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Henry Ossawa Tanner

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Henry Ossawa Tanner (June 21, 1859 – Mee 25, 1937) bụ onye omenkà America nke nọrọ ọtụtụ ọrụ ya na France.  Ọ ghọrọ onye mbụ na-ese ihe n'Africa na America nwetara otuto mba ụwa.[1]  Tanner kwagara Paris, France na 1891 ka ọ gụọ akwụkwọ na Académie Julian wee nweta otuto na okirikiri nka French.  A nabatara eserese ya Daniel na ọdụ ọdụm (1895, ebe a na-amaghị) na Salon 1896, [2] ihe ngosi nka nke Académie des Beaux-Arts na Paris.[3]  Ndị ọchịchị France zụtara Mbilite n'ọnwụ Tanner nke Lazarọs (1896, Musée d'Orsay, Paris) mgbe ọ nwetasịrị nrite nke atọ na Salon 1897.  Na 1923, gọọmentị France họpụtara Tanner chevalier nke Legion of Honor. [1][2]

Mgbe ọ gbasịrị nkà n'onwe ya dị ka nwa okorobịa, Tanner debanyere aha na Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts na Philadelphia na 1879. Naanị nwa akwụkwọ ojii, ọ ghọrọ ọkacha mmasị nke onye na-ese ihe Thomas Eakins, bụ onye malitere izi ihe n'oge na-adịbeghị anya. Tanner mere njikọ ndị ọzọ n'etiti ndị na-ese ihe, gụnyere Robert Henri. N'ọgwụgwụ 1890s, onye na-ahụ maka nka Rodman Wanamaker kwadoro njem Tanner na Mutasarrifate nke Jerusalem mgbe ọ hụchara ihe osise nke isiokwu Akwụkwọ Nsọ. [3]

Tanner lụrụ Jessie Macauley Olssen na Disemba 14, 1899 na London. Nwa ha nwoke, Jesse Ossawa Tanner, mụrụ na New York City na Septemba 25, 1903.[1] Ezinụlọ ahụ mere France ebe obibi ha na-adịgide adịgide, na-eke oge n'etiti Paris na ugbo dị na Normandy.[4]

Ndụ mbido[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Thomas Eakins, Portrait of Henry O. Tanner, 1900. Mmanụ n'elu ákwà, 241⁄8" × 201⁄4". Nchịkọta Hyde.

A mụrụ Henry Ossawa Tanner na Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, nwa mbụ n'ime ụmụ itoolu; ụmụnne abụọ, Benjamin na Horace, nwụrụ na nwata.[5] Otu n'ime ụmụnne ya nwanyị, Halle Tanner Dillon Johnson, bụ nwanyị mbụ e nyere asambodo ịrụ ọrụ ọgwụ na Alabama.[6] Nne na nna ya nyere ya aha dị n'etiti nke na-echeta ọgụ na Osawatomie n'etiti ndị na-akwado na ndị na-emegide ịgba ohu.[7] Nna ya Benjamin Tucker Tanner (1835-1923) ghọrọ bishọp na African Methodist Episcopal Church (AME), òtù ojii mbụ nwere onwe ya na United States. Ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na Avery College na Western Theological Seminary na Pittsburgh, ma zụlite ọrụ edemede.[8] Na mgbakwunye, ọ bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, na-akwado mwepụ nke ịgba ohu. Nne Henry Tanner bụ Sarah Elizabeth Tanner nwere ike ịbụ na a mụrụ ya n'ohu na Virginia. [9][10] Akụkọ abụọ dị iche iche apụtala banyere ibi ndụ ya na nnwere onwe; n'otu, nna ya na-akwọ ezinụlọ ahụ site na Winchester, Virginia gaa "na steeti Pennsylvania nweere onwe ya" n'ụgbọ ehi.[5] Na nke ọzọ, ọ gbapụrụ dị ka onye gbara ọsọ ndụ gaa North site na Underground Railroad.[6] N'ebe ahụ, ọ zutere ma lụọ Benjamin Tucker Tanner.[5][9]

Ezinụlọ ahụ si na Pittsburgh kwaga Philadelphia mgbe Tanner dị afọ iri na ụma.[1] N'ebe ahụ nna ya ghọrọ enyi Frederick Douglass, mgbe ụfọdụ na-akwado ya, mgbe ụfọdụ na-akatọ.[2] Robert Douglass, Jr., onye na-ese ojii na-aga nke ọma na Philadelphia, bụ onye agbata obi mbụ nke ezinụlọ Tanner, Tanner dere na ọ "na-agafe ma na-akwụsị mgbe niile ile foto ya na windo."[3] Mgbe Tanner nọ. ihe dị ka afọ 13, ọ hụrụ onye na-ese ihe nkiri na-arụ ọrụ na Fairmount Park, ebe ya na nna ya na-eje ije. O kpebiri na ya chọrọ ịbụ onye na-ese ihe.[5]

Agụmakwụkwọ[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Ịtụgharị site na ọkụ, 1894

