ọ gwara ndị otu agbụrụ Havasupai.

[3]The ahụ mere ka ọtụtụ ndị ọkà n'akparamàgwà na-arụ ụka maka ụzọ ziri ezi isi hazie echiche na ndị na-ebu na ọnwụ ihe ọ lla.  Ọtụtụ ndị ọkachamara na-ekwu na-ekwu na ọ bụghị ihe dị mkpa ngwaọrụta doro anya maka oge ọ mgbasa a na-eduzi DNA.  David Karp, osote prọfesọ nke ọgwụ ime na Mahadum Texas Southwwest Medical Centre kwuru, "Onye ọ blu mmetụta imeghe na ọdịiche. ... ihe bụ kedu ka anyị ga-esi gaa? Mepụta nnukwu nchekwa data nke ndị mmadụ maka ihe atụ ha  ?"  Ọtụtụ ndị ọkachamara na-egosi na Karp, na-ekwu na akwụkwọ e nyere ederede maka DNA, ha ikikere onye ahụ ahụ awụ ole na ole maka mkpuchi ọhụrụ.  Markow, onye ndu na-eme agha maka ọrụ ndị ndụ ihe nketa, kwuru, "M na-eme egwuregwu nke ọma".  O ebi na nchọcha ya dị mkpa na ahụ ahụ amata maka iji DNA achọghị.

Ntụaka[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 FindLaw's Court of Appeals of Arizona case and opinions. Findlaw. Retrieved on 2022-04-28. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":2" defined multiple times with different content
  2. ↑ Garrison (2013-10-01). "Awareness and Acceptable Practices: IRB and Researcher Reflections on the Havasupai Lawsuit" (in en). AJOB Primary Research 4 (4): 55–63. DOI:10.1080/21507716.2013.770104. ISSN 2150-7716. PMID 24089655. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 Garrison (2013). "Genomic Justice for Native Americans: Impact of the Havasupai Case on Genetic Research". Science, Technology & Human Values 38 (2): 201–223. DOI:10.1177/0162243912470009. ISSN 0162-2439. PMID 28216801.  Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":0" defined multiple times with different content
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 Drabiak-Syed. Lessons from Havasupai Tribe v. Arizona State University Board of Regents. Hein Online. Retrieved on 2022-04-28. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":1" defined multiple times with different content
  5. ↑ Gibson. Havasupai tribal council member named White House environmental justice advisor. AZPM News. Retrieved on 2022-05-06.
  6. ↑ Life in a Canyon by Carletta Tilousi (April 25, 2022).
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