Hay steaming
Uzuzu ahihia bụ usoro ọgwụgwọ ahịhịa iji belata uzuzu ikuku na-eku ume nke na-emekarị na ahihia, na-ebute nsogbu iku ume ma mmadụ ma ịnyịnya mgbe ha na-akpachi anya. Usoro ahụ gụnyere igwe na-emepụta uzuoku nke na-emepụta uzuoku na eriri njikọ iji duzie uzuoku ahụ n'ime arịa mechiri emechi nke nwere ahịhịa, na-ekpughe ya na uzuoku.
Mkpa okpomọkụ dị
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Mgbe a na-eji usoro uzuoku dị elu emebere ma hazie ya, okpomọkụ hay na-eru ihe karịrị 100 Celsius. Achọpụtara na nke a na sayensị sayensị na-egbu nje bacteria, ebu na fungal spores si otú ahụ na-eme ka ịdị ọcha nke ahihia dị ọcha ma na-ebelata n'ụzọ dị egwu uzuzu ikuku na-ekuku ruo 98%.[1] Site na steaming hay, Otú ọ dị, ọ bụrụ na okpomọkụ dị elu achọrọ adịghị erute ya, ọ nwere ike inwe mmetụta dị njọ na ịdị ọcha nke hay site na ịmepụta "mmetụta incubator", na-eduga na mmụba dị ịrịba ama na nje bacteria a na-ahụ anya.[1]
Atụmanya bụ na ọ bụ naanị ndị na-akpụ ahịhịa na-esi n'ime ya na-esi n'ime ya pụta (kpọmkwem ịgbanye uzuoku site na spikes si na miri n'ime hay, kama site n'èzí n'ime, na-ahapụ uzuoku si n'okpuru hay) na na hay na-esi nri mgbe a na-etinye ya. N'ime ụgbọ mmiri mkpuchi, na-enwe ike iru okpomọkụ dị mkpa iji zere nje bacteria na-abawanye nke ukwuu. Otú ọ dị, nke a nwere ike ịmepụta nsị na-asọpụta na-enwe oke nje bacteria. Ụfọdụ atụmatụ egosila mbelata nke ọma nke nje bacteria na ahihia na mmiri na-asọpụta site na 99+% na-enweghị mkpa spikes.
Nsụgharị ndị e mere n'ụlọ
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]A number of homemade hay steamers have been tested,Àtụ:By whom usually consisting of a “wheelie-bin” and a “wall paper stripper,” and all failed to reach the needed temperatures to avoid the incubator effect. There are no published studies linking this effect to any specific ill effects in horses, though it is generally agreed to be undesirable. Importantly, studiesÀtụ:Vague have shown homemade hay steamers to have some beneficial effect in reducing dust and mould spores and, when normally acceptable n-values are used to process the results data, the difference is material but not extreme.
Mmiri na-abanye n'ime mmiri na mmiri na-esi ísì ụtọ
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Tupu e mepụta ihe na-esi ísì ụtọ, ndị nwe ịnyịnya ga-etinye ahịhịa n'ime bọket ma ọ bụ bọket mmiri maka ihe ọ bụla site na minit 10 ruo awa 12 wee wepụ ya. E gosipụtara na mmiri na-ewe nkeji iri na-ebelata uzuzu a na-eku ume ruo pasent 90.[2] Usoro a na-eji mmiri eme ka uzuzu dị ala ka o yighị ka a ga-ekuru ya. Blundell et al., 2012 Otú ọ dị, chọpụtara na hay steaming dị irè karịa n'ibelata uzuzu na-eku ume n'ime hay karịa ịmị mmiri.[3]
Mmiri n'ime mmiri nwekwara nsonaazụ na-adịghị mma n'ihe gbasara ọkwa nje bacteria; nnwale na-egosi na mmiri na-abawanye ọnụọgụ nje bacteria site na okpukpu 1.5 ruo okpukpu ise. [4][5][6] Na mgbakwunye, uru na-edozi ahụ nke ahịhịa a na-etinye n'ime mmiri na-ebelata ka ọ na-ewepụta carbohydrates, protein na mineral.