Ọ bụ ezie na ọtụtụ ndị na-ese ihe jụrụ ịnakwere nwa akwụkwọ Africa-American, na 1879 Tanner debara aha na Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts na Philadelphia, na-aghọ nanị nwa akwụkwọ ojii.[1] Mkpebi ya ịga ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ bịara n'oge ụlọ akwụkwọ mmuta nka na-elekwasị anya n'ịmụ ihe site na ụdị ndụ karịa nkedo plasta. Thomas Eakins, onye prọfesọ na Pennsylvania Academy, bụ otu n'ime ndị na-ese ihe America mbụ kwalitere ụzọ ọhụrụ maka agụmakwụkwọ nka gụnyere ịmụba ọmụmụ sitere na ụdị ndụ, mkparịta ụka gbasara arụ ọrụ na klaasị nke ụmụ akwụkwọ nwoke na nwanyị, na nkewa nke ndị cadaver iji kuzie ihe gbasara ahụ. . Ụzọ Eakins na-aga n'ihu na agụmakwụkwọ nka nwere mmetụta dị ukwuu na Tanner. Onye na-ese ihe na-eto eto bụ otu n'ime ụmụ akwụkwọ kacha amasị Eakins; afọ iri abụọ ka Tanner hapụrụ ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ, Eakins sere foto ya.[11]

Na Academy, Tanner mere enyi ndị na-ese ihe bụ ndị ọ na-akpakọrịta n'oge ndụ ya niile, karịsịa Robert Henri, otu n'ime ndị malitere Ụlọ Akwụkwọ Ashcan. N'ime oge dị mkpirikpi na Academy, Tanner zụlitere nke ọma ihe ọmụma banyere mmewere ahụ na nkà iji gosipụta nghọta ya banyere ịdị arọ na nhazi nke ihe oyiyi mmadụ na akwa akwa.[12]

Ọrịa mebiri ọmụmụ nka Tanner, nke a kọrọ na Nọvemba 1881 ma kwuo na ọ nọgidere na-aga n'ihu n'oge ọkọchị na-esote, mgbe Tanner nọrọ oge na-agbake n'Ugwu Adirondack.[13]

Okwu gbasara ịkpa ókè agbụrụ[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Gateway, Tangier, 1912, St. Louis Art MuseumEbe Ngosi Ihe Ochie St. Louis

Ọ bụ ezie na Tanner nwetara obi ike dị ka onye na-ese ihe ma malite ire ọrụ ya, ọ chere Ịkpa ókè agbụrụ ihu na-arụ ọrụ dị ka onye omenkà ọkachamara na Philadelphia.[14] N'akwụkwọ akụkọ ndụ ya, The Story of an Artist's Life, Tanner kọwara ibu arọ nke ịkpa ókè agbụrụ:

Enwere m ezigbo ihere ma mee ka m chee na achọghị m, ọ bụ ezie na n'ebe enwere m ikike ịnọ, ọbụlagodi ọnwa ole na ole ka nke ahụ gasịrị mere ka m nwee ihe mgbu mgbe ụfọdụ. Oge ọ bụla n'ime ihe ndị a na-adịghị mma batara n'uche m, obi m mikpuru, a mekwara m ahụhụ ọzọ site n'echiche nke ihe m tachiri obi, ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ihe ahụ mere n'onwe ya.[15]

Ndụ ná mba ọzọ[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

The Arch, c. 1914, Brooklyn MuseumEbe Ngosi Ihe Mgbe Ochie nke Brooklyn

N'olileanya nke inweta ego zuru oke iji gaa Europe, Tanner rụrụ ụlọ ọrụ foto na Atlanta n'oge ngwụcha 1880s. Mwepụta ahụ enweghị ihe ịga nke ọma. N'ime oge a Tanner zutere Bishọp Joseph Crane Hartzell, onye nlekọta nke kọleji Clark (nke bụ Mahadum Clark Atlanta ugbu a). Hartzell na nwunye ya mere enyi Tanner, bụrụ ndị na-azụ ya, ma kwadoro ya maka ọrụ nkuzi na kọleji.[1] Tanner kụziri ịse ihe na Clark College obere oge.[16]

N'afọ 1891, ọ gara Paris, France, [17] iji mụọ na Académie Julian . Ọ sonyekwara na American Art Students Club. Paris bụ ebe a nabatara Tanner; n'ime ndị na-ese ihe na France, agbụrụ adịghị mkpa. Tanner na-amụta ndụ ndị Paris ngwa ngwa. N'ebe ahụ, ọ zutere Atherton Curtis, onye ghọrọ enyi na onye nkwado nke nka ya.[18][19]

Atherton Curtis na nwunye ya, nke Tanner.

Ọ bụ akụkụ nke obodo ndị na-ese ihe na Ugwu Kisco, New York ruo ọnwa isii na 1902, na arịrịọ Curtis, wee laghachi n'oge oyi na-esote.[1] Ewezuga nlọghachi ụlọ nkenke oge ụfọdụ, Tanner nọrọ oge ndụ ya niile na Paris. N'ebe ahụ, a kpọbatara ya na ọtụtụ ndị na-ese ihe bụ ndị ọrụ ha ga-emetụta ụzọ o si eme nka. Na Louvre, ọ zutere ma mụọ ọrụ Gustave Courbet, Jean-Baptiste Chardin na Louis Le Nain.[2] Ndị na-ese ihe na-ese ihe nkiri nke ndị nkịtị na gburugburu ebe obibi ha, na mmetụta nke Tanner na-arụ ọrụ bụ nke a na-ahụ anya. Enwere ike ịhụ nke Courbet's The Stone Breakers (1850; bibiri) na myirịta dị na Tanner's The Young Sabot Maker (1895). Eserese abụọ a na-enyocha isiokwu mmụta na ọrụ aka.[2][20]

Tanner gara n'ihu na ọmụmụ ihe ya n'okpuru ndị omenkà a ma ama dịka Jean Joseph Benjamin Constant na Jean-Paul Laurens . [15] Site na nduzi ha, Tanner malitere ịmepụta aha na France. Ọ biri na Étaples art colony na Normandy.

