Ihe osise Africa na nchịkọta ọdịda anyanwụ

Ndị Europe ana-ekiri ihe ụfọdụ nke Africa ruo ọtụtụ afọ, e ezinụlọ ụlọ ọrụ na-ahụ ụdị ụfọdụ, anyị ihe a na-eje ozi na ụgbọ, maka ahuhu Europe na mpaghara ụfọdụ dị n'ụbọchị osimiri. N'agbata afọ 1890 na afọ 1918, ọnụ ọgụgụ ihe ndị ahụ mụbara nke ukwuu ka ndị nke ndị agha na-achị n'Africa dugara n'iwepụ ọtụtụ ihe ọrụ ndị Sahara nke e mechara weta na Europe ma jide. Ihe ndị a batara na nchịkọta nke ebe ngosi nka ihe mere eme, ebe enyo nka (ma encyclopedic ma dị mma) na nchịkọta onwe onye na Europe na United States. A na-eche na ihe dị ka 90% nke ihe nketa akara Afrịka dị na Europe, dị ka ndị ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme nke France si kwuo.

Na mbụ a na-dị ka ihe na-egosi ethnology nke ụdị Africa dị iche iche, ekele maka ihe ndị ọrụ ka ọrụ nka na-eto n'oge ncheta afọ nke 20. Ọ bụ naanị na-ahụ awụ ahụ ka nka "ọgbara ọhụrụ" nke Afrịka na ụdị nka dị mma nabatara dị ka ihe dị mkpa.

Narị afọ nke 19

Tupu agbasa Berlin nke 1885, ndị akara na ndị na-eme cali na Africa factory ma ọ bụ zuo ihe osise dị ka ihe na-eme ihe ndị na-ekekọrịta, na-agbasa mgbasa ozi mmiri; a chị ọchịchị ihe ndị e mere n'Ụdị oké osimiri Afrịka ruo ọtụtụ mfe apụ, ndị Afrịka mekwara ọtụtụ maka ndị na-asụ Europe, gub n'ebe ndị Portugal ruru, dị ka ọdụ́ Afro-Portuguese. Oge a na-achịkwa site na nchịkọta ihe, nke ihe ndị na-eje ozi dị ka ihe ngosi, sochiri oge nchịkọta ihe nrite nke nnukwu nchịkọta ihe (karịsịa ngwá agha), na akpụkpọ anụ, mpi, na ezé sitere na njem ebere. nta.

Malite n'afọ 1870, ọtụtụ puku ihe ọkpụkpụ Afrịka rutere Europe mgbe mmeri, njem na ọrụ ozi ala ọzọ nke ndị agha. Ọtụtụ ruru ebe ngosi ihe ochie dịka Musée d'Ethnographie du Trocadéro, nke e ami na 1878 na Paris, na ndị ibe ya na obodo ndị ọzọ dị na Europe. N'oge ahụ, a na-emeso ihe ndị a dị ka ihe ndị e ji mee ihe n'ọdịbendị ndị a na-achị achị kama ịbụ ọrụ ma dị ọnụ ala, na-ere n'ahịa na ụlọ ọrụ.

Maka mkparịta ụka banyere mweghachi nke nka Africa na-esote ọkwa nke onye isi ala France Emmanuel Macron na 2017, lee akụkọ banyere mweghachi maka ihe nketa ọdịbendị Africa.

Nchịkọta Europe

Akụkọ ihe mere eme dị iche iche nke ebe ngosi ihe mgbe ochie na Europe na United States metụtara nchịkọta na ngosi nke nka Africa n'ebe abụọ ahụ. A na-ewu ụlọ ngosi ihe mgbe ochie na Europe dị ka ụlọ ọrụ gọọmentị ma si otú a na-akpụzi nchịkọta na ngosipụta ha site na ọdịmma mba. A na-egosipụtakarị nka na ihe ndị e ji rụọ n'Afrịka n'ihe gbasara omenala. Mmetụta nke ihe ndị Afrịka dị ka ezigbo nka na Europe bụ naanị maka ụlọ ngosi onwe onye na mmalite narị afọ nke iri abụọ. Na Paris, ndị na-ere ahịa dị ka Paul Guillaume, Charles Ratton na Louis Carré keere òkè n'ịmepụta nnukwu nchịkọta nke nka Africa. Ọkara ikpeazụ nke narị afọ nke iri abụọ hụrụ mmeghe nke ebe ngosi nka mbụ nke Europe raara onwe ya nye ịnakọta na igosi nka Africa, gụnyere Musee Barbier-Mueller na Geneva (1977), Musee Dapper na Paris (1986). Ọzọkwa, ọtụtụ ebe ngosi nka n'ozuzu ya nwere nchịkọta nke nka na-abụghị nke ọdịda anyanwụ, dị ka Metropolitan Museum of Art na New York City.

