Ihe Na-eme ka Isikwopụ afọ ime

Shí Wikipedia, njikotá édémédé nke onyobulạ
Mgbasa ozi akụkọ ihe mere eme maka "Dr. Reynold's Lightning Pills". Mgbasa ozi ahụ na-eji asụsụ koodu na-ezo aka na ihe ndị a na-eche na ọ bụ ihe na-eme ka afọ ime, gụnyere ikike ya idozi "ihe na-adịghị mma" nke ụmụ nwanyị.

Abortifacient ("nke ga-akpata ime ọpụpụ" site na Latin: abortus "mgbapụ" na faciens "ime") bụ ihe na-akpata ite ime. ime ọpụpụ na-akpata afọ okuku n'oge ochie na ịdị umeala nke okwukwe na ụdị ke amụta ime Latin abortus faciens ite ime Nke a bụ okwu a na-apụghị ịkọwapụta akọwapụta nke nwere ike izo aka na ọnụ ọgụgụ ọ bụla nke ihe ma ọ bụ ọgwụ, site na ahịhịa ruo ọgwụ ndị e nyere iwu.[1][2]

Ihe ndị a na-ejikarị eme ihe n'ịkwụsị afọ ime gụnyere mifepristone, nke a na-eji na misoprostol eme ihe n"ụzọ abụọ. ite ime ọgwụ mifepristone misoprostol[3] A na-ejikarị oxytocin eme ihe, nke a na-ejikọkarị n'enweghị na eme ka anyị si ya pụta na enyere ndị mmadụ na nke ukwu nsogbu n'oge a na-amụ nwa, eme ihe iji mee ka ite ime na atọ nke abụọ ma ọ bụ nke atọ. Ọkụ ọrụ oxytocin[4]

Ruo ọtụtụ puku afọ, ndị edemede n'ọtụtụ akụkụ nke ụwa akọwaala ma tụọ aro ọgwụ mkpofu ahịhịa maka ụmụ nwanyị na-achọ ịkwụsị ịtụ ụjọ ọnwụ nke onwe lekwasịrị ime, ọ bụ ezie na iji ha eme ihe nwere ike ibute ihe ize ndụ nye ahụike nwanyị ahụ.

Ọgwụ[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

N'ihi na "abortifacient" bụ okwu sara mbara a na-eji akọwa mmetụta nke ihe na ime ime, enwere ọtụtụ ọgwụ ndị a pụrụ ịkọwa dị ka ihe na-eme ka afọ ime ma ọ bụ dị ka ndị nwere ike ịbelata ọnụ nke ndị eze niile ere ihe na-emetọ afọ ime.

Usoro ọgwụ a na-atụkarị aro maka ịkpachara anya ime ka a tụfuo afọ ime gụnyere iji mifepristone soro misoprostol 1-2 ụbọchị ka e mesịrị. mifepristone misoprostol[5] A mụọla iji ọgwụ ndị a eme ihe maka ebumnuche nkè ikike ịkwụsị ime ime, ma gosipụta na ụdị nke ụwa họrọ site n'ime ụmụ ndị ogbi na ọ dị irè ma dị nchebe na ihe na-erughị 0.4% nke ndị ọrịa chọrọ ụlọ ọgwụ iji gwọọ ọrịa ma ọ bụ ịnata mmịnye ọbara.[6] A kwadoro njikọta a maka iji ya ruo izu 10 nke ime (ụbọchị 70 mgbe mmalite nke oge nsọ ikpeazụ gasịrị).[7]

