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Ihe na-eme ka ala dị mma

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Ihe mkpuchi ala bụ ngwaahịa a na-agbakwunye na ala iji meziwanye àgwà anụ ahụ nke ala, na-emekarị ọmụmụ ya (ikike inye nri maka osisi) na mgbe ụfọdụ ọrụ ya. N'iji ya eme ihe n'ozuzu ya, a na-echekarị okwu ahụ bụ "ihe mkpuchi ala" dị ka akụkụ nke mmezi ala (ma ọ bụ mma ala, ọnọdụ ala), nke a na-aghọtakarị na ọ gụnyere ọtụtụ fatịlaịza na ihe ndị na-abụghị organic. 1] Na onodu nke ewu ala oyi na-akpọkwa ala stabilization.

Enwere ike iji ihe mkpuchi ala mee ka ala dara ogbenye dịkwuo mma, ma ọ bụ wughachi ala nke mebiri emebi site na njikwa ala na-ezighi ezi. Ha nwere ike ime ka ala na-adịghị mma na-eji ya eme ihe, enwere ike iji ya mee ka ala dị n'ogo dị elu.[1]

Ihe ndị mejupụtara ya

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

A kọwawo ihe dị iche iche dị iche iche dị ka ihe na-edozi ala n'ihi ike ha na-eme ka mma ala dị mma. Ụfọdụ ihe atụ gụnyere biochar,[3] nri ọkpụkpụ, nri ọbara, ogige kọfị, compost, tii compost, coir, nri, [4] ahịhịa, peat, sphagnum moss, vermiculite, sọlfọ, lime, hydroabsorbant polymers, [5] na biosolids.[2]

Ọtụtụ ihe nkpuchi ala na-abịa n'ụdị ngwaahịa organic akwadoro, maka ndị mmadụ na-eche maka idobe ihe ọkụkụ organic ma ọ bụ ubi ahịhịa. A na-enweta ihe mkpuchi ala nke ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ nkọwa ọ bụla site na ụlọ ahịa dị n'ịntanetị ma ọ bụ ụlọ akwụkwọ ọta akara mpaghara yana ụlọ ahịa na-ebubata ubi.[3]

Polyacrylamides

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

A na-enyocha polyacrylamides n'ọtụtụ ebe dị ka ihe na-edozi ala.[8] Ewebata ha dị ka "linear ala conditioner" na 1950 site Monsanto Company n'okpuru ahia aha Krilium. E gosipụtara nkà na ụzụ nhazi nke ala na nnọkọ mkparịta ụka na "Mmelite nke Ọdịdị Ala" nke e mere na Philadelphia, Pennsylvania na Disemba 29, 1951. Edebere nkà na ụzụ ahụ nke ọma na e bipụtara ya na mbipụta June 1952 nke akwụkwọ akụkọ Soil Science, olu 73, June 1952 nke a raara nye maka ihe mkpuchi ala polymeric. Nhazi mbụ nke polyacrylamide ala conditioners siri ike iji n'ihi na ọ nwere calcium nke jikọtara polymer linear n'okpuru ọnọdụ ubi. Monsanto gbahapụrụ Krilium. Ndị na-edozi ala na-edozi mmiri na-enye uru ndị a: [4]

  1. mụbaa oghere dị n'ala nwere ụrọ
  2. mụbaa mmiri na-abanye n'ime ala nwere ụrọ
  3. gbochie mkpocha ala
  4. ịkwụsị erosion na mmiri na-asọba
  5. mee ka ala na-agbawa agbawa nke dị mfe ịkọ
  6. mee ka ala kpọọ ngwa ngwa mgbe mmiri ozuzo ma ọ bụ ịgba mmiri gasịrị, ka e wee nwee ike ịrụ ọrụ n'ala ngwa ngwa
  1. osisi ndị siri ike, ndị buru ibu nwere usoro mgbọrọgwụ sara mbara
  2. mmalite nke mkpụrụ na ntozu nke ihe ọkụkụ
  3. ojiji mmiri dị irè karị
  4. iwepụ ahịhịa dị mfe
  5. mmeghachi omume na fatịlaịza na ụdị ihe ọkụkụ ọhụrụ
  6. obere ọrịa osisi ndị metụtara ikuku na-adịghị mma n'ala
  7. mbelata ike achọrọ maka ịkọ ugbo