Ebe Ngosi Ihe Mgbe Ochie nke Central Africa na Belgium

N'afọ 1897, Eze Leopold nke Abụọ jiri ohere nke Brussels International Exhibition na Tervuren kwalite ihe onwunwe ya nke Congo Free State. Ihe ngosi mba ụwa nke 1897 kpaliri mmasị sayensị na ihe ndị sitere n'okike, ndị mmadụ na anụmanụ nke Central Africa, ya mere Eze Leopold nke Abụọ kpebiri iwulite na nkwalite ya nke Congo. E guzobere Royal Museum of Central Africa na 1898 dị ka ebe ngosi nka na-adịgide adịgide na ụlọ ọrụ sayensị, nke na-ahụ maka ịmepụta ihe ngosi maka ọha na eze Belgium ma na-agba ume ịmụ Central Africa.^[1]

Ebe Ngosi Ihe Mgbe Ochie nke Britain

Sainsbury African Galleries na British Museum na London na-egosipụta ihe 600 sitere na nchịkọta kachasị ukwuu nke nka na ọdịbendị Afrịka n'ụwa. Ụlọ ngosi atọ na-adịgide adịgide na-enye ohere ngosi dị ukwuu maka nchịkọta Africa nke ebe ngosi ihe mgbe ochie ahụ, nke nwere ihe karịrị 200,000. Mpaghara nlekọta a na-agụnye ma ihe ndị e gwupụtara n'ala na ihe ndị dị n'oge a, gụnyere ma ọrụ nka pụrụ iche nke nka na ihe ndị a na-ahụ kwa ụbọchị. Nnukwu mgbakwunye bụ ihe Sir Henry Wellcome chịkọtara, nke Wellcome Historical Medical Museum nyere na 1954.

Ihe ndị dị mkpa nke nchịkọta Afrịka gụnyere ihe oyiyi ọla nchara nke Benin na Igbo-Ukwu, isi ọla nchara mara mma nke Queen Idia, isi ọla mara mma nke onye ọchịchị Yoruba si Ife, Apapa Hoard si Lagos, ndịda Naịjirịa, ihe iri na abụọ mara mma nke Afro-Portuguese, ihe ọlaedo Asante si Ghana, gụnyere nchịkọta Bowdich obodo dị iche iche nke ndị dị n'Ebe Africa, usoro ihe osise dị mkpa nke ndị dị na-acha ọbara ọbara si na ndị dị na ndị dị n"Ebe Africa site na ndị Klay si n'Eshia, ndị dị iche iche iche iche, ndị dị ka ndị dị ka ihe osise Tordy si n'otu ebe ahụ, ndị dị na ala site na ndị dị iche na ndị dị ka Sudiva, ndị dị nro-acha anụnụ, ndị dị mkpa site na ndị isi ala, ndị dị otú ahụ, ndị si n'African, ndị dị oké ọnụ ala, ndị si Zulide, ndị dị nsọ, ndị dị elu, ndị dị ukwuu, ndị dị ọcha si n'Onye, ndị dị ndụ, ndị dị egwu si Zuliva,

Ndị agha Britain weghaara ọla nchara nke Benin na njem njem Benin nke 1897 ma nye ya na British Foreign Office. Dị ka Paula Girshick Ben-Amos, prọfesọ nke anthropology na African Studies na Mahadum Indiana, si kwuo na "The Art of Benin", "nkà nke alaeze Benin bịara n'ihu ọha na ndị ọkà mmụta na West na 1897, mgbe ndị otu British Punitive Expedition wepụtara ọtụtụ puku ihe dị ka ihe nkwata agha. "^[2]