Na mbụ, Tanner eseela ihe nkiri mmiri banyere ọgụ ụmụ mmadụ na oké osimiri na-alụ, ma na 1895 ọ na-ekekarị ọrụ okpukpe. Ngbanwe ya n'ise ihe nkiri nke Akwụkwọ Nsọ mere ka ọ na-agba mgba ime mmụọ. N'akwụkwọ ozi o degaara ndị mụrụ ya na Krismas 1896, o kwuru, sị, "Ekpebiwo m n'obi m iji ikwesị ntụkwasị obi jeere Ya [Chineke] ozi." a tụbara n'elu ebili mmiri, nke Smithsonian American Art Museum na-ejide. [21]

Ezigbo Onye Ọzụzụ Atụrụ, 1902-1903

Nke a dabeere na nkọwa nke ọrụ ebube dị n'Oziọma Matiu nke "ụgbọ mmiri ahụ dị ugbu a n'etiti oké osimiri, nke ebili mmiri tụbara, n'ihi na ifufe megidere ya" (14:24). Ihe onwunwe ndị dị mfe na Étaples kwekọrọ nke ọma na isiokwu ya, nke n'ọtụtụ ọnọdụ gosipụtara ndị dị na Bible n'ime ime ime.

A nabatara ihe osise Tanner Daniel n'ime ọdọ ọdụm n'ime Ụlọ Mmanya 1896.[1] Mgbe afọ ahụ gasịrị, o sere Mbilite n'ọnwụ Lazarọs.[2] Otuto dị oke egwu maka mpempe akwụkwọ a mere ka ọnọdụ Tanner sie ike na ndị ọkachamara nka ma kwupụta ntụzịaka ihe osise ya n'ọdịnihu, bụ nke mesoro ọtụtụ isiokwu Akwụkwọ Nsọ. Mgbe ọ hụrụ Mbilite n'ọnwụ nke Lazarọs, [3] onye nkatọ nka Rodman Wanamaker nyere ohere ịkwụ ụgwọ niile maka njem Tanner na Middle East.[1] Wanamaker chere na onye ọ bụla na-ese ihe nkiri nke Akwụkwọ Nsọ kwesịrị iji anya ya hụ gburugburu ebe obibi nakwa na onye na-ese ihe nke Tanner kwesịrị itinye ego ahụ.

Tanner nabatara onyinye a ngwa ngwa. Tupu Salon ọzọ emepe, ọ gawara na mpaghara Palestine nke Levant. Nchọgharị nke ụlọ alakụba dị iche iche na saịtị Akwụkwọ Nsọ, yana ọmụmụ ihe gbasara agwa ndị bi n'obodo ahụ, nyere ya ohere ịga n'ihu n'ọzụzụ nka ya. Ihe osise ya mepụtara ikuku dị ike nke ihe omimi na ime mmụọ. Tanner abụghị onye mbụ na-ese ihe na-amụ Middle East n'onwe ya: kemgbe 1830s, mmasị na Orientalism na-eto eto na Europe. Ndị na-ese ihe dị ka Eugène Delacroix, David Roberts na, mgbe e mesịrị, Henri Matisse mere njem ndị dị otú ahụ iji mee ka ọchịchọ ịmata ihe pụta ìhè.[12]

N'ụlọ nkuchi ya nke France, na 1923, a họpụtara Tanner Chevalier of the Legion of Honor, iwu kachasị elu nke mba. O weere "ihe gọọmentị France kwuru dị ka nsọpụrụ kachasị ukwuu nke ọrụ ya a ma ama".[22]

Ihe Nkụzi Banjo[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Ihe Omume Banjo, 1893

Ná nletaghachi dị mkpirikpi na United States n’afọ 1893, Tanner sere The Banjo Lesson, mgbe ọ nọ na Filadelfia. N'ịtụle ọrụ ya a kacha mara amara, eserese ahụ na-egosi agadi nwoke ojii na-akụziri nwa nwoke, chere na ọ bụ nwa nwa ya, otu esi akpọ banjo. Ngwakọta a dị jụụ na-enyocha ọtụtụ isiokwu dị mkpa. Onyonyo nke onye isi ojii na-egwu banjo na-apụta n'oge nka America na njedebe narị afọ nke 19. Thomas Worth,[1] Willy Miller, Walter M. Dunk, Eastman Johnson, na onye nkuzi Tanner Thomas Eakins agbaalala isiokwu a n'ihe osise ha. [20]

Tanner mepụtara oge dị nro nke mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya. A na-egosi agadi nwoke ahụ na nwa nwoke na-eto eto ka ha na-arụ ọrụ siri ike, na-eleghara ụwa ndị ọzọ anya, na-ekerịta echiche nke kọntaktị na imekọ ihe ọnụ. Tanner na-akọwa ndị na-anọdụ dị ka ndị nwere nkọwa dị ka eserese.