Ọgwụ ndị ọzọ nwere ihe ndị na-eme ka afọ ime sie ike nwere ike iji ya mee ihe n'ọtụtụ ihe. A na-ejikarị oxytocin (Pitocin) na dinoprostone (Cervidil, Prepidil) eme ihe n'oge ọrụ dị mma. ọrụ oxytocin dinoprostone A na-eji pitocin eme ihe iji mee ka mgbanaka sie ike, a na-ejikwa Cervidil kwadebe cervix maka ịmụ nwa site n'ime ka ọ dị nro ma gbasaa oghere a gaa n'akpa nwa. akpa nwa[8][9] Mgbe ejiri ya mee ihe n'ụzọ a, ọ dịghị ọgwụ ọ bụla a na-ewere dị ka ihe na-emetụ n'ahụ na ime ihe ike ọma ahụ n'ebe nile t ka afọ ime. Otú ọ dị, enwere ike iji otu ọgwụ ahụ mee ka ite ime, ọkachasị mgbe izu 12 nke ime gasịrị.[4][10] A na-ejikwa Misoprostol (nke a tụlere n'elu) agwọ ọnyá afọ na ndị ọrịa nwere mmerụ ahụ afọ ma ọ bụ eriri afọ site na iji NSAIDs. Ọnyá peptique NSAIDs[11] N'ihi na ojiji ya na ọgwụgwọ nke ọnyá na-eme ka ọ dịkwuo mfe ịnweta, a na-eji misoprostol naanị eme ihe mgbe ụfọdụ maka ite ime nke onwe ya na mba ma ọ bụ mpaghara ebe ite ime iwu kwadoro adịghị ma na ụdị nke ụwa họrọ site n'ime ụmụ ndị ogbi na ụlọ ọrụ nkụzi r dị mfe ịnweta. Isikwopụ afọ ime n'onwe ya[12]

Ọ bụghị ihe niile na-eme ka afọ ime kwụsị ime. Methotrexate, ọgwụ a na-ejikarị eme ihe maka nlekọta nke rheumatoid arthritis, nwere ike ịkpata ite ime. Ọrịa ogbu na nkwonkwo nke Methotrexate rheumatoid N'ihi nke a, a na-adụkarị ndị na-egbochi afọ ime mgbe ọtụtụ ndị mmadụ n'ihe ndị mere n'oge gara maka n'ihi be ị na-eji methotrexate maka nlekọta nke ọnọdụ na-adịghị ala ala.[13]

Mgbe ụfọdụ, a na-eji ọgwụ ahịhịa eme ihe na mgbalị ime ka ite ime. Ọgwụ ahịhịa N'ozuzu, ọgwụ zuru ezu iji rụọ ọrụ na-ewetara nne ahụ ihe ize ndụ n'ihi mmerụ ahụ imeju na akụrụ; mgbalị ndị dara ada nwere ike ịchọ ite ime n'ihi na akpa nwa apụghị kpamkpam. imeju afọ imeju[14]

Akụkọ ihe mere eme[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

  Akwụkwọ ahụike nke oge ochie na-ezo aka mgbe niile n'ụzọ ọgwụ nke ite ime; a kpọtụrụ ihe ndị mmadụ n'ihe ndị mere mmehie ya ihe yy na-ewepụ afọ ime aha, ma kọwaa ya mgbe ọtụtụ izu okè pụrụ ụfọdụ n'ụzọ zuru ezu, n'ọrụ Aristotle, Caelius Aurelianus, Celsus, Dioscorides, Galen, Hippocrates, Oribasius, Paul nke Aegina, Pliny, Theodorus Priscianus, Soranus nke Efesọs, na ndị ọzọ. oge ochie Aristotle Caelius Aurelianus Celsus Dioscorides Galen Hippocrates Oribasius Paul nke Aegina Pliny Theodorus Priscianus Soranus nke Efesọs[15]

N'ihe odide Babilọn oge ochie, ndị ọkà mmụta akọwaala ọtụtụ iwu ma ọ bụ ntụziaka edere ede maka ịkwụsị ime ime. Ndị Babilọn Ụfọdụ n'ime ntụziaka ndị a bụ n'ụzọ doro anya maka iri ihe iji kwụsị ime, ebe ederede cuneiform ndị mmadụ n'ihe ndị mere eme ka anyị si nọrọ na nche megide mmiri ọnwụ ọzọ na-atụle iri ihe iji weghachite oge ịhụ nsọ (nke a na-eji ugboro ugboro n'akụkọ ihe mere eme niile dị ka ihe na-ezo aka na ite ime). Oge nsọ nke cuneiform  

Mkpụrụ ego ọlaọcha oge ochie sitere na Saịrini nke na-egosi ogwe osisi Silphium Saịrini Silphium

Mpaghara Gris oge ochie nke Cyrene n'otu oge nwere akụ na ụba dabere ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ na ọ na-emepụta na mbupụ nke osisi silphium, nke nwere ojiji sitere na nri ruo ọgwụ maka ịta nkịta ọhịa. Silphium nke Gris Cyrene A na-ewerekwa ya dị ka ihe na-eme ka afọ ime dị ike nke a na-eji "ịsacha akpa nwa".[16] Silphium pụtara nke ọma na akụ na ụba nke Cyrene nke na osisi ahụ ịbụ nke gị nọ n'ọrụ ogige nke di ka onye isi oche nkeji pụtara na mkpụrụ ego ndị e mepụtara n'ebe ahụ. mkpụrụ ego