A na-ebufe ihe dị ka narị ọla kọpa 200 n'ụlọ ihe ngosi nka nke Britain, ebe e kewara nke fọdụrụ n'ime ụdị nchịkọta dị iche iche, nke Felix von Luschan zụtara ihe ka ukwuu n'aha Königliches Museum für Völkerkunde na Berlin (ebe a na-edebe ihe ngosi nka nke oge a. ). N'afọ 1936, Oba Akenzua nke Abụọ malitere ngagharị iweghachi ozu ihe ndị a maara ugbu a na okwu ọgbara ọhụrụ dị ka 'Benin Bronzes'.

Ebe Ngosi Ihe Mgbe Ochie nke Trocadéro

Musée d'Ethnographie du Trocadéro bụ ebe ngosi nka mbụ nke anthropological na Paris, nke e guzobere na 1878. Ọ mechiri na 1935 mgbe a kwatuchara ụlọ nke nwere ya, Trocadéro Palace; nwa ya bụ Musée de l'Homme, nke dị na Palais de Chaillot n'otu ebe ahụ, na nchịkọta French ya bụ isi nke Musée National des Arts et Traditions Populaires, kwa na Palais of Chaillot. Ọtụtụ ndị na-ese ihe Fauvist na Cubist chọpụtara nka Africa na Trocadéro Museum.^[3] Picasso kwuru na nka a kụziiri ya "ihe osise bụ ihe niile", na-ahụ ya na ihe nkpuchi Africa nke ebe ngosi ihe mgbe ochie ahụ, nke e mepụtara "dị ka ụdị ogbugbo n'etiti [mmadụ] na ike ndị iro a na-amaghị ama nke [gburugburu anyị]", na ihe nkwanye ihe n'ụdị ndị dị na Les Demoiselles d'Avignon, nke mechara duga na Cubism. Kemgbe ahụ, e bugara ọtụtụ n'ime nchịkọta Africa na Musee du Quai Branly, nke dịkwa na Paris.

Nchịkọta Glendonwyn

Nchịkọta Glendonwyn nwere ihe karịrị ihe 3,000. Manuel González Scott-Glendonwyn malitere na narị afọ nke iri abụọ, ọ na-agụnye ihe ndị e gwupụtara n'ala ruo ihe ndị e ji mara na narị afọ iri na itoolu. A gbakwunyere ọtụtụ n'ime iberibe ndị ahụ na nchịkọta ahụ n'afọ ndị 1960. E bipụtara akwụkwọ atọ akpọrọ "Art of Black Africa: The Glendonwyn Collection" n'afọ ndị 1990.^[4] Ihe ndị dị na Glendonwyn Collection gụnyere ọtụtụ ihe ọkpụkpụ ọla nchara nke Benin na Igbo-Ukwu, ihe ọkpụcha ọla nchara The Benin Massacre (ihe ngosi magburu onwe ya nke ogbugbu nke njem Phillips), Oba the Warrior (ihe nnọchianya nke Oba, nke pụtara na peeji nke mbụ nke akwụkwọ mbụ nke nchịkọta ahụ), ọtụtụ narị afọ nke isii BC Nok terracottas, Benin Bronzes, ọtụtụ iri na abụọ nke Afro-Portuguese, na ezigbo nnọchi anya 11 n'ime mmepeanya ọdịbendị Africa / Iorufe, Dog / I Nchịkọta ahụ gụnyekwara ụfọdụ nka nke oge a site n'aka ndị na-ese ihe dịka Twins Seven ma ọ bụ mgbakwunye 80's.

N'afọ 1999 Gọọmentị Spain malitere mkparịta ụka iji mee ka ndị nwe Glendonwyn Collection kwenye iguzobe ebe ngosi ihe mgbe ochie na Madrid. Mkparịta ụka dara na 2002 site na ọnwụ nke onyeisi ezinụlọ ahụ, ọ bụ ezie na n'oge 1999-2002, e gosipụtara ọtụtụ ihe ngosi na ebe ngosi ihe mgbe ochie ọha na eze nke Spain. A na-ekewa Glendonwyn Collection ugbu a n'etiti Madrid, Tenerife na Dubai.