Ihe ngosi nke Tanner na-eme ka udo dị nke na-emesi obi umeala na ezinụlọ ike.[23] E nwere ihe abụọ dị iche iche na-enye ìhè: Ọdịdị ọcha, na-acha anụnụ anụnụ site n'èzí na-abanye site n'aka ekpe, ebe ìhè na-ekpo ọkụ sitere na ọkụ na-apụta ìhè n'aka nri. A na-enye ihe ndị ahụ ìhè ebe isi mmalite abụọ ahụ zutere; ụfọdụ ekwuola na nke a bụ ngosipụta nke ọnọdụ Tanner na mgbanwe n'etiti ụwa abụọ, ihe gara aga ya na America na ụlọ ọhụrụ ya na France.[20]

Ụdị ihe osise[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Nkwupụta, 1898, Philadelphia Museum of ArtEbe Ngosi Ihe Ochie nke Philadelphia

Tanner sere ihe osise ala, ihe gbasara okpukpe, na ihe nkiri nke ndụ kwa ụbọchị n'ụdị dị adị nke na-ekwughachi nke Eakins.[24][25] Ọ bụ ezie na ọrụ dị ka The Banjo Lesson gosipụtara ihe omume kwa ụbọchị nke ndụ ndị Africa America, Tanner mechara see ihe gbasara okpukpe.[16] O yikarịrị ka nna Tanner, onye ụkọchukwu na African Methodist Episcopal Church, bụ mmetụta siri ike nye ya.[12]

Tanner abụghị naanị otu ụzọ a kapịrị ọnụ maka eserese na eserese. Ọrụ ya na-egosipụta mgbe ụfọdụ nlebara anya nke ọma na nkọwa zuru oke na nke na-adịghị mma, na-egosipụta nhịahụ n'ahụ ndị ọzọ. Ọtụtụ mgbe, a na-eji ụzọ abụọ a arụ ọrụ n'otu oge. Tanner nwekwara mmasị na mmetụta nke agba nwere ike inwe na eserese.[1] Ihe ndị na-ekpo ọkụ na-ekpo ọkụ dị ka Mbilite n'ọnwụ Lazarọs (1896) na Annunciation (1898) na-egosipụta ike na ọkụ nke oge okpukpe, na mmụba nke ịdị elu n'etiti Chineke na mmadụ. Eserese ndị ọzọ na-emesi ihu ọma dị mma, bụ nke ghọrọ isi n'ọrụ ya mgbe etiti afọ 1890 gasịrị. Palette nke indigo na turquoise - nke a na-akpọ "Tanner blues" - na-akọwa ọrụ dịka The Three Marys (1910), Ọnụ ụzọ (1912) na The Arch (1919).[2] Ọrụ ndị dị ka Ezi Onye Ọzụzụ Atụrụ (1903) na Nlaghachi nke Womenmụ nwanyị Dị Nsọ (1904) na-akpalite mmetụta nke okpukpere chi na nleba anya.

Tanner na-anwale ìhè n'ọrụ ya, nke na-agbakwunye ihe nnọchianya mgbe ụfọdụ. Na The Annunciation (1898), dịka ọmụmaatụ, a na-anọchite anya onyeisi ndị mmụọ ozi Gabriel dị ka ogidi nke ìhè nke na-emepụta, tinyere shelf dị n'elu aka ekpe, obe.[26]

Alụmdi na nwunye na ezinụlọ[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Ezinụlọ Tanner n'ụlọ na France. Ihe edere n'aka n'azụ na-akọwa ndị nọ ọdụ na tebụl dị ka: Jesse Tanner, Mrs. Tanner, Myron G. Barlow, Henry Ossawa Tanner.

Na 1899 ọ lụrụ Jessie Olsson, onye na-agụ opera nke Sweden-American.[1] Otu onye dịkọrọ ndụ, Virginia Walker Course, kọwara mmekọrịta ha dị ka otu talent ha nhata, mana àgwà ịkpa ókè agbụrụ siri ọnwụ na mmekọrịta ahụ enweghị nha.

Fan, ị nụtụbeghị banyere onye na-enweghị [sic] Olsson nke Portland? O nwere olu mara mma m kwenyere wee bịa Paris iji zụlite ya ma ọ lụọla onye omenkà gbara ọchịchịrị... Ọ bụ nwoke nwere nkà dị egwu mana ọ bụ onye isi ojii.[sic] ... O yiri ka ọ bụ nwa agbọghọ gụrụ akwụkwọ nke ọma ma dị ezigbo mma n'ezie mana ọ na-eme ka m na-arịa ọrịa ịhụ ka nwanyị gụrụ akwụkwọ lụọ nwoke dị ka nke ahụ. Amaghị m ọrụ ya mana ha na-ekwu na ọ nwere ezigbo nkà.[27]

Jessie Tanner nwụrụ na 1925, afọ iri na abụọ tupu di ya, o wutere ya nke ukwuu site na 1920s. Ọ rere ụlọ ezinaụlọ ahụ dị na Les Charmes ebe ha na-enwebu obi ụtọ ọnụ. E liri ha n'akụkụ ibe ha na Sceaux, Hauts-de-Seine.. [28]

Ha nwere nwa nwoke, Jesse, onye nwụrụ Tanner mgbe ọ nwụrụ.[16]

Afọ ndị sochirinụ[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Sọdọm na Gọmọra, 1920

N'oge Agha Ụwa Mbụ, Tanner rụrụ ọrụ maka Red Cross Public Information Department, n'oge ahụ ọ na-esekwa ihe oyiyi si n'ihu agha.[1] Ọrụ ya nke gosipụtara ndị agha Africa-America dị ụkọ n'oge agha ahụ. Na 1923 steeti France mere ya onye ọchịagha nke Legion of Honor maka ọrụ ya dị ka onye na-ese ihe.