A na-ejikarị ụdị polyacrylamide, nke na-ejigide mmiri nke ukwuu, eme ihe maka ọrụ ugbo na ọrụ ugbo n'okpuru aha azụmahịa dịka Broadleaf P4 na Swell-Gel. Na mgbakwunye na iji ya mee ihe n'ala ugbo, a na-eji polymer ndị a eme ihe n'ebe a na-ewu ihe maka Nchịkwa mbuze, iji chebe ogo mmiri nke osimiri na iyi ndị dị nso.[5] Dị ka monomer nonionic ọ nwere ike iso anionic mee ihe dịka ọmụmaatụ Acrylic acid na cationic monomer dị ka diallyldimethyl ammonium chloride (DADMAC) ma mepụta co-polymer nke nwere ike ịnwe ndakọrịta dị iche iche na ngwa dị iche iche.

A na-ejikwa Polyacrylamide mee ihe n'ala ite ite.[6] Ojiji ọzọ nke polyacrylamide bụ dị ka kemịkal dị n'etiti na mmepụta nke N-methylol acrylamide na N-butoxyacrylamides.[7]

Ebumnuche

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Ọdịdị ala

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Ojiji a na-ejikarị eme ihe na-eme ka ala dị mma bụ iji melite ọdịdị ala. Ala na-ejikarị mkpakọ ka oge na-aga. Mkpokọta ala na-egbochi uto mgbọrọgwụ, na-ebelata ikike nke osisi iji nweta ihe oriri na mmiri. Ndị na-edozi ala nwere ike ịgbakwunye loft na ọdịdị iji mee ka ala dị nro.[8]

Ihe ndị na-edozi ahụ n'ala

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Kemgbe ọtụtụ narị afọ, ndị mmadụ anọwo na-agbakwunye ihe na ala na-adịghị mma iji melite ikike ha iji kwado uto osisi dị mma. A ka na-eji ụfọdụ n'ime ihe ndị a, dị ka compost, ụrọ na peat, eme ihe nke ukwuu taa. Ọtụtụ mmezigharị ala na-agbakwunye ihe oriri dịka carbon na nitrogen, yana nje bacteria bara uru.

Ihe ndị ọzọ na-edozi ahụ, dị ka calcium, magnesium na phosphorus, nwekwara ike ịbawanye site na mmezigharị. Nke a na-eme ka ala baa ọgaranya, na-enye ohere ka osisi too ma sie ike.[9]

Mgbanwe nke Cation

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Mgbanwe ala nwekwara ike ịbawanye ikike mgbanwe cation (CEC) nke ala. Ala na-arụ ọrụ dị ka ebe nchekwa nke ihe oriri na-edozi ahụ. Ikike nke ala iji chekwaa otu ìgwè ihe na-edozi ahụ, cations. Cations ala ndị a na-ahụkarị bụ calcium, magnesium, potassium, ammonium, Hydrogen, na sodium.

Ọnụ ọgụgụ ngụkọta nke cations ala nwere ike ijide, ngụkọta ụgwọ ya, bụ ikike mgbanwe cation nke ala. Ka CEC dị elu, ka ụgwọ na-adịghị mma dị elu na cations ndị ọzọ enwere ike ijide ma gbanwee ya na mgbọrọgwụ osisi, na-enye ha nri ha chọrọ.[10][11]