Ebe ngosi nka Africa (Belgrade)

Ebe ngosi nka Africa dị na Belgrade bụ naanị otu n'ime ụdị a na mpaghara Balkan. Emeghere ya na 1977 n'ihi mmekọrịta Yugoslavia na ọtụtụ mba Afrịka n'ihi ọrụ dị mkpa ọ na-arụ na Non-Aligned Movement. E meghere ebe ngosi ihe mgbe ochie ahụ n'ihi ọchịchọ ime ka ndị Yugoslavia mara nka na ọdịbendị nke Africa ebe ọ bụ na e nwere echiche siri ike banyere Yugoslavia na-ekerịta ọbụbụenyi na mba Africa n'ihi ọgụ ha yiri ya. E kere ya n'ihi Zdravko Pečar na Veda Zagorac bụ ndị nyere obodo Belgrade ihe osise nke onwe ha nke nka Africa nke ha chịkọtara n'ime ọtụtụ iri afọ nke ha nọrọ na kọntinent ahụ - Pečar bụ onye nnọchi anya mba ọzọ na onye nnọchianya na ọtụtụ mba Africa. Ka afọ na-aga, a gbasaa nchịkọta ahụ n'ihi na ụlọ ngosi ihe mgbe ochie na-azụta ihe, na-anata ha dị ka onyinye site n'aka ndị Yugoslav bi n'Africa na dị ka onyinye ndị nnọchi anya mba Afrịka nyere ụlọ ngosi ihe nkiri ahụ. N'ihi ya, ebe ngosi nka taa nwere nnukwu nchịkọta nke nka na ihe ndị sitere na Bambara, Dogon, Mossi, Kisi, Dan, Senufo, Ashanti na ndị ọzọ.^[5]^[6]

National Museum of World Cultures na Netherlands

N'ịbụ nke National Museum van Wereldculturen na-achịkọta, ebe ngosi nka ọha na eze na Netherlands nwere nchịkọta dị mkpa nke ihe nketa Africa. Na Jenụwarị 2021, gọọmentị Dutch kwadoro usoro dị n'etiti maka iweghachi ihe nketa nke ndị ọchịchị na-achị, otu ìgwè nyocha na-arụ ọrụ na nduzi bara uru maka nchịkọta ndị ọchịchị na ebe ngosi ihe mgbe ochie Dutch.^[7]

Ihe osise Africa na nchịkọta ethnological

Na mbido, a na-ele ihe osise niile nke Afrịka anya dị ka ihe atụ nke ethnological. N'ụzọ dị ịrịba ama, n'oge 1890 ruo 1913, nnukwu ụlọ ngosi ihe mgbe ochie niile kọwapụtara ọdịdị ọha na eze ha n'ihe gbasara ikike agụmakwụkwọ.^[8] N'ịzaghachi arụmụka banyere iji okwu curio na curiosity, Njikọ nke Alaeze Ukwu na 1904 tụrụ aro "usoro nhazi na mgbanwe nke naanị curiosities n'ime ihe ndị na-adọrọ mmasị sayensị site na nhazi kwesịrị ekwesị".^[9] N'otu aka ahụ, dị ka ụzọ isi kwado mgbasawanye nke nchịkọta ethnological, okwu a na-ejikarị eme ihe bụ otu n'ime mkpa nke nchekwa na nchekwa n'ihu njedebe a na-apụghị izere ezere nke ndị na-emepụta ọdịbendị ihe na nlekọta ha (121).

