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Ihe ndị dị mkpa

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Usoro mkpa dị mkpa bụ otu n'ime isi ụzọ a ga-esi enye oke ogbenye zuru oke na mba ndị na-emepe emepe n'ụwa niile.  Ọ na-arụ ọrụ achọpụtapụta kacha nta dị maka mkpa anụ ahụ ogologo oge na-ihe n'ihe gbasara oriri .  A kọwaziri ahịrị ogbenye dị ka ọnụọgụ ego iji gboo mkpa ndị mmadụ.  Usoro "isi mkpa" bụ nke Òtù Mba Ịga nke Na- Maka Ndị Ozi Na-ahụ Maka Ọrụ Ozi Webatara na 1976. [1] [2] "Maahụ Ahụ anya, isi ihe dị elu nke WEP bụ ndị na-ejedebe ezumike nke 1976.  1976, bụ nke tụpụtara adọface nke mkpa ụmụ bụ isi ka ebumnobi nke iwu obodo na nke mba ụwa.  ụwa nile, ọ na- emetụta mmemme na atumatu nke nnukwu ụlọ ọrụ multilateral na nke abụọ, ọ bụkwa ihe maka ụzọ ụzọ mmadụ.." [1] [2]

isiokwu nke "mkpa ndị bụ isi" bụ nri (gụnyere mmirika), ebe obibi na uwe .  [3] Ọtụtụ ndetu nke oge a na-ekwusi ike na ọkwa kacha nta nke oriri nke "mkpa bụ isi" ọ bụghị naanị nri, mmirika, uwe na ebe obibi, ihe njem njem (dị ka ekwuru na okwu nke atọ nke ibi ndụ.  nke bu ụzọ nke ndị mmadụ ) ndị ọcha, òtù, na ndabere.  Ndị ọrụ dị iche iche iche na-eji ndepụta dị iche iche.

A kọwawo usoro mkpa ndị bụ isi dị ka nke dabere na oriri, na-enye echiche "na mkpochapụ ịda ogbenye dị nnọọ mfe." [3] Amartya Sen lekwasịrị anya na 'ikike' karịa oriri.

N'okwuokwu, ihe mkpa ndị bụ isi na-eke anya na nha nke ihe a na ọ bụ ọkwa ogbenye nwere ike ikpochapụ.  chọrọ na-usoro mkpa isi isi ụfọdụ ego n'Ọrọ na-akpa akụ na agwa nke ga-enyere mmadụ aka ibu ibu nke n'ọdịniihu, kama ha na-achọ anya n'ịhụ na ebe ọ gbala na-  egbo mkpa ya pọ na a ga- , ,reeb, akụ na-ahụ taa.  [4] ndụ a na- anya na-eri nri nri ikpe ziri ezi.  Ka o sina dị, n'ihe gbasara "atụ", mkpa ndị bụ isi ma ọ bụ ụzọ zuru oke dị mkpa.  mba ụwa nke 1995 na nsogbu nsogbu na eze na Copenhagen nwere, dị ka otu n'ime obodo ya bụ isi na mba niile nke ụwa mkpa usoro nke ogbenye zuru oke na nke ikwu na kwesịrị atumatu mba iji "kpochapụ ego ogbenye.  zuru oke site na ụbọchị nke obodo ọ kwuru n'ịbụ mba ya." [4]

Canada

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Prọfesọ Chris Sarlo, onye na-adịghị ahụ n'ihe ndabere na-ahụ na Mahadum Nipissing dị na North Bay, Ontario, Canada na onye isi otu Fraser Institute, na-eji data data nyere nke Canada, ngwaọrụ nke ekpuchi iji.  aha aha aha ndepụta ndepụta.  ihe ndị dị mkpa.  1 ero ahụ nri nri, ebe obibi, uwe, ndabere, ihe onwe onye, ​​ihe ndị dị mkpa, njem na mkpa okwu, ịsa ire, ụlọ, na iche iche;  ọ na-eche na a na-enye ndị niile bi na Canada njikọ n'efu.  A na-agbakọ nke a maka obodo dị iche iche na Canada ma ike maka nha nha.  Site na ozi a, ọ na- map oke nke Canada na- ego zuru oke iji ihe ndị ahụ dị mkpa.  Dabere na mkpa ya bụ isi nke ogbenye, ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị ogbenye na Canada, ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị ogbenye agbadala site na ihe dịka 12% nke Canada ruo ihe dịka 5% 1970.  [5] Nke a dị nnọọ iche na akara nke Statistic Canada, Board of Canada, Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) na ndị UNESCO na-eji usoro ogbenye ikwu na-ewere na nke kacha baa uru maka mba.  ụlọ ọrụ ihe dị elu dị ka Canada, nke Sarlo jụrụ. [notes 1]