Tanner zutere onye Africa America na-ese ihe Palmer Hayden na Paris n'ihe dị ka 1927. Ha kwurịtara usoro nka ma nye Hayden ndụmọdụ gbasara mmekọrịta ya na ndị France.[29]

Ọtụtụ ihe osise Tanner zụtara site n'aka onye na-anakọta ihe osise Atlanta J.J. Haverty, onye tọrọ ntọala Haverty Furniture Co. ma nyere aka n'ịwube High Museum of Art. Tanner's Étaples Fisher Folk so na ọtụtụ eserese sitere na mkpokọta Haverty ugbu a na mkpokọta na-adịgide adịgide nke High Museum..

Tanner nwụrụ n'udo n'ụlọ ya na Paris, France, na Mee 25, 1937. [30] E liri ya na Sceaux Cemetery na Sceaaux, Hauts-de-Seine, mpaghara Paris.

Ihe Nketa[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Tanner's The Seine (c. 1902), otu n'ime ihe osise atọ nke ndị Africa America gosipụtara na 2012 na National Gallery of Art's American Art gallery.[31]

Ọrụ Tanner nwere mmetụta n'oge ọrụ ya; a na-akpọ ya "onye na-ese ihe n'Africa kasị ukwuu ruo taa."[1] Ihe osise mbụ nke William Edouard Scott, onye mụụrụ Tanner na France, na-egosi mmetụta nke usoro Tanner.[2]. Na mgbakwunye, ụfọdụ n'ime ihe atụ Norman Rockwell na-ekwu maka otu isiokwu na edemede Tanner gbasoro. Akwụkwọ akụkọ Rockwell tụrụ aro maka Literary Digest na 1922, dịka ọmụmaatụ, gosiri otu agadi nwoke ojii na-akpọ banjo maka nwa nwa ya. Isi mmalite ọkụ fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ndị ahụ dị na nkuzi Banjo Tanner. Igwe ọkụ na-enwu n'akụkụ aka nri nke foto a, ebe ọkụ eke si n'aka ekpe na-abanye. Ha abụọ na-eji ihe ndị yiri ya yana uwe, oche, okpu crumpled n'ala.[2] Ụfọdụ ndị omenkà ndị ọzọ bụ Tanner nyere ndụmọdụ gụnyere William A. Harper na Hale Woodruff.

Tanner's Sand dunes na Sunset, Atlantic City (c. 1885; mmanụ na kwaaji) kwụgidere na Green Room na White House; ọ bụ eserese mbụ nke onye omenkà America-Afrika zụtara maka mkpokọta White House na-adịgide adịgide. Eserese a bụ odida obodo nke nwere "nlegharị anya n'ofe isi awọ dị jụụ nke osimiri nwere onyinyo ka ọ bụrụ dunes mere pink site n'oge ìhè anyanwụ nke ehihie. Obere ikuku n'elu mmiri na-ezobe anyanwụ." Ndị White House Endowment Fund zụtara ya maka $100,000 n'oge ọchịchị Bill Clinton n'aka Dr. Rae Alexander-Minter, nwa nne nke onye na-ese ihe.

A na-ede akwụkwọ ozi ya na Curtis n'etiti 1904 na 1937 na Smithsonian Institution . [32]

E tinyere ọrụ Tanner na ngosi 2015 We Speak: Black Artists na Philadelphia, 1920s-1970s na Woodmere Art Museum.[33]

Ihe nrite[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Foto nke ihe osise furu efu nke Tanner, Daniel in the Lion's Den, 1896.
  • 1895, Atlanta, Cotton States na International Exposition: ọla nchara maka The Bagpipe Lesson . [34]
  • 1896, Salon: aha nsọpụrụ maka Daniel na Lions' Den [35][36]
  • 1897, Salon: ihe nrite klas nke atọ maka Raising of Lazarus [2][37]
  • 1899, Philadelphia Academy of Fine Art: ihe nrite Walter Lippincott[2] maka Kraịst na Nikọdimọs n'elu ụlọ[4][37]
  • 1900, Paris Exposition: ihe nrite ọlaọcha [2] maka Daniel na Lions' Den [3][38][36]
  • 1901, Buffalo Exposition: ọlaọcha nrite [2] maka Daniel na Lions' Den [3][5][36]
  • 1904, St. Louis Exposition: ihe nrite ọlaọcha [2] maka Daniel na Lions' Den [3][5][36]
  • 1906, Salon: ihe nrite klas nke abụọ maka The Disciples at Emmaus}[3][36]
  • 1906, Art Institute of Chicago, Norman Wait Harris ọlaọcha nrite maka The Two Disciples at the Tomb [2][39][4][37]
  • 1915, Panama-Pacific International Exposition, San Francisco: ihe nrite ọla edo [2] maka Kraịst n'Ụlọ Lazarọs [3] (Njikọ a bụ ọmụmụ ihe, ọ bụghị ihe osise ikpeazụ).[5]
  • 1922, France: Knighthood of the Legion of Honor maka mbọ ya na Agha Ụwa Mbụ, akụkụ nke Red Cross[2]
  • 1927, New York, National Arts Club: ọla nchara maka Flight into Egypt (At the Gates) [3][36]
  • 1930, New York City, Grand Central Art Gallery: Walter L. Clark prize maka Etaples Fisher Folk [4][3][36]