Na Bible, ndị ọkà mmụta Bible na ndị na-akọwa Bible na-ele nsogbu nke mmiri ilu (nke a na-enye iwu maka sotah, ma ọ bụ nwunye nke di ya na-enyo enyo na ya ekwesịghị ntụkwasị obi) anya dị ka ihe na-ezo aka n'iji ihe na-egbu egbu egbu kwụsị ime ya. ahụhụ nke mmiri ilu sotah Nwunye ahụ na-aṅụ "mmiri obi ilu", nke, ọ bụrụ na ikpe mara ya, na-akpata ire ere ọgwụ nke dọkịta nke ụwa họrọ site n'ime ụmụ gị aka ịgụ na onye isi oche ime ma ọ bụ ime ọpụpụ nke ime ọ nwere ike ibu.[17][18][19][20][21][22][23] Onye ọkà mmụta Bible bụ Tikva Frymer-Kensky agbaghaala nkọwa ahụ bụ na ihe isi ike nke mmiri ilu na-ezo aka n'iji ihe na-egbu ime. Tikva Frymer-Kensky[24]

Dọkịta Alakụba nke oge ochie bụ Ibn Sina dere usoro mgbochi ọmụmụ dị iche iche, gụnyere iji rue dị ka ihe na-eme ka afọ ime. Okporo ámá Ibn Sina[25] N'otu aka ahụ, dọkita na ụdị nke dị ndụ ebighị ebi n'ụwa ọhụrụ ezi omume nke narị afọ nke iri na otu Constantine onye Afrịka kọwara ọtụtụ ahịhịa na-eme ka afọ ime, nke ọ kewara site na usoro nke ike ha, na-amalite site na ihe ndị na-emebi afọ ime nke nwere mmetụta na-adịghị ike n'ahụ ma na-ejedebe na ihe ndị kachasị ike. Constantine Onye Afrịka

Carl Linnaeus, onye a maara dị ka "nna nke botany", depụtara ihe ise na-eme ka afọ ghara ime na 1749 Materia medica. Carl Linnaeus Ihe gbasara ahụike[26]: 124 Dị ka ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme nke sayensị Londa Schiebinger si kwuo, na narị afọ nke iri na asaa na nke iri na asatọ "ọtụtụ ebe e jikọtara ọnụ - akwụkwọ mkpá akwụkwọ, akwụkwọ ntuziaka ịmụ nwa, ndekọ nnwale, Pharmacopoeia, na Materia medica - na-ekpughe na ndị dọkịta, ndị na-amụ nwa, na ụmụ nwanyị n'onwe ha nwere ihe ọmụma dị ukwuu banyere ahịhịa nke nwere ike ime ime ka ọkpụ afọ ime". __ibo____ibo____ibo__ Ọ bụ ezie na ọ bụ 124 __ibo____ibo____ibo__ Ọ bụ ezie na ọ bụ Londa Schiebinger __ibo____ibo____ibo__ Ọ bụ ezie na ọ bụ Pharmacopoeia Ihe ọgwụ __ibo____ibo____ibo__ Ọ bụ ezie na ọ bụ : __ibo____ibo____ibo__ Ọ bụ ezie na ọ bụ 124-125 __ibo____ibo____ibo__ Ọ bụ ezie na ọ bụ : __ibo____ibo____ibo__ Ọ bụ ezie na ọ bụ 177[26][26] 

Maka ndị Aborigine nọ na Australia, a na-eri osisi ndị dị ka nnukwu orchid (Cymbidium madidum), quinine bush (Petalostigma pubescens), ma ọ bụ mallee na-acha anụnụ anụnụ (Eucalyptus gamophylla), tinye ha n'ime ahụ, ma ọ bụ jiri Cooktown ironwood (Erythrophleum chlorostachys) na-ese siga. nnukwu ụgbọ mmiri orchid Cymbidium madidum quinine bush Petalostigma pubescens blue-leaved mallee Eucalyptus gamophylla Cooktown ironwood Erythrophleum chlorostachys[27] [ peeji dị mkpa] [ peeji __ibo____ibo____ibo__ Ọ bụ ezie na ọ bụ achọrọ ]