Ọzọkwa, a na-ahazi mmiri na-adịghị n'ime mmiri site na ahịhịa a na-etinye n'ime ya dị ka ihe na-emetọ gburugburu ebe obibi n'ihi na ọ nwere nnukwu mkpa oxygen. E gosipụtara na mmiri na-agbanye n'ime mmiri na-emepụta mmiri na-emetọ mmiri ugboro 9 karịa nsị mmiri ma ekwesighi itinye ya n'ime ala mmiri nke oké ifufe.[7] Na UK, DEFRA na-adụ ọdụ na a ga-eduzi mmiri na-asọba n'ime mmiri na ọdọ mmiri na-enweghị mmiri ma ọ bụ tankị nsị mechiri emechi. Onye ọrụ ngo nwere ikikere nwere ike iwepụ mmiri ahụ maka iwepụ ya n'èzí.
Blundell et al. kwupụtara nchọpụta yiri nke ahụ na Warr na Petch maka mmiri nsị ahịhịa na-agbanye mmiri ma chọpụta na mmetụta mmetọ nke mmiri nsị na-agbada site na uzuoku. Ha kwubiri uru ndị ọzọ na gburugburu ebe obibi nke ịsa mmiri site na mmiri dị mkpa maka ọgwụgwọ. Hay steaming na-eji ihe dị ka lita mmiri 4 kwa okirikiri, nke ọtụtụ n'ime ha na-amịkọrọ site na hay ma ọ bụ wepụta n'ime ikuku dị ka steam na-ahapụ naanị obere mmiri na-adịghị emetọ. [citation needed]
Wyss et al. (2016) dọrọ aka ná ntị na ahịhịa a na-etinye mmiri ka a hapụrụ ruo ụbọchị atọ tupu a na-enye ya nri ma ọ bụ ịnyịnya na-eri ya, nwere ọnụ ọgụgụ dị elu nke nje bacteria ma a na-ewere ya dị ka nke mebiri emebi, ọ gaghịzi adaba maka inye nri.[6]
Hay a na-etinye mmiri na-adịkarị obere maka ịnyịnya karịa hay kpọrọ nkụ ebe ahịhịa a na-esi mmiri na-esi ísì ụtọ achọpụtala na ọ dị ezigbo ụtọ. Moore-Colyer na Payne (2012) nyochara uto nke ahịhịa kpọrọ nkụ, nke a na-etinye na mmiri n'ime otu ìgwè nke pony polo ndị a na-eri ahịhịhịa.[8] E nyere 1 kilogram nke nhọrọ nri ọ bụla n'otu oge na nkuku atọ dị iche iche nke ụlọ anụ ụlọ ahụ. A na-ekwughachi nke a ugboro atọ maka ịnyịnya ọ bụla ka e wee nye nhọrọ ọ bụla maka nri na nkuku ọ bụla iji zere mmasị ọnọdụ. Nsonaazụ gosipụtara n'ụzọ doro anya na ịnyịnya na-ahọrọ iri ahịhịa na-esi ísì ụtọ karịa ka ọ kpọọ ma ọ bụ ka ọ dị mmiri. Nnyocha kpughere na ozugbo a na-anwale ahịhịa a na-esi ísì ụtọ, ọ bụ mgbe niile nke mbụ a na-eri.
N'ikwekọ na nsonaazụ ndị a, Brown et al. (2013) nyochara uto nke hay kpọrọ nkụ, hay na Haylage ma chọpụta na hay hay hay na-esi ísì ụtọ bụ nhọrọ mbụ nke ịnyịnya họọrọ ma ha gara n'ihu na-eri hay na-ese ísì ụtọ karịa ma ọ bụ haylage kpọrọ nkụ n'ime oge nri 1 awa.
Dị ka omenala si dị, ndị ọrụ ugbo na ndị nwe ịnyịnya na-enyocha ahịhịa site n'ịhụnanya na site na ísì; Otú ọ dị, ọbụna ahịhịhịa echekwara nke ọma nwere ike ịnwe oke uzuzu a na-eku ume. A na-akọwa ájá a na-eku ume dị ka ihe na-erughị 5 μm n'ogo ma Hessel et al. na-ezo aka na ya dị ka akụkụ obi na Art et al. and Clements and Pirie dị ka ụmụ irighiri ihe ndị pere mpe iji banye n'ụzọ ikuku. [citation needed]
Mmetụta uzuzu
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Uzuzu n'ime ahịhịa nwere nchịkọta nke uzuzu na-apụta n'okike nke gụnyere ihe ọkụkụ na ala na ihe nwere ike ibute ahụ, fungi, nje bacteria, nsị ahụhụ, endotoxins na beta glucans, nke niile nwere ike inye aka na mmepe nke ikuku na ụkwara ume ọkụ. Nke a bụ n'ihi eziokwu ahụ bụ na ịnyịnya na-emetụta uzuzu a na-eku ume n'ime hay karịsịa na ebu, fungal spores na nje bacteria. Ikpughe ihe ndị a, ọkachasị ikpughe ogologo oge na-akpata ọrịa iku ume n'ime ịnyịnya gụnyere ụkwara ume nke a makwaara dị ka COPD, ifufe na-agbaji, na mgbochi ikuku ugboro ugboro (RAO).