Ihe ngosi[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

1973 stampụ ncheta US na-asọpụrụ Tanner.
  • 1972: Nkà nke Henry Ossawa Tanner. Glen Falls, New York: The Hyde Collection.
  • 1972: 19th Century American Landscape. New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art.
  • 1976: narị afọ abụọ nke Black American Art. Los Angeles County Museum of Art.
  • 1989: Black Art Ancestral Legacy: The African Impulse in African-American Art. Dallas Museum of Art.
  • 1993: Ịlaghachi na White City: American Art na 1893 World's Fair[40]
  • 2010: Henry Ossawa Tanner na ndị ya na ha dịkọrọ ndụ, Des Moines Art Center (December-February 2011).
  • 2012: Henry Ossawa Tanner: Modern Spirit,[41] Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts, Philadelphia (January-April), mgbe ahụ na Cincinnati Art Museum[42] (May-September) na Houston Museum of Fine Arts (October-January 2013)

Ọrụ ndị a họọrọ[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Ụlọ ọrụ Tanner
  • Seascape-Jetty (ihe dị ka 1876-78)
  • Pomp na Zoo (1880). Nchịkọta nkeonwe
  • Joachim Na-ahapụ Ụlọ Nsọ ahụ (ihe dị ka 1882-1888). Ebe Ngosi Ihe Ochie nke Baltimore
  • Nwa nwoke na atụrụ na-edina n'okpuru osisi (1881). Nchịkọta onwe onye (Na ngosi na Philadelphia Museum of Art)
  • Sand Dunes na Sunset, Atlantic City (1886). Ihe onwunwe nke Sadie T. M. Alexander (Na ngosipụta na-adịgide adịgide na White House)
  • Ihe Nkụzi Bagpipe (1893). Ebe Ngosi Ihe Mgbe Ochie nke Mahadum Hampton, Virginia
  • Ihe mmụta Banjo (1893). Ebe Ngosi Ihe Mgbe Ochie nke Mahadum Hampton, Virginia
  • Ndị Ogbenye Na-enwe Ekele (1894). Àkwà Mmiri Art[43]
  • Onye Na-eto eto Na-eme Sabot (1895). Ebe Ngosi Ihe Mgbe Ochie Nelson-Atkins, Kansas City, Missouri
  • Daniel na ọdụm n'ogige (1895). Ebe Ngosi Ihe Ochie nke Los Angeles County
  • Mbilite n'Ọnwụ Lazarọs (1896). Ebe Ngosi Ihe Mgbe Ochie nke Orsay, Paris
  • Bishọp Benjamin Tucker Tanner (1897). Ebe Ngosi Ihe Ochie nke Baltimore
  • Ọdụm n'ọzara (ihe dị ka 1897-1900). Smithsonian American Art Museum
  • Nkwupụta (1898). Philadelphia Museum of Art, W.P. Wilstach Collection
  • Moonlight Landscape (1898-1900). Muscarelle Museum of Art, Williamsburg, VA.
  • Foto nke Tanner nke V. Floyd Campbell
    Ezigbo Onye Ọzụzụ Atụrụ (1903). Jane Voorhees Zimmerli Art Museum, Mahadum Rutgers
  • Nlaghachi nke Ndị Inyom Dị Nsọ (1904). Cedar Rapids Art Gallery, Iowa
  • Ndị na-eso ụzọ abụọ n'ili ahụ (1905-06). Ụlọ Ọrụ Nkà nke Chicago
  • Nleta (1909-10). Ụlọ Ọrụ Nkà nke Kalamazoo
  • Ezinụlọ Dị Nsọ (1909-10). Muskegon Museum of Art, Michigan, Hackley Picture Fund
  • Moroccan Scene (ihe dị ka 1912). Birmingham Museum of Art, Alabama
  • Obí Ikpe Ziri Ezi, Tangier (1912-13). Smithsonian American Art Museum[44]
  • Ihe nkiri na Cairo. Ebe Ngosi Ihe Mgbe Ochie Mabee-Gerrer, Shawnee, Oklahoma