OECD na UNICEF kwuru na ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị ogbenye Canada dị elu akụkụ saịtị na iji oke ego ogbenye.  Statistics Canada LICO, nke Sarlo jụkwara, na-ebutekwa ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị ogbenye dị elu.  Dị ka ndị 2008 sitere n'aka Òtù Na-ahụ Maka ngwaọrụ Akụrụ na-arụ na ọrụ (OECD), ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ndị ogbenye na Canada, bụ otu n'ime mba ndị so na OECD kasị elu, nke mba mepere emepe kasị elu,  baa n'ụwa.  [5] Enweghị ihe ngosi, ihe, ire, maka ego ogbenye na Canada.  Otú ọ dị, Dennis Raphael, onye edemede nke ndị ogbenye na Canada: ihe ngosi maka ngosi na ndị mma nke ndụ [6] [7] kọrọ na United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), United Nations Children Fund (UNICEF), Òtù Na-  ahụ Maka Akụ na ọnọdụ.  ọrụ na obere (OECD) na ndị na-eme el-iche ndị ogbenye Canada [notes 2] [8] rụ na ike ogbenye ikwu bụ "ihe ngosi bara uru maka ndị ọrụ ogbenye na mba ndị mepere emepe dị ka Canada."  [5] [9] [10] [11] N'ጠጡ ya Board Board [5]

United States

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Dị ka Ngalaba Na-ahụ Maka Ahụ Ike na Ọrụ Ndị Mmadụ na United States si kwuo, onye na-eme $12,760 kwa afọ ka a na-ewere dị ka ala ịda ogbenye. [6] Ọnụ ego a zuru ezu iji kpuchie ụgwọ obibi na njem njem, ụgwọ, nri na uwe. Na United States, a na-akọ na pasent 13.1 nke ndị bi na ha dara n'okpuru ọkwa ịda ogbenye. [7]

SNAP

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Asia Enyemaka Nutrition Nutrition, ma ọ bụ SNAP, (nke a na-akpọbu Food Stamp Programme) na-ekesa ndị na-enwe nwere ego ha akwụkwọ nri nri dabara n'ime 130% nke oke nri nri etiti.  Ha na-akwado ihe dị ka nde mmadụ 40, ndị na-arụ ọrụ obere ego, ụmụ amaala na-ama ọrụ, na ndị isi ihe nwere ike.  [8]bis a bụ mmemme ikike, nke ere na ọ bụrụ na onye ọ gbala tozuru oke, ha ga-enweta uru.  Kamara stampụ nri, aha mbụ nke SNAP, ahụ dị ka mmemme nwa oge n'okpuru Onye isi ala Roosevelt (FDR) na 1939, na-enye ndị nnata ya iche nri n njikere nke Ngalaba ahụ.  Dị ka Ngalaba Na-ahụ Maka Ọrụ Ugbo nke United States (USDA) si kwuo, ọ bụ Henry Wallace, ụlọ nke ụtụtụ Ugbo, na Milo Perkins, bụ onye mbụ nke mmemme ahụ.  Mgbe mmemme ahụ site na 1943 ruo 1943 ruo 1961, akara Stamp Food ji nkwado ma bụrụ nke na-adịgide adịgide n'oge ndị President Johnson na 1964. Ihe omume ahụ mechara tolite na mba niile, na-anabata ọtụtụ mmadụ ma na-  enwetakwu osisi.  N'afọ ndị 1980, otu lebara oke nri nri dị na US anya, na-eduga na nkwalite dị ka mkpochapụ ụtụ aha na stampụ nri.  SNAPzuru oke maka ndị na- anya ebe obibi ma tolite na ngosi, nkwado nri.  2013 ndị ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị nnata ha na-elekwu elu, jiri bọtịnụ na-agafe ruo nde mmadụ 42 na 2017. [8] SNAP bụ mgbasa ozi mgbasa ozi nke ọrụ ugbo nke, nke Congress na-agafe kwa afọ ise.  Mgbe ọtụtụ akụkọ gbasara ego, Kongire ere na-ere ọrụ ugbo na 2018, na-eke $664 ego na SNAP.  [8] E gosiputara SNAP na ọ bara uru nke ukwuu nye ndị agha ya, na-ibu ọtụtụ igwe iru n'okpuru oke ego ogbenye.  Data sitere na USDA na-egosi na ndị na-egosi ndị na-ekere òkè na SNAP ụgbọ mmiri ya na ọzụzụ dị mma na mmetụta na mmetụta.  A na-akọ na 10% nke ndị nnata SNAP na-arrị elu-ụzọ ahịrị ahịrị ogbenye, na inwe afọ ojuju na-ebu na-azụ maka maka ụmụ.  [9] Ọzọkwa, ihe nke Mark Zandi na-egosila na onyinye $1 na-egosi stampụ nri na nri GDP site na $1.73. [8]