Mgbe Blumerich et al., 2012 nyere otu ìgwè ịnyịnya ndị a chọpụtara na ha nwere ụkwara ume ọkụ nke na-emeghachi omume na ahịhịa kpọrọ nkụ, ahịhịhịa na-esi ísì ụtọ agbanwebeghị, na-atụ aro na usoro ịsa ahụ belatara akụkụ na-adịghị anabata nke uzuzu a na-eku ume nke ọma ka ọ ghara ịkpata mmeghachi omume na ịnyịnya ndị ahụ.
Ndị na-eme nchọpụta na Belgium chọpụtara na mgbe a hụrụ fungus n'ụzọ ikuku nke ịnyịnya ahụ, o yikarịrị ka a ga-achọpụta ha na ọrịa ikuku na-afụ ụfụ. Ha nyochakwa nhọrọ niile a na-enye ịnyịnya 482 na nyocha ahụ wee chọpụta na ọ bụghị naanị na ahịhịa a na-etinye n'ime mmiri nwere ihe ize ndụ dị ala nke ịchọpụta fungus n'ụzọ ikuku kamakwa ọ belatara ihe ize ndụ ahụ ma e jiri ya tụnyere ahịhịhịa kpọrọ nkụ, ahịhịrị a na-agbanye n'ime ala.
N'ime afọ iri gara aga, ahịhịa na-esi ísì ụtọ na-ewu ewu ngwa ngwa ebe ọ bụ na e mepụtara ahịhịhịa dị elu ma nabata ya dị ka mmelite na ọdịnala ochie nke itinye ahịhịrị n'ime mmiri, na-enye uru ndị ọzọ. N'oge a, ọtụtụ ịnyịnya na-arụ ọrụ dị elu na Europe, na America na-arịwanye elu, na-enye ha ahịhịa na-esi ísì ụtọ kwa ụbọchị. N'otu oge ahụ, a na-enye ọnụ ọgụgụ ịnyịnya n'ozuzu ya na UK, Germany, na mba ndị ọzọ dị na Europe nri hay.
Hụkwa
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]- Nchekwa Hermetic
Ebem si dee
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]- ↑ Moore-Colyer (2012). "Palatability and ingestion behaviour of 6 polo ponies offered a choice of dry, soaked and steamed hay for 1 hour on three separate occasions". Advances in Animal Biosciences. Healthy Food from Healthy Animals 3 (1): 127.
- ↑ Hessel (September 2009). "Generation of Airborne Particles from Horse Feeds Depending on Type and Processing". Journal of Equine Veterinary Science 29 (9): 665–674. DOI:10.1016/j.jevs.2009.07.013.
- ↑ Blundell (2012). "The effect of steaming and soaking treatments on respirable dust content of hay and the potential environmental polluting impact of the waste water produced", Forages and grazing in horse nutrition, 125–128. DOI:10.3920/978-90-8686-755-4_13. ISBN 978-90-8686-755-4.
- ↑ Blackman (2 September 2010). "Hay for horses: the effects of three different wetting treatments on dust and nutrient content". Animal Science 66 (3): 745–750. DOI:10.1017/S1357729800009334.
- ↑ Moore-Colyer (26 November 2014). "The Effect of Five Different Wetting Treatments on the Nutrient Content and Microbial Concentration in Hay for Horses". PLOS ONE 9 (11): e114079. DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0114079. PMID 25426729.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 Warr (June 1993). "Effects of soaking hay on its nutritional quality". Equine Veterinary Education 5 (3): 169–171. DOI:10.1111/j.2042-3292.1993.tb01031.x. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid
<ref>tag; name ":2" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ Moore-Colyer (April 2016). "The Effect of Steaming and Soaking on the Respirable Particle, Bacteria, Mould, and Nutrient Content in Hay for Horses". Journal of Equine Veterinary Science 39: 62–68. DOI:10.1016/j.jevs.2015.09.006.
- ↑ Moore-Colyer (2012). "The effect of three different treatments on the respirable particle content, total viable count and mould concentrations in hay for horses", Forages and grazing in horse nutrition, 101–106. DOI:10.3920/978-90-8686-755-4_9. ISBN 978-90-8686-755-4.