Stewart Culin, onye nlekọta na Brooklyn Museum, bụ onye nlekọta America mbụ gosipụtara nchịkọta ethnological dị ka ihe nka, ọ bụghị dị ka ihe atụ ethnological, nke o mere na 1923. Culin mere ka ntinye ya dị iche na nke nchịkọta ethnological nke oge a na ụlọ ọrụ ndị dị ka American Museum of Natural History na Smithsonian Museum of Natural history na-ekwu na "ihe osise Negro nke a na-egosipụta n'ihu ọha bụ akụkụ nke nchịkọta ihe ngosi nka nke ethnology Africa ma ghara ịnata nlebara anya pụrụ iche n'aka ndị ethnologists. N'ọtụtụ n'ime nchịkọta ndị a, ọgaranya nke ihe onwunwe kpuchiri ihe osise ha, ma furu efu, ọ bụghị ihe a na-adịghị ahụkebe, na mgbalị ndị e mere maka ịkọwa ya.^[10]^[11] Art/Artifact, ihe ngosi nke Susan Vogel haziri na 1988, gosipụtara ihe 160 nke nka na ethnology ahọpụtara site na Buffalo Museum of Science, Hampton University Museum (Virginia), na American Museum of Natural History (New York City). Ha atọ bụ ebe ngosi nka nke anthropology nke e guzobere na 1860s na nchịkọta ndị pụrụ iche nke Africa. Ihe ngosi ahụ nyochara nkọwa na-agbanwe agbanwe nke nka na ihe ochie, ma na-ekwu maka otu esi ele ihe ndị sitere na ọdịbendị ọdịnala Afrịka nke usoro nhazi ya dị iche na ọdịbendụ ọdịda anyanwụ nke oge a.

Nkà Africa na Ọdịda Anyanwụ

N'oge mmalite afọ 1900, ịma mma nke ihe osise ọdịnala nke Afrịka ghọrọ mmetụta dị ike n'etiti ndị na-ese ihe na Europe bụ ndị guzobere avant-garde na mmepe nke nka nke oge a, nke a maara dị ka "Primitivism".^[12] Na France, Henri Matisse, Pablo Picasso, na ndị enyi ha nke ụlọ akwụkwọ Paris jikọtara usoro ọgwụgwọ dị elu nke onye mmadụ na ihe ọkpụkpụ Afrịka na ụdị eserese sitere na ọrụ post-Impressionist nke Cézanne na Gauguin. Ihe osise dị larịị, ụcha ụcha, na ọdịdị Cubist nke e kewara ekewa nyere aka ịkọwa mmalite nke oge a. Ọ bụ ezie na ndị omenkà a amaghị ihe ọ bụla banyere ihe mbụ na ọrụ nke ihe ọkpụkpụ West na Central Africa ha zutere, ha kwuru na ha ghọtara ozugbo akụkụ ime mmụọ nke ihe osise ahụ ma mee ka àgwà ndị a kwekọọ na mbọ ha na-agba ịgafe ọdịdị nke akọwapụtara nka ọdịda anyanwụ kemgbe Renaissance.^[12]

Ndị na-ese ihe na Germany dị ka Ernst Ludwig Kirchner nke otu Die Brücke (The Bridge), nke dị na Dresden na Berlin, jikọtara ihe mara mma nke Afrịka na mmetụta uche nke ụda na mgbagwoju anya, iji gosipụta nchegbu nke ndụ nke oge a, ebe Paul Klee nke Blaue Reiter (Blue Rider) na Munich mepụtara ihe oyiyi ihe atụ.^[12] Mmasị ndị Expressionists na nka na-abụghị nke ọdịda anyanwụ siri ike mgbe ngosi Gauguin nke 1910 na Dresden, ebe òtù ndị na-eme ihe nkiri nke oge a na Ịtali, England, na United States malitere itinye aka na nka Africa site na kọntaktị ya na ndị na-ese ihe na School of Paris. Ndị na-ese ihe, ndị na-ere ahịa ha, na ndị nkatọ na-eduga n'oge ahụ so na ndị Europe mbụ na-anakọta ihe ọkpụkpụ Afrịka maka uru mara mma ha.

Nchịkọta America

Ihe ngosi Armory nke 1913 mkpa oge dị mkpa maka avant-garde nke America. Ihe ngosi nke ihe dị ka ọrụ 1,300, ọ mere ka ndị na-ege ntĩ na New York mara ihe dịka Cubism, Fauvism na Futurism, yana ọrụ nke ndị na-ese ihe na Europe Pablo Picasso, Henri Matisse na Marcel Duchamp. The Armory Show na nkwalite nke Modernism aka aka akwado uto na akara nka Africa na New York.

N'ụzọ doro anya, na 1914 ụlọ ihe ngosi nke New York webatara ndị na-ege ha ihe ọkpụkpụ nke Africa: Robert J. Coady's Washington Square Gallery nke mepere na Alfred Stieglitz's well-stablished Little Galleries of the Photo-Secession . Stieglitz mere ihe ngosi na 1914 nke raara onwe ya nye kpamkpam maka ihe ndị dị n'Africa dịka ọrụ nka.