Uru SNAP dị ugbu a, ka ọ dị, na-atụ aro iji belata ego na ịmachi ihe achọrọ ntozu. N'oge na-adịbeghị anya nke ụgwọ ụgwọ Ugbo na-agafe, e nwere mgbalị iji gbochie ntozu na ibelata uru, nke ga-emetụta ihe dị ka nde mmadụ 2. N'ikpeazụ, nkwado ndị otu n'ozuzu ha debere mkpokọta ego ahụ ma gbochie ịmebe atụmatụ ndị ahụ. [9] Tinyere iyi egwu a na nso nso a, enweela atụmatụ iji belata mmemme n'oge gara aga. N'etiti 1990s, Congress nyere oke oge maka ndị okenye na-enweghị ọrụ na-enweghị nkwarụ ma ọ bụ ịzụlite ụmụaka. Na 2014, ndị nnọchiteanya Republican chọrọ ibelata 5% nke ego mmemme ahụ, ihe dị ka ijeri $ 40, maka afọ iri na-esote. Nke a agafeghị, mana ego ka na-ebelata site na 1%, ma ọ bụ ijeri $ 8.6, na-eke njedebe na mmemme ahụ. N'afọ 2017, Ụlọ Nnọchiteanya tụrụ aro ka ebipụ ijeri $150 site na ego SNAP site na 2026. Otú ọ dị, e meghị mbelata ndị ahụ, ma ego mmefu ego mbụ ka dị. [10] Ihe iyi egwu ndị a gara aga maka ego nke SNAP na-egosi ọdịnihu na-ejighị n'aka maka uru ya na-aga n'ihu.

WIC

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Mmemme Nri pụrụ iche maka ụmụ nwanyị, ụmụ ọhụrụ, na ụmụaka, nke a maara nke ọma dị ka mmemme WIC, na-enye ntụnye aka na nlekọta ahụike, ozi oriri na-edozi ahụ, na nri na-edozi ahụ nye ụmụ nwanyị na-enweghị ego, ụmụ ọhụrụ, na ụmụaka nọ n'ihe ize ndụ nke nsogbu ahụike. [11] N'adịghị ka SNAP, WIC bụ mmemme enyemaka gọọmentị etiti na-arụ n'okpuru ego gọọmentị na-enweta, nke pụtara na ọ bụghị onye ọ bụla tozuru etozu ga-enweta uru. WIC bu ụzọ webatara na 1972 wee bụrụ nke na-adịgide adịgide na 1974. [11] Mmemme a na-enyere ndị sonyere ihe dị ka nde 7.3 aka kwa ọnwa ma na-akọ na ọ na-akwado 53% nke ụmụ ọhụrụ a mụrụ na United States. Na 2017, ọnụ ahịa kwa afọ bụ ijeri $5.6. [9] Dịka SNAP, a na-enyocha WIC ka ọ bụrụkwa nke ọma maka ndị sonyere ya. A na-ejikọta uru nke WIC na ọnwụ nwata na obere oge na oge ọmụmụ dị ala. [9] N'ụzọ akụ na ụba, a na-echekwa $1.77 ruo $3.13 na ụgwọ nlekọta ahụike maka dollar ọ bụla etinyere na . [9]

HFFI

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Initiative Initiative Food Financing Initiative (HFFI) na-eleba anya n'ife nri ogbenye dabere na ebe, na-achọ ụdọ ụlọ ihe nri n'ime obodo ndị nwere obere ego na imeziwanye onye nri na-edozi ahụ.  [10] Na noma 2000s, ihe atụ nke nri nri - obodo ndị na- mama ego na-achị njikwa ụlọ ọrụ nri na nri na-edozi ahụ- akwụkwọ ya na ndịiche.  [10] A na-akọ na ihe nde mmadụ 29 bi na United States bi na mpaghara ndị yiri yiri nri nri.  [10] Echiche nke echiche nri na-wanye ya na ihe na-egosi ogbenye.  Aghọtara na ọrụ nri bụ isi ihe na-arụ ọrụ njikwa maka nri na mpaghara ndị a.  Na 2010, President Obama webatara HFFI, nke Congress anyị na 2014 site na Bill Farm.. [10]