Ịnọgide mmiri

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Enwere ike iji ihe na-eme ka ala dị mma iji melite ijigide mmiri n'ala kpọrọ nkụ, nke na-adịghị ejide mmiri nke ọma. Mgbakwunye nke ihe ndị dị ndụ dịka ọmụmaatụ nwere ike imeziwanye ikike ijide mmiri nke ala ájá ma enwere ike itinye ha iji gbanwee pH nke ala iji gboo mkpa nke osisi ụfọdụ ma ọ bụ iji mee ka ala acid ma ọ bụ alkaline dị elu.[12] Enwere ike iji ihe ndị ọzọ mee ihe iji were ọrụ nke ihe ndị mejupụtara na ụrọ n'imeziwanye ala ka a nyochara na ntọala sayensị na mbido narị afọ nke 20, a na-echepụta okwu ahụ bụ ọnọdụ ala. Ntọala ndị a na-ekpe ikpe ihe ndị dị otú ahụ na-abụkarị ọnụ ahịa ha, ikike ha nwere ịbawanye mmiri n'ala ruo ogologo oge, ịkpali ọrụ microbiological, ịbawanye ọkwa nri na imeziwanye ọnụego ndụ osisi.

E webatara ihe mbụ na-eme ka ala dị n'ime ala n'afọ ndị 1950, mgbe polyacrylonitrile nke mmiri na-emepụta bụ nke a na-ejikarị eme ihe. N'ihi ikike ha nwere ịmịkọrọ ọtụtụ narị okpukpu nke ibu ha na mmiri, polyacrylamides na polymethacrylates (nke a makwaara dị ka hydroabsorbent polymers, superabsorbent polymers ma ọ bụ hydrogels) ka a nwalere n'ọrụ ugbo, ọrụ ugbo na ịma mma ala malite na afọ 1960.

Mmasị lara n'iyi mgbe nnwale gosipụtara na ha bụ phytotoxic n'ihi nnukwu acrylamide monomer fọdụrụ. Ọ bụ ezie na ọganihu n'ịmepụta ihe mechara mee ka monomer gbadaa n'okpuru ọkwa na-egbu egbu, akwụkwọ sayensị na-egosi ihe ịga nke ọma ole na ole n'iji polymer ndị a mee ihe maka ịbawanye ogo osisi ma ọ bụ ịdị ndụ. Ọdịdị nke ọgbọ ọhụrụ nke ngwaọrụ ndị nwere ike ịdị irè na mbido afọ 1980, gụnyere hydroabsorbent polymers na copolymers sitere na ezinụlọ propenamide na propenamide-propenoate, meghere ọhụụ ọhụrụ.

Nkwado ala

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

N'ihe gbasara iwu ụlọ, e nwere ụfọdụ usoro mmezi ala nke e bu n'uche imeziwanye ike na nguzogide nke ala dị nro, dịka ọmụmaatụ mgbe ị na-egwu ọwa miri emi maka ụzọ n'okpuru ala ma ọ bụ iwu ọwa.[13] A na-ejikwa usoro nkwụsi ike nke ala nke obere nrụgide kemịkal na-abanye n'ime ala maka ntọala dị elu dị ka ihe ọzọ iji kpoo ntọala na mmepe obibi n'elu ebe a na-ekpofu ahịhịa East River. Mmetụta nrụgide nwere ike isi ike itinye n'ọrụ n'ụzọ ziri ezi na ebe ndị nwere ihe mkpofu ma ọ bụ ala dịgasị iche iche na nke siri ike.[14][15]

Ntinye aha

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Enwere ike itinye ihe na-eme ka ala dị nro n'ọtụtụ ụzọ. A na-eji osisi na-egwupụta ihe n'ime ala rụọ ọrụ ụfọdụ n'ime ha tupu ha akụ. A na-etinye ndị ọzọ mgbe a kụrụ ha, ma ọ bụ oge ụfọdụ n'oge oge uto. A ga-eme nnwale ala tupu etinye ihe na-eme ka ala dị mma iji mụtakwuo banyere ihe mejupụtara na ọdịdị ala. Nnyocha a ga-ekpebi ihe ndị ga-adaba adaba maka ọnọdụ ndị dịnụ.[16]