N'akụkọ ihe mere eme, ndị mba mbụ nke ọwụwa anyanwụ Canada jiri Sanguinaria canadensis (bloodwort) na Juniperus virginiana mee ka ha wepụ afọ ime. Mba Mbụ Sanguinaria canadensis Juniperus virginiana[28]

Dị ka Virgil Vogel, onye na-akọ akụkọ ihe mere eme nke obodo ndị dị na North America, si kwuo, ndị Ojibwe jiri cohosh na-acha anụnụ anụnụ (Caulophyllum thalictroides) dị ka ihe na-eme ka afọ ime, na Quinault jiri ahịhịa maka otu nzube ahụ. Ojibwe blue cohosh Caulophyllum thalictroides Quinault thistle[29]: 244 Ihe mgbakwunye nke akwụkwọ Vogel depụtara red cedar (Juniperus virginiana), American pennyroyal (Hedeoma pulegioides), tansy, Canada wild ginger (Asarum canadense), na ọtụtụ ahịhịa ndị ọzọ dị ka ihe na-eme ka agbụrụ dị iche iche nke North America Indian jiri. : __ibo____ibo____ibo__ Ọ bụ ezie na ọ bụ 244 __ibo____ibo____ibo__ Ọ bụ ezie na ọ bụ red cedar Juniperus virginiana American pennyroyal Hedeoma pulegioides tansy Canada wild ginger Asarum canadense[29]: 289-290, 339, 380, 391 Onye na-amụ banyere ụmụ mmadụ bụ Daniel Moerman dere na calamus (Acorus calamus), nke bụ otu n'ime ọgwụ iri kachasị ewu ewu n'etiti ndị American Indian, bụ nke ndị Lenape, Cree, Mohegan, Sioux, na agbụrụ ndị ọzọ ji mee ihe dị ka ihe na-egbu afọ ime; o depụtara ihe karịrị otu narị ihe ndị American Indian ji mee ihe. : __ibo____ibo____ibo__ Ọ bụ ezie na ọ bụ 289-290, __ibo____ibo____ibo__ Ọ bụ ezie na ọ bụ 339, __ibo____ibo____ibo__ Ọ bụ ezie na ọ bụ 380, __ibo____ibo____ibo__ Ọ bụ ezie na ọ bụ 391 __ibo____ibo____ibo__ Ọ bụ ezie na ọ bụ Daniel Moerman calamus Acorus calamus Lenape Cree Mohegan Sioux[30]

N'ịgbaso omenala n'etiti ndị edemede Europe na ndị England, Benjamin Franklin dụrụ ndị America na-achị ala ọzọ ọdụ ka ha jiri nlezianya tụọ ihe n'usoro nri ya maka ihe na-egbu ime nke o ji mee ihe dị ka ihe atụ n'akwụkwọ o bipụtara iji kụzie mgbakọ na mwepụ na ọtụtụ nkà bara uru. Benjamin Franklin[31]

Ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme Angus McLaren, na-ede banyere ụmụ nwanyị Canada n'etiti 1870 na 1920, na-ekwu na "Nwanyị ga-ebu ụzọ chọọ 'ido onwe ya mma' site na ịṅụ mmiri nke otu n'ime ihe ndị na-eme ka afọ ime si n'afọ, dị ka tansy, quinine, pennyroyal, rue, hellebore ojii, ergot nke rye, sabin, ma ọ bụ mgbọrọgwụ ogho". Angus McLare.[32]

N'oge ịgba ohu America, narị afọ nke 18 na nke 19, a na-eji ụgbụgbọ ogho eme ihe na ọgwụgwọ ọdịnala iji mee ka ime ọpụpụ. Ọgwụ ndị mmadụ[33]

Na ngwụcha narị afọ nke iri na itoolu, ụmụ nwanyị nọ na UK na US na-eriwanye afọ ime, mgbe ụfọdụ n'ụdị ọgwụ ndị e ji diachylon ma ọ bụ plaster mee. diachylon Ọ na-emekarị ka ụmụ nwanyị na-arịa ọrịa ma nwee ike igbu ha.[34][35]

Na narị afọ nke iri na itoolu, Madame Restell nyere ndị ahịa dị ime ihe na-eweghachi afọ ime na ite ime na New York. Oriakụ Restell[36]