Ọrụ ndị ọzọ[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Lee: Ndepụta nke ihe osise nke Henry Ossawa Tanner na ihe ndị mere na ndụ ya
  • Pomp at the zoo, circa 1880
    Pomp na zoo, n'ihe dị ka 1880
  • Pomp at the Philadelphia Zoo, circa 1880-1886
    Pomp na Zoo Philadelphia, n'ihe dị ka 1880-1886
  • Sister Sarah, 1882.
    Nwanne nwanyị Sarah, 1882.
  • Woman from the West Indies, 1891, Brittany, France.
    Nwaanyị si West Indies, 1891, Brittany, France.[45]
  • The Bagpipe Lesson, 1893
    Ihe Nkụzi Bagpipe, 1893
  • The Young Sabot Maker, 1895
    Onye Na-eto eto Na-eme Sabot, 1895
  • 1895. Marshes in New Jersey; possibly the "pastel of New Jersey coast by moonlight" exhibited at the 1895 Salon with The Young Sabot Maker.
    1895. Marshes na New Jersey; ikekwe "pastel nke New Jersey coast site na ìhè ọnwa" gosipụtara na Salon 1895 na The Young Sabot Maker. [36]
  • The Annunciation to the Shepherds, c. 1895
    The Annunciation to the Shepherds, c. 1895
  • The Resurrection of Lazarus, 1896. Won medal in 1897 Paris Salon, bought by French government.
    Mbilite n'Ọnwụ Lazarọs, 1896. O nwetara ihe nrite na 1897 Paris Salon, nke gọọmentị France zụrụ.
  • View of the Seine, looking toward Notre Dame, 1896
    Ebe Osimiri Seine, na-ele anya na Notre Dame, 1896
  • Jesus and Nicodemus, 1899. Displayed at Paris Salon and Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts, where won a Walter Lippincott Prize.
    Jizọs na Nikọdimọs, 1899. E gosipụtara ya na Paris Salon na Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts, ebe o ritere ihe nrite Walter Lippincott.
  • Salome, circa 1900. The body of John the Baptist lies at her feet.
    Salome, n'ihe dị ka afọ 1900 OzuJọn Onye Na-eme Baptizimdị n'ụkwụ ugbu a.
  • Abraham's Oak, 1905. Biblical subject, also called the Oak of Mamre.
    Osisi Oak nke Abraham, 1905. Isiokwu Bible, nke a na-akpọkwaOak nke Mamre.
  • The Savior, 1900–1905
    Onye Nzọpụta, 1900-1905
  • Christ in the home of Mary and Martha, 1905
    Kraịst n'ụlọ Meri na Mata, 1905
  • The Disciples See Christ Walking on the Water, c. 1907
    Ndị na-eso ụzọ hụrụ Kraịst na-eje ije n'elu mmiri, c. 1907
  • Angels Appearing before the Shepherds, c. 1910
    Ndị Mmụọ Ozi Na-apụta n'ihu Ndị Ọzụzụ Atụrụ, ihe dị ka 1910
  • Christ walking on the water. Engraving, possibly a show catalog, 1910.
    Kraịst na-eje axis n'elu mmiri. Ihe osise, ma eleghị anya akwụkwọ ngosi, 1910.
  • The Three Marys (at Jesus' tomb), 1910. Entered in the 1910 Salon. (From left) Mary Magdalene, Mary, mother of Jesus, Mary Salome
    Mary atọ (n'ili Jizọs), 1910. Ọ banyere na Salon nke 1910. (Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ n'aka ekpe) Meri Magdalin,Meri, nne Jizọs,Mary Salome
  • A View of Fez, c. 1912
    A View of Fez, c. 1912
  • Fishermen at Sea, c. 1913
    Ndị ọkụ azụ n'Oké Osimiri, ihe dị ka 1913
  • Mary, 1914
    Meri, 1914
  • Coastal Landscape, France, 1919
    Ebe Ọdịda Ụwa, France, 1919
  • Daniel in the Lions' Den, 1907–1918. The original (now lost) was painted in 1895 and displayed in the 1896 Salon.
    Daniel na ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri, 1907-1918. E sere nke mbụ (nke furu efu ugbu a) na 1895 m gosipụta ya na Salon 1896.[46]
  • 1936. Tanner's final painting, Return from the Crucifixion. Mary and Joseph are in the front.
    1936. Ihe osise ikpeazụ nke Tanner, Nlaghachi site na Crucifixion. Meri na Josef nọ n'ihu.

Hụkwa[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

  • Ihe osise ndị Afrịka na America
  • Ndepụta nke ndị na-ese ihe n'Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ
  • Ịhụnanya n'Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Ụwa
  • Eziokwu (ihe osise)