New York City jiri enyemaka mee onwe ya ka ọ bụrụ etiti maka nka Africa. N'ime afọ 1915-19, ndị na-ere ahihia America akara ihe ndị Afrịka dị ka nka nye otu ndị na-anakọta ihe. N'etiti ndị na-ere akara, onye na-ese ihe na Mexico bụ Marius de Zayas (1880-1961) bụ onye na-enyere ụfọdụ ndị na-anakọta ihe osise nke oge a aka, Walter na Louise Arensberg, John Quinn , na Agnes na Eugene Meyer, iji wuo nchịkọta nka ha n'Africa. N'oge afọ afọ 1920, ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ America nke imeghe ọnụ ụzọ ha maka nka Africa.

Ebe Ngosi Ihe Mgbe Ochie nke Brooklyn

N'afọ 1903, Stewart Culin (1858-1929) ibu onye nchoputa nke Ngalaba Ethnology na Museum nke Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences, ugbu a Brooklyn Museum. Culin, onye na-enyere onwe ya, wuru ntọala nke nchịkọta anọ maka Ebe Ngosi Ihe Mgbe Ochie, na-enweta ihe ndị na-enye anya edi Africa, Eshia, American Indian, na Eastern Europe. Culin so na ndị mbụ mbụ aha aha ebe ngosi ihe ochie mgbe dị ka ụdị nka. Ọ bụkwa otu n'ime ndị mbụ egwu nchịkọta ethnological dị ka ihe nka, ọ bụghị dị ka ihe atụ ethnographic. A na-egosi usoro a na ngosi ya "Primitive Negro Art, Chiefly from the Belgian Congo". Ihe ngosi ahụ meghere n'onye nanarị 1923, ma ihe ihe ndị Afrịka ọ a na Europe n'aka ndị na-ere ahihia.

Barnes Foundation

Albert Barnes bụ otu n'ime ndị America mbụ na-anakọta ihe iji họrọ nchịkọta nke ihe ọkpụkpụ Afrịka ikike na uru mara mma. N'afọ 1923, a afọ tupu Barnes Foundation mbụ na Merion, Pennsylvania, Barnes dere, "Mgbe ntọala ahụ meghere, nka ojii ga-enwe ọnọdụ n'etiti nnukwu ike nke oge niile". Site na nkwalite ya nke ntọala nke ihe ọkpụkpụ Africa mkpa na-akpa ya, Barnes n'onwe ya keere òkè dị mkpa n'ịkwalite ekele maka nka Africa na United States na-akpa afọ nke iri abụọ.

Ebe ndebe ihe ochie nke nka oge ochie na Metropolitan Museum of Art

N'ịbụ nke Nelson A. Rockefeller na Rene d'Harnoncourt na 1954, Museum of Primitive Art bụ ebe ngosi nka mbụ nke onwe ya gosipụtara na onyekọta ọrụ nka sitere na Africa, Oceania, na ihe maka uru mara mma ma ịbụ ịbụ abụ. akwụkwọ ethnographic ma ọ bụ ihe nrite nke ndị dị iche. Ebe ngosi mgbe ochie ahụ mechiri na 1974, e wegara nchịkọta ya, ndị ọrụ ya na ọbá akwụkwọ ya na Metropolitan Museum of Art dịka iche dị n'etiti Rockefeller na Met na 1969. Ebe ngosi nka oge ochie bụ n'ọtụtụ ụzọ ihe. sitere na Museum of Modern Art (MoMA). Ọ dị kpọmkwem n'azụ MoMA ma wuo ya na ala Rockefeller. Rockefeller bụ onye isi oche nke MoMA na d'Harnoncourt bụ onye ntụziaka ya. Ihe ngosi nke MoMA na 1935 African Negro Art nwere ike n'ịkpụzi onye ntụziaka nke Museum of Primitive Art. Taa, a na-edebe ihe ngosi nka nke oge ochie na Metropolitan Michael C. Rockefeller Wing.