Mgbasa ozi akwụkwọ akụkọ na mmalite narị afọ nke 20 gụnyere mgbasa ozi koodu maka ihe ndị na-eme ka afọ ime nke ga-edozi "ihe ndị na-adịghị mma". N'etiti 1919 na 1934 Ngalaba Ọrụ Ugbo nke US nyere ihe mgbochi iwu megide "ihe ndị dị ọcha nke ụmụ nwanyị" iri ise na asaa gụnyere "Blair's Female Tablets" na "Madame LeRoy's Regulative Pills".[37]

Mgbagwoju anya[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Maka ọtụtụ akụkọ ihe mere eme, ịkwụsị ime ime tupu "ịgbapụta" (oge nwanyị dị ime na-enwe mmetụta nke mmegharị nwa) enweghị ụdị mgbochi iwu ma ọ bụ nke ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na tabos a hụrụ na narị afọ nke 21. ime ka ọ dị ngwa[37] Iwu oge ochie anaghị ekwu maka ite ime tupu ime ngwa ngwa. Chọọchị Katọlik mbụ kwenyere na ndụ mmadụ malitere na "enwu" (n'oge ọ na-eme ka ọ dị ngwa), na-aga n'ihu na ụkpụrụ na ọnọdụ ndị Rom na ojiji nke ihe na-emebi afọ ime tupu ọ dị ngwa.[38]

Na iwu England, ite ime aghọghị iwu na-akwadoghị ruo 1803.[39] "Ndị inyom na-aṅụ ọgwụ ọjọọ tupu oge ahụ [ịgba ọsọ] ga-akọwa omume ha dị ka 'ịweghachi ụmụ nwoke' ma ọ bụ 'iweta oge'.[40]

N'oge ahụ, ite ime mgbe ọ gbasịrị ọsọ ghọrọ ihe a ga-enye ntaramahụhụ ọnwụ. N'afọ 1837, e wepụrụ ihe dị mkpa nke ime ka ọ dị ngwa, mana a hapụrụ ntaramahụhụ ọnwụ.