Nkatọ nke mmemme gọọmentị

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Nkatọ nke SNAP

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Na akwụkwọ akụkọ Oxford Academic, Social Work, Adriana Flores- onye na-akwado ndị na-elekọta mmadụ- na-eme ka uche dị na njedebe nke mmemme gọọmentị dị ka SNAP. [11] Flores na-ekwu na ka gọọmentị na-enyere ndị nwere ụkọ nri aka site na SNAP, mkpa dị mkpa dị ka ngwaahịa ịdị ọcha na-ewepụ, n'ikpeazụ na-amanye ndị na-enweghị ego ka ha kpebie n'etiti ihe ọcha na ụgwọ ndị ọzọ dị ndụ. Flores na-ewere SNAP dị ka otu n'ime mmemme ntozu ole na ole kwesịrị ịgbasawanye.

Nkatọ nke HFFI

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Na International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, Laura Wolf-Powers na-akatọ HFFI, na-arụ ụka na atumatu ndị a na-egosi na mmalite nke enweghị nri nri na-esite na ihe kpatara ya. [10] Ya na ndị ọkà mmụta ndị ọzọ [12] na-ekwu na atumatu ndị na-akpata ego ga-adị irè karị. Wolf na-egosi na ezinụlọ ndị nwere obere ego na-enwekarị mmasị ibi n'ọzara nri. Nke a na-eme ka ha na-enwekarị nsogbu ahụike na ụkọ nri. Nnyocha na-enyocha kpọmkwem omume ịzụ ahịa nke ndị bi na-enweghị ego na-ekpughe na mkpebi ịzụ ahịa ha na-adabere na ọnụahịa, ịdịmma, ndị ọrụ na myirịta na ndị ahịa ndị ọzọ karịa nanị ebe ụlọ ahịa ahụ dị. [10] Ọmụmụ ihe na-egosi na ego na-akpata bụ ihe dị ngwa karịa ebe dị anya. N'agbanyeghị ọmụmụ ihe ndị a na oku maka mgbanwe, akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ na-egosi na gọọmentị achọghị ime mgbanwe atumatu maka ngbanwe ego na ala ụgwọ ọrụ. [10] Ndị ọkà mmụta ahụ na-achọpụta mgbanwe ndị nwere nchekwube na 2016, mgbe steeti 19 guzobere ụgwọ ọnwa opekempe, na-abawanye ụbara onwe onye nke akụ na ụba. [10] Ọmụmụ ihe a na-achọ ịkatọ ụzọ gọọmentị na-esi gbasaa ohere site na iji ntinye ego na izere atumatu ego na-enweta ma kpọọ isi mmalite nke ụkọ nri dị ka enweghị ego.

Nzaghachi gọọmentị na-abụghị nke gọọmentị maka mkpa ndị bụ isi enweghị nchekwa

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Ụlọ nri nri na ụlọ akwụkwọ kọleji

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Ozi ụzọ n'ime obodo bụ ebe a na-ere nri na ụlọ akwụkwọ.  Emebere ebe a na-eri nri iji nye nri na- echereghị ma ọhụhụ nri n'etiti ụmụ akwụkwọ .  N'afọ 2008, ndị na-abụ n'ihe akwụkwọ ụmụ akwụkwọ akụkọ okwu nri na nri ebe obibi n'etiti ụmụ akwụkwọ n'ihi ọnụ ahịa ụlọ akwụkwọ na- .  [13] Mbụ na-arị elu nke ụmụ akwụkwọ na-akọ obodo nọ na-enwe ụkọ nri ma ọ bụ ihe ebe obibi, na-eru n'etiti ụzọ ise ruo ụzọ abụọ n'ụzọ atọ nke ụmụ akwụkwọ America.  [13] Nke a juru ebe niile n'etiti obodo Black na Latino, ụmụ akwụkwọ nọ n'ezina na-enweta ihe na- ụmụaka $20,000 na ego, ụmụ akwụkwọ nwere ndị dabere, na onye bụbu onye.  A kọrọ na ha na-awụfu nri ma na-azụta nri ndị dị ọnụ ala, ndị a na-edozi na mkpa ndị na-adịghị mma.  Ndị isi ụmụ akwụkwọ bụ ndị àmà imezi nchekwa nri na ndị nche nri nri n'onwe ha.  Na New Directions for Community Colleges, akwụkwọ ozi, Jarrett Gupton nri nri na nri ndị ọzọ bara uru akwụkwọ.  N'ihi na ebe nchekwa nri nwere oke n'ihi ọnụọgụ nri, ndị ọrụ na awa , Gupton na-atụ aro agụ agụta nri ụmụ akwụkwọ na iji mpaghara, ngalaba-ops, na inwe nri na ụlọ akwụkwọ dị ala.  .  [13] Ọ bụ ebe na ụzọ ndị a na-enweta nke na-abara na eze uru na ịgbasa mmata mkpa ndị a bụ isi, ọrụ ndị nwere ike na akara ike iru onye ọ lụba na mkpa.  Okwu a na-eduga n'arụrịta ụka ike iga na-eme ihe na ikekwere usoro dabere na ike iji luso mkpa ndị dị mkpa ogụ.