National Museum of African Art

The National Museum of African Art na Washington D.C. bụ Warren M. Robbins akara na 1964 dị ka obere nchịkọta onwe onye. N'afọ 1979, Smithsonian Institution weghaara ahụ nchịkọta, nke dị ihe dị ka ihe 8,000 n'oge ahụ, ma ugbu a, ọ dị n'etiti ma ọ na ọ dị n'okpuru ala na National Mall.

Nsogbu nke ngosipụta

Ọtụtụ ndị ọkachamara na ndị na-arụ ọrụ rịtarịta ụka ikiri nke ụzọ dị iche nke ngosi nka Africa na ebe ihe mgbe ochie nke iche iche. N'ozuzu, ndị dọkịta na-egosi na ngosi nka bụ, ma na-aga n'ihu, na-ekwekọghị na ọnọdụ nke ọtụtụ nka omenala Afrịka sitere na ya. Ihe na-esonụ sitere na Kathleen Bickford Berzock na Christa Clarke na-ewebata akwụkwọ ha Representing Africa in American Art Museum na-mpụta ihe ihe eji akara akwụkwọ a: Ndị na-eme ngagharị iwe na Pan-African dị ka Mwazulu Diyabanza na Front Multi Culturel Anti-Spoliation (Multicultural Front Against Pillage) emeela ihe megide ebe ngosi ihe mgbe ochie Europe, na-ewere ihe site na nchịkọta ha na-ekwu na ọ bụ nke Africa.^[13]

Ihe osise Afrịka mgbe afọ 1980 gasịrị

N'afọ 1980, usoro nhazi nke ịnakọta na igosipụta nka akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Afrịka na-aga n'ihu na nka ka ukwuu, na-agbasawanye nkọwa, na ọchịchọ maka ọnọdụ.

Arụmụka ndị na-ahụ maka nlekọta na-agba gburugburu ajụjụ banyere ebe a ga-etinye ókèala n'etiti ọdịnala na nke oge a, n'etiti ndị Afrịka na ndị Afrịka bi na Amerịka na Europe, yana n'etiti nka ndịda Sahara na North Africa. N'ọnọdụ ụfọdụ, a na-egosipụta ọrụ ọdịnala na nke oge a, omume nke malitere na ngosi "Astonishment and Power: Kingo Minkisi & the Art of Renee Stout" na National Museum of African Art na Washington, D.C. Otú ọ dị, a katọrọ ihe ngosi a maka ịtụ aro ọdịbendị na-aga n'ihu n'etiti nka Africa na nka Africa-America taa ka ọ na-eleghara ọdịiche ọdịbendị dị mkpa n'etiti ọrụ abụọ a anya.^[14]^[15] Onye na-ese ihe na Benin bụ Meschac Gaba tinyere ihe ngosi nke afọ 2013 "Museum of Contemporary African Art" na Tate Modern zaghachiri n'eziokwu ahụ bụ na ọ nweghị ebe ngosi nka nke oge a.^[16] Na Septemba, 2017, Zeitz Museum of Contemporary Art Africa meghere na Cape Town, South Africa.^[17]

Ihe edeturu

1. ^ N'afọ 1903, e guzobere Njikọ nke Alaeze Ukwu na England na ebumnuche nke ime ka ụmụaka si n'akụkụ dị iche iche nke Alaeze Ukwo na-emekọrịta ihe site na akwụkwọ ozi, nkuzi na mgbanwe. Otu ìgwè pụrụ iche nke ndị nduzi ihe ngosi nka na ndị ọrụ na-eduzi obere kọmitii nke Njikọ akpọrọ 'School Museum Committee'.