Ntụaka[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

  1. ↑ Kumar (2012-03-06). "Potential antifertility agents from plants: A comprehensive review" (in en). Journal of Ethnopharmacology 140 (1): 1–32. DOI:10.1016/j.jep.2011.12.039. ISSN 0378-8741. PMID 22245754. 
  2. ↑ Medical abortion - Mayo Clinic (en). www.mayoclinic.org. Retrieved on 2020-06-30.
  3. ↑ Medical abortion - Mayo Clinic (en). www.mayoclinic.org. Retrieved on 2020-07-01.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Borgatta (July 2011). "Labor induction abortion in the second trimester" (in en). Contraception 84 (1): 4–18. DOI:10.1016/j.contraception.2011.02.005. PMID 21664506.  Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":0" defined multiple times with different content
  5. ↑ Medical management of abortion (en). www.who.int. Retrieved on 2020-07-21.
  6. ↑ Raymond (2013-01-01). "First-trimester medical abortion with mifepristone 200 mg and misoprostol: a systematic review" (in en). Contraception 87 (1): 26–37. DOI:10.1016/j.contraception.2012.06.011. ISSN 0010-7824. PMID 22898359. 
  7. ↑ Research (2019-04-12). "Questions and Answers on Mifeprex" (in en). FDA. 
  8. ↑ Pitocin - FDA.gov. FDA - Drug Safety and Availability.
  9. ↑ PubChem. Dinoprostone (en). pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved on 2020-07-21.
  10. ↑ Dinoprostone (Vaginal Route) Proper Use - Mayo Clinic. www.mayoclinic.org. Retrieved on 2020-07-21.
  11. ↑ Misoprostol: MedlinePlus Drug Information (en). medlineplus.gov. Retrieved on 2020-07-21.
  12. ↑ John Leland: "Abortion Might Outgrow Its Need for Roe v. Wade", The New York Times, 2 October 2005
  13. ↑ Reinholz (2011). "Textbook of Pediatric Emergency Medicine Sixth Edition". Pediatric Emergency Care 27 (2): 163–164. DOI:10.1097/pec.0b013e31820a9a4f. ISSN 0749-5161. 
  14. ↑ (April 1996) "Pennyroyal toxicity: measurement of toxic metabolite levels in two cases and review of the literature". Ann. Intern. Med. 124 (8): 726–34. DOI:10.7326/0003-4819-124-8-199604150-00004. PMID 8633832. 
  15. ↑ Prioreschi (1995). "Conception and Abortion in the Greco-Roman World". Vesalius I (2). 
  16. ↑ Gorvett. The mystery of the lost Roman herb (en). www.bbc.com. Retrieved on 2020-09-02.
  17. ↑ Gordon (2007). The God of Israel. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521873659. 
  18. ↑ Berquist (2002). Controlling Corporeality: The Body and the Household in Ancient Israel. Rutgers University Press, 175–177. ISBN 0813530164. 
  19. ↑ Levine (1993). Numbers 1-20: a new translation with introduction and commentary. Doubleday, 201–204. ISBN 0385156510. 
  20. ↑ Snaith (1967). Leviticus and Numbers. Nelson. 
  21. ↑ Olson (1996). Numbers: Interpretation: A Bible Commentary for Teaching and Preaching. Westminster John Knox Press. ISBN 0664237363. 
  22. ↑ Brewer (October 1913). "The Ordeal in Numbers Chapter 5". The American Journal of Semitic Languages and Literatures 30. 
  23. ↑ Biale (1995). Women and Jewish Law: The Essential Texts, Their History, and Their Relevance for Today. Random House Digital. ISBN 0805210490. 
  24. ↑ Frymer-Kensky (1 January 1984). "The Strange Case of the Suspected Sotah (Numbers V 11-31)". Vetus Testamentum 34 (1): 11–26. DOI:10.1163/156853384X00025. ISSN 1568-5330. 
  25. ↑ Riddle (1991). "Oral Contraceptives and Early-Term Abortifacients During Classical Antiquity and the Middle Ages". Past and Present 132 (1): 3–32. DOI:10.1093/past/132.1.3. ISSN 0031-2746. 
  26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 26.2 Schiebinger (2004). Plants and Empire: Colonial Bioprospecting in the Atlantic World. Harvard University Press. ISBN 9780674014879. 
  27. ↑ Isaacs (1987). Bush Food: Aboriginal Food and Herbal Medicine. Weldons. ISBN 978-0-949708-33-5. 
  28. ↑ Delâge (2006). "Aboriginal Influence on the Canadians and French at the time of New France", in Christie: Aboriginality and Governance: A Multidisciplinary Approach. Penticton Indian Reserve, British Columbia: Theytus Books, 37. ISBN 1894778243. 
  29. ↑ 29.0 29.1 Vogel (1970). American Indian Medicine. University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 0465030297. 
  30. ↑ Moerman (1998). Native American Ethnobotany. Timber Press, 46–48,782–801. ISBN 978-0881924534. 
  31. ↑ Farrell, Molly, Ben Franklin Put an Abortion Recipe in His Math Textbook: To colonial Americans, termination was as normal as the ABCs and 123s, Slate, May 5, 2022
  32. ↑ McLaren (1981). "Birth Control and Abortion in Canada, 1870-1920", in Shortt: Medicine in Canadian Society: Historical Perspectives. McGill/Queens University Press, 295. ISBN 0773503560. 
  33. ↑ Perrin, Liese M. (2001). "Resisting Reproduction: Reconsidering Slave Contraception in the Old South". Journal of American Studies 35 (2): 255–274. DOI:10.1017/S0021875801006612. 
  34. ↑ Arthur Hall. The increasing use of lead as an abortifacient: a series of thirty cases of plumbism. British Medical Journal, 18 March 1905, pp 584-587, online at NIH web site.
  35. ↑ Troesken, Werner. 2006. The Great Lead Water Pipe Disaster. MIT Press.
  36. ↑ Abbott. Madame Restell: The Abortionist of Fifth Avenue (en). Smithsonian Magazine. Retrieved on 2020-09-02.
  37. ↑ 37.0 37.1 Edwards (18 November 2014). The History of Abortifacients (en-us). Jezebel. Retrieved on 2020-08-25. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":4" defined multiple times with different content
  38. ↑ Abortion and the Politics of Motherhood by Kristin Luker, University of California Press
  39. ↑ BBC - Ethics - Abortion: Historical attitudes to abortion (en-GB). www.bbc.co.uk. Retrieved on 2020-09-02.
  40. ↑ McLaren (1978). Birth Control in Nineteenth-Century England. Holmes & Meier Publishers, Inc. US, 31, 246. ISBN 0-8419-0349-2. 
Ewepụtara na https://ig.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ihe_Na-eme_ka_Isikwopụ_afọ_ime&oldid=130708