Nchegbu banyere gburugburu ebe obibi

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Ọ bụ ezie na ịgbakwunye ihe na-eme ka ala dị n'ihe ọkụkụ ma ọ bụ n'ubi nwere ike iyi ka ọ bụ ụzọ dị mma iji nweta osisi ndị dị mma, itinye ihe ụfọdụ n'ọrụ gabigara ókè nwere ike ịkpata nsogbu gburugburu ebe obibi. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, nnu, nitrogen, ọla na ihe ndị ọzọ na-edozi ahụ nke dị n'ọtụtụ mmezi ala anaghị arụpụta ihe mgbe agbakwunyere ya n'ụzọ gabigara ókè, ọ pụkwara imebi ahụike osisi n'ezie. (Lee fatịlaịza ọkụ.) Mmiri na-edozi ahụ karịrị akarị n'ime mmiri na-emekwa, nke na-emerụ ahụ na mmiri na, site na ya, gburugburu ebe obibi.[17]

Ebem si dee

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
  1. ↑ Noble (March 2011). "Risks and benefits of soil amendment with composts in relation to plant pathogens". Australasian Plant Pathology 40 (157): 157–167. DOI:10.1007/s13313-010-0025-7. 
  2. ↑ Questions and Answers on Land Application of Biosolids. Water Environment Federation. Archived from the original on 4 April 2015. Retrieved on 24 April 2015.
  3. ↑ Natural Fertilizers Amendments. Archived from the original on April 24, 2012. Retrieved on May 10, 2012.
  4. ↑ Arthur Wallace, Sheldon D. Nelson (1986). "Foreword". Soil Science 141 (5). 
  5. ↑ Construction Contract Standards "Standard Specifications State of California".
  6. ↑ Environment Canada (August 2009). Screening Assessment for the Challenge: 2-Propenamide (Acrylamide). Environment and Climate Change Canada. Government of Canada.
  7. ↑ Dotson (April 2011). "NIOSH skin notation (SK) profile: acrylamide [CAS No. 79-06-1.]". DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 2011-139. 
  8. ↑ Soil Compaction: Causes, Effects, and Control. Archived from the original on May 29, 2012. Retrieved on May 10, 2012.
  9. ↑ Soil Amendments and Fertilizers. Archived from the original on May 26, 2012. Retrieved on May 10, 2012.
  10. ↑ Fundamentals of Soil Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC). Retrieved on May 10, 2012.
  11. ↑ What is Soil Conditioner?. Retrieved on February 18, 2013.
  12. ↑ Improving Your Soil. Archived from the original on April 27, 2012. Retrieved on May 10, 2012.
  13. ↑ (2008) Architectural Graphic Standards. The American Institute of Architects. ISBN 9780470085462. 
  14. ↑ Lees (May 2021). "Permeation Grouting in Sydney". Conference: Geotechnical Advances and Challenges in Urban Development. 
  15. ↑ Laboratory Evaluation of Performance and Durability of Polymer Grouts for Subsurface Hydraulic/Diffusion Barriers. UNT Digital Library. Brookhaven National Laboratory (1994). “The selection of subsurface barriers for any given site which needs remediation, and the selection of a particular barrier technology must be done, however, by means of the Superfund Process, with special emphasis on the remedial investigation and feasibility study portions. The chemical compatibility of the material with the wastes, leachates and geology with which it is likely to come in contact is of particular importance for barriers constructed from fluids which are supposed to set in-situ. EPA emphasizes this compatibility in its guidance documents, noting that thorough characterization of the waste, leachate, barrier material chemistry, site geochemistry, and compatibility testing of the barrier material with the likely disposal site chemical environment are all required.”
  16. ↑ Producing Garden Vegetables with Organic Soil Amendments. Archived from the original on May 23, 2000. Retrieved on May 10, 2012.
  17. ↑ Protecting Water Quality from Agricultural Runoff. Retrieved on May 10, 2012.
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