Ihe odide

↑ History: From Congo Museum to RMCA. Royal Museum for Central Africa. Archived from the original on 3 November 2013. Retrieved on 8 October 2013.
↑ Girshick Ben-Amos (1995). The Art of Benin. Smithsonian. ISBN 1560986107.
↑ Jean Paul Crespelle, The Fauves, tr. Anita Brookner, Greenwich, Connecticut: New York Graphic Society, 1962, p. 114.
↑ Mallo (1992). Art of Black Africa: The Glendonwyn Collection. ISBN 9788460446194.
↑ (2017) in Sladojević: Nyimpa kor ndzidzi: (Re)conceptualisation of the Museum of African Art. Belgrade: Museum of African Art. ISBN 978-86-85249-21-1.
↑ About the Museum. Museum of African Art. Retrieved on 23 February 2021.
↑ Hickley (2020-10-08). The Netherlands: Museums confront the country's colonial past (en). UNESCO. Archived from the original on 2020-11-01. Retrieved on 2021-04-19.
↑ Coombes (1997). Reinventing Africa : museums, material culture and popular imagination in late Victorian and Edwardian England, 2nd pr, New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 0300068905.
↑ (September 1904) "none". Museums Journal 4.
↑ Culin (1923). "Negro art". Brooklyn Museum Quarterly 10 (3).
↑ Siegmann (2009). African art a century at the Brooklyn Museum. Brooklyn, NY: Brooklyn Museum. ISBN 9780872731639.
↑ ^12.0 ^12.1 ^12.2 Denise (April 2008). African Influences in Modern Art. Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. The Metropolitan Museum of Art.
↑ Feiger. "Colonizers Stole Africa's Art; This Man Is Taking It Back", Vice, 22 September 2020. Retrieved on 8 February 2021.
↑ Atwood. "African Art: Beyond the Masks", ARTnews, 17 September 2012. Retrieved on 16 October 2013.
↑ Cotter. "ART VIEW; Art That's Valued for What It Can Do", The New York Times, 18 July 1993. Retrieved on 16 October 2013.
↑ Museum of Contemporary African Art. Archived from the original on 2013-03-07. Retrieved on 2013-10-17.
↑ Almino (2017-09-22). A closer look at Africa's first contemporary art museum (en-US). Hyperallergic. Archived from the original on 2017-09-22. Retrieved on 2021-04-25.

[Royal_Museum_for_Central_Africa-1] History: From Congo Museum to RMCA. Royal Museum for Central Africa. Archived from the original on 3 November 2013. Retrieved on 8 October 2013.

[2] Girshick Ben-Amos (1995). The Art of Benin. Smithsonian. ISBN 1560986107.

[3] Jean Paul Crespelle, The Fauves, tr. Anita Brookner, Greenwich, Connecticut: New York Graphic Society, 1962, p. 114.

[4] Mallo (1992). Art of Black Africa: The Glendonwyn Collection. ISBN 9788460446194.

[5] (2017) in Sladojević: Nyimpa kor ndzidzi: (Re)conceptualisation of the Museum of African Art. Belgrade: Museum of African Art. ISBN 978-86-85249-21-1.

[6] About the Museum. Museum of African Art. Retrieved on 23 February 2021.

[7] Hickley (2020-10-08). The Netherlands: Museums confront the country's colonial past (en). UNESCO. Archived from the original on 2020-11-01. Retrieved on 2021-04-19.

[Coombes_1997-8] Coombes (1997). Reinventing Africa : museums, material culture and popular imagination in late Victorian and Edwardian England, 2nd pr, New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 0300068905.

[9] (September 1904) "none". Museums Journal 4.

[Culin_1923-10] Culin (1923). "Negro art". Brooklyn Museum Quarterly 10 (3).

[Siegmann_2009-11] Siegmann (2009). African art a century at the Brooklyn Museum. Brooklyn, NY: Brooklyn Museum. ISBN 9780872731639.

[Murrell,_African_Influences-12] 12.0 ^12.1 ^12.2 Denise (April 2008). African Influences in Modern Art. Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. The Metropolitan Museum of Art.

[13] Feiger. "Colonizers Stole Africa's Art; This Man Is Taking It Back", Vice, 22 September 2020. Retrieved on 8 February 2021.

[Atwood_ARTnews-14] Atwood. "African Art: Beyond the Masks", ARTnews, 17 September 2012. Retrieved on 16 October 2013.

[Cotter_1993-15] Cotter. "ART VIEW; Art That's Valued for What It Can Do", The New York Times, 18 July 1993. Retrieved on 16 October 2013.

[16] Museum of Contemporary African Art. Archived from the original on 2013-03-07. Retrieved on 2013-10-17.

[17] Almino (2017-09-22). A closer look at Africa's first contemporary art museum (en-US). Hyperallergic. Archived from the original on 2017-09-22. Retrieved on 2021-04-25.

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