Hụkwa

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  • Anthropological chepụtara nke uru
  • Ego ego bụ isi
  • Ọrụ gburugburu ebe obibi
  • Ụgwọ ọrụ ndụ, ụgwọ ọrụ nke dị elu iji gboo mkpa ndị bụ isi
  • Ndị isi Maslow nke mkpa
  • Mkpa
  • Oke ịda ogbenye
  • Ọkọlọtọ ibi ndụ

Ihe ndetu

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  1. ↑ In 1992 Sarlo argued that the difference between absolute and relative poverty thresholds is artificial since "what is considered to be a necessity depends to some extent on the conditions in the larger society in which one is a member (Sarlo 1992: 19)." In 1992 and again in 2001 Sarlo clarified that the basic needs poverty line is not absolute but relative, since the poverty threshold must be "connected to the society in which people live" but that an "aspect of poverty remains timeless" (Sarlo 2001:11). This is the "irreducible core of necessities invariant through time:"..."water, food, shelter and clothing (Sarlo 1992: 19)" which remains the same through time but the "quantity and quality" are relative to one's society.

Ntụaka

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  1. ↑ The World Employment Programme at ILO. Archived from the original on 2014-03-19. Retrieved on 2013-06-19.
  2. ↑ Richard Jolly (October 1976). "The World Employment Conference: The Enthronement of Basic Needs". Development Policy Review A9: 31–44. DOI:10.1111/j.1467-7679.1976.tb00338.x. 
  3. ↑ Dharam Ghai (June 1978). "Basic Needs and its Critics". Institute of Development Studies 9: 16–18. DOI:10.1111/j.1759-5436.1978.mp9004004.x. 
  4. ↑ United Nations Division for Sustainable Development-Sustainable Development Issues - Poverty. United Nations. Archived from the original on 26 July 2008. Retrieved on 2008-06-20.
  5. ↑ "Canada falling behind on poverty, inequality, says report of Canada ranked 7th out of 17 developed countries", CBC, February 2013.
  6. ↑ Poverty Guidelines (en). ASPE (2015-11-23). Retrieved on 2020-05-17.
  7. ↑ Explore Census Data. data.census.gov. Retrieved on 2020-05-17.
  8. ↑ Zandi (January 2008). Assessing the Macro Economic Impact of Fiscal Stimulus 2008. Moody's Analytics. Retrieved on May 17, 2020.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Brownell (July 2019). "Primer on US Food and Nutrition Policy and Public Health: Food Assistance" (in en). American Journal of Public Health 109 (7): 988–989. DOI:10.2105/AJPH.2019.305070. ISSN 0090-0036. PMID 31166716. 
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 10.5 Wolf-Powers (May 2017). "Food Deserts and Real-Estate-Led Social Policy: FOOD Deserts and Real-Estate-Led Social Policy" (in en). International Journal of Urban and Regional Research 41 (3): 414–425. DOI:10.1111/1468-2427.12515.  Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":2" defined multiple times with different content
  11. ↑ Flores (2018-07-01). "Gap in Basic Needs Products and One Project's Attempt to Help" (in en). Social Work 63 (3): 276–277. DOI:10.1093/sw/swy023. ISSN 0037-8046. PMID 29722871. 
  12. ↑ Barwise (July 2019). "When Generosity Harms Health Care and Public Health" (in en). American Journal of Public Health 109 (7): 997–998. DOI:10.2105/AJPH.2019.305073. ISSN 0090-0036. PMID 31166715. 

Mkpa ndị bụ isi na atụmatụ mmepe, Michael Hopkins na Rolph Van Der Hoeven (Gower, Aldershot, UK, 1983)

Ọgụgụ ọzọ

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