Ntuaka[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

  1. ↑ Artist Info. www.nga.gov. Retrieved on November 25, 2021.
  2. ↑ Mosby (1991). Henry Ossawa Tanner, Philadelphia Museum of Art, Philadelphia; New York: Philadelphia Museum of Art; Rizzoli International Publications. ISBN 978-0-8478-1346-9. 
  3. ↑ Henry Ossawa Tanner (en-US). Smithsonian American Art Museum. Retrieved on November 25, 2021.
  4. ↑ Henry Ossawa Tanner (en-US). Smithsonian American Art Museum. Retrieved on November 25, 2021.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Woods (2018). Henry Ossawa Tanner Art, Faith, Race, and Legacy. New York, NY: Taylor and Francis. ISBN 978-1-138-24194-7. Woods, Naurice Frank (2018). Henry Ossawa Tanner Art, Faith, Race, and Legacy. New York, NY: Taylor and Francis. ISBN 978-1-138-24194-7.
  6. ↑ Wright (May 18, 2017). Halle Tanner Dillon. Encyclopedia of Alabama. Retrieved on November 8, 2020.
  7. ↑ Kelly Jeanette Baker (2003). Race, Religion, and Visual Mysticism. Florida State University.
  8. ↑ The Civil War in America: Benjamin Tucker Tanner, Library of Congress Exhibitions
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 (1988) Homespun Heroines and other women of distinction. New York: Oxford University Press, 32–33. 
  10. ↑ Mother of Henry O. Tanner. Smithsonian American Art Museum.
  11. ↑ Parry, Ellwood C. III. Three Nineteenth Century Afro-American Artists. Cedar Rapids, IA: Cedar Rapids Art Center, 1980.
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 Matthews, Marcia. Henry Ossawa Tanner: American Artist. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1969.
  13. ↑ Woods (July 6, 2017). Henry Ossawa Tanner: Art, Faith, Race, and Legacy (in en). Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-1-315-27948-0. 
  14. ↑ Henry Ossawa Tanner | Smithsonian American Art Museum (en-US). americanart.si.edu. Retrieved on June 4, 2021.
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 Bruce, Marcus C. Henry Ossawa Tanner. New York: Crossroad Publishing, 2002.
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 16.2 Henry Ossawa Tanner. Springfield Museum of Art. Archived from the original on January 10, 2006. Retrieved on August 5, 2006.. Springfield Museum of Art. Archived from the original on January 10, 2006. Retrieved August 5, 2006.
  17. ↑ Angelica Villa. "Preservationists Move to Save Painter Henry Ossawa Tanner's Childhood Home in Philadelphia", ARTnews, November 29, 2022.
  18. ↑ Woods (2018). Henry Ossawa Tanner: Art, Faith, Race, and Legacy. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-1-315-27948-0. 
  19. ↑ Bearden, Romare (1972). Six Black Masters of American Art. Zenith Books. ISBN 978-0-385-01211-9. 
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 20.2 Shaw, Thomas M. What Manner of Men? A Reconsideration across the Synapses of Art History of Three Paintings and their Images of Men of African Descent. Lanham, MD: University Press of America, 1997.
  21. ↑ Details on the museum site
  22. ↑ Mosby (1991). Henry Ossawa Tanner: catalogue. Philadelphia, PA: Philadelphia Museum of Art. ISBN 0-87633-086-3. 
  23. ↑ Farrington (2017). African-American Art A visual and Cultural History. New York, New York: Oxford University Press, 97–98. ISBN 978-0-19-999539-4. 
  24. ↑ Henry Ossawa Tanner Online. Retrieved on August 5, 2006.
  25. ↑ Realism – Realism Art. Archived from the original on October 7, 2009. Retrieved on August 5, 2006.
  26. ↑ Teacher Resources: The Annunciation. The Annunciation, Henry Ossawa Tanner. Philadelphia Museum of Art. Retrieved on June 6, 2016.
  27. ↑ Course, Virginia Walker qtd. by Jean-Claude Lesage in "Tanner, the Pillar of Trepied". Modern Spirit. Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts. Philadelphia. 2012, p. 88.
  28. ↑ Marley (2012), p. 41.
  29. ↑ (2009) in Finkelman: Encyclopedia of African American History (1896 to the present). New York: Oxford University Press. 
  30. ↑ Henry Ossawa Tanner. Archived from the original on August 29, 2006. Retrieved on August 9, 2006.
  31. ↑ A modest improvement at the National Gallery | Tyler Green: Modern Art Notes | ARTINFO.com. Blogs.artinfo.com (February 3, 2012). Retrieved on December 14, 2013.
  32. ↑ Henry Ossawa Tanner correspondence with Atherton Curtis and Ingeborg Curtis (1904–1937).
  33. ↑ We Speak: Black Artists in Philadelphia, 1920s-1970s (en-gb). Woodmere Art Museum. Retrieved on June 12, 2022.
  34. ↑ Carlyn G. Crannell Romeyn (Winter 1983–1984). "Henry O. Tanner: Atlanta Interlude". The Atlanta Historical Journal 27 (4). 
  35. ↑ "Henry Ossawa Tanner — Artist", The Northwestern Bulletin-Appeal, July 25, 1925, p. 2.
  36. ↑ 36.0 36.1 36.2 36.3 36.4 36.5 36.6 36.7 Mosby (1991). Henry Ossawa Tanner, Philadelphia Museum of Art, Philadelphia; New York: Philadelphia Museum of Art; Rizzoli International Publications. ISBN 978-0-8478-1346-9. “1895 May. Paris, Salon. Intérieur Bretagne [Brittany Interior], Le Jeune Sabotier [The Young Sabot Maker], pastel of New Jersey coast by moonlight.” Mosby, Dewey F. (1991). Henry Ossawa Tanner. Philadelphia Museum of Art. Philadelphia; New York: Philadelphia Museum of Art; Rizzoli International Publications. p. 39. ISBN 978-0-8478-1346-9. 1895 May. Paris, Salon. Intérieur Bretagne [Brittany Interior], Le Jeune Sabotier [The Young Sabot Maker], pastel of New Jersey coast by moonlight.
  37. ↑ 37.0 37.1 37.2 "Henry Ossawa Tanner 1859/1937", Detroit Free Press, July 14, 1991, pp. 284–285.
  38. ↑ Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named obit
  39. ↑ American Oil Paintings and Sculpture: 28th Annual Art Exhibition, Art Institute of Chicago November 16, 1915 to January 2, 1916. 
  40. ↑ Woods, Naurice Frank, Jr., Ph.D. Insuperable Obstacles: The Impact of the Creative and Personal Development of Four Nineteenth Century African American Artists. The Union Institute, 1993.
  41. ↑ "Henry Ossawa Tanner: Modern Spirit", PAFA.
  42. ↑ Upcoming Exhibitions. Archived from the original on July 3, 2014. Retrieved on April 1, 2015.
  43. ↑ The Thankful Poor. Art Bridges. Retrieved on March 3, 2021.
  44. ↑ Palace of Justice, Tangier, Morocco. World Digital Library (1890–1900). Retrieved on June 27, 2013.
  45. ↑ Henry Ossawa Tanner Lot 41: Henry Ossawa Tanner, (American, 1859-1937), Woman from the French West Indies, c. 1891. “The artist arrived in Paris, France at this time and spent the summers on the west coast in Brittany. There, he adopted a predominately green palette with an emphasis on vertical brushstrokes as can be seen in the Woman from the French West Indies...we are looking at an image of a light-skinned woman from one of the islands of the French West Indies-Martinique, Guadeloupe or Dominica. This claim is supported by her costume and headdress.”
  46. ↑ Mathews, Marcia M (1969). Henry Ossawa Tanner, American artist. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 69–74. 

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