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Ijikọ ụwa ọnụ

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Njikọ gburugburu ebe obibi na-ezo aka n'omume na ụkpụrụ mba ụwa (nke a na-ahụkarị n'ụdị nkwekọrịta mba ụwa) gbasara nchedo gburugburu ebe obibi.[1][2] Ihe atụ nke ijikọ gburugburu ebe obibi ga-abụ usoro nkwekọrịta nkwekọrịta International Tropical Timber (1983, 1994, 2006), na-eguzobe International Tropical Wood Organization ma na-akwalite nlekọta na-adịgide adịgide nke oké ọhịa okpomọkụ. Njikọ gburugburu ebe obibi na-enwekarị nkwado site na òtù ndị na-abụghị gọọmentị na gọọmentị nke mba ndị mepere emepe, mana gọọmentị mba ndị na-emepe emepe na-emegide ya nke na-ahụ atụmatụ gburugburu ebe obibi dị ka ihe na-egbochi mmepe akụ na ụba ha.

Nkọwa na njirimara

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Karl S. Zimmerer kọwara ya dị ka "ọrụ na-abawanye ụba na ụlọ ọrụ nchịkwa a haziri n'ụwa niile, usoro ihe ọmụma na nlekota, na atụmatụ ndị a haziri ahazi maka ihe onwunwe, ike, na nsogbu nchekwa".[1] Alan Grainger dere na enwere ike ịghọta ya dị ka "otu ebe na afọ ojuju na-arịwanye elu na omume nchịkwa gburugburu ebe obibi".[2] Steven Yearley zoro aka n'echiche a dị ka "ịgbasa ụwa nke nchegbu gburugburu ebe obibi".[3] Grainger kwukwara na nyocha nke Clark (2000), nke o kwuru na ọ bụ ọgwụgwọ mbụ nke echiche ahụ, ma kọwaa akụkụ atọ nke ijikọ gburugburu ebe obibi: "njem zuru ụwa ọnụ nke ike, ihe na ihe ndị dị ndụ; nhazi na nnabata zuru ụwa ọnụ banyere echiche banyere gburugburu ebe obibi ụwa; na ọchịchị gburugburu ebe obibi" (weebụ na-eto eto nke ụlọ ọrụ na-emetụta gburugburu ebe obibi zuru ụwa ọnụ).[4]

Njikọ gburugburu ebe obibi nwere njikọ na ijikọ akụ na ụba, dịka mmepe akụ na ụba n'ụwa niile nwere mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi na ụdị ahụ, nke na-echegbu ọtụtụ òtù na ndị mmadụ n'otu n'otu.[2][5] Ọ bụ ezie na ijikọ ụwa ọnụ na-enwe mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi, ekwesighi ịgbagwoju mmetụta ndị ahụ anya na echiche nke ijikọ gburugburu ebe obibi.[4] N'akụkụ ụfọdụ, ijikọ ụwa ọnụ gburugburu ebe obibi na-emegide ijikọ akụ na ụba, ọkachasị mgbe a kọwara nke ikpeazụ dị ka ihe na-agba ume azụmahịa, na nke mbụ, dị ka ịkwalite atụmatụ gburugburu ebe obibi nke na-egbochi azụmahịa.[6] N'ihi nke ahụ, onye na-ahụ maka gburugburu ebe obibi nwere ike imegide ijikọ ụwa ọnụ n'ụzọ akụ na ụba, mana ọ na-akwado ijikọ gburugburu ebe obibi.[7]

Akụkọ ihe mere eme

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Grainger ekwuola na ijikọ gburugburu ebe obibi n'ihe gbasara nkwekọrịta mba ụwa gbasara atụmatụ gburugburu ebe obibi. Dị ka o si kwuo, enwere ike ịchọta ndị na-ebute ụzọ na ijikọ gburugburu ebe obibi nke oge a n'oge ọchịchị ndị ọchịchị na-achị ọhịa sayensị (nnyocha banyere otu esi emepụta ma weghachite ọhịa).[8] Ihe omume nke oge a na-enye aka na ijikọ gburugburu ebe obibi gụnyere 1972 United Nations Conference on the Human Environment, sitere na World Bank 1980s chọrọ na ọrụ mmepe chọrọ iji chebe ụmụ amaala ma chekwaa ụdị dị iche iche.[9][10] Ihe atụ ndị ọzọ nke atụmatụ dị otú ahụ gụnyere nkwekọrịta dịka usoro nkwekọrịta nkwekọrịta osisi nke International Tropical (1983, 1994, 2006).[9][11] Ya mere, n'adịghị ka ụdị ndị ọzọ dị mkpa nke ijikọ ụwa ọnụ n'ụzọ akụ na ụba, ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na ọdịbendị nke siri ike na narị afọ nke 19, ijikọ gburugburu ebe obibi bụ ihe na-adịbeghị anya, nke malitere n'ụzọ siri ike naanị na ọkara ikpeazụ nke narị afọ nke 20.[12] N'otu aka ahụ, Steven Yearley na-ekwu na ọ bụ n'oge ahụ ka mmegharị gburugburu ebe obibi malitere ịhazi na mba ụwa na-elekwasị anya na mpaghara ụwa nke nsogbu ndị ahụ (emere ememe ụbọchị ụwa mbụ na 1970).[6]

Ndị na-akwado ya na ndị na-emegide ya

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Dị ka Grainger si kwuo, ijikọ gburugburu ebe obibi (n'ụdị atụmatụ mba ụwa na-akwado gburugburu ebe obibi) na-enwekarị nkwado nke òtù dị iche iche na-abụghị gọọmentị na gọọmentị nke mba ndị mepere emepe, ma na-emegide gọọmentị mba ndị na-emepe emepe (Òtù[11][13] nke 77), nke na-ahụ atụmatụ gburugburu ebe obibi dị ka ihe na-egbochi mmepe akụ na ụba ha.[10][14][15] Mmegide gọọmentị na-eguzogide ijikọ gburugburu ebe obibi na-ewere ụdị ma ọ bụ iwu mgbagwoju anya (nke mba ndị bịanyere aka na nkwekọrịta mba ụwa na-akwado gburugburu ebe obibi ma mee iwu na-akwado mpaghara, mana ha wee gaa n'ihu ịghara itinye ha n'ọrụ) na mmegide n'otu n'otu na forums dị ka United Nations na ọrụ ndị ga-ewebata iwu siri ike ma ọ bụ ụlọ ọrụ ọhụrụ na-ahụ maka nsogbu gburugburu ebe obibi n'ụwa niile (dị ka mmegide nkwekọrịta nchedo ọhịa n'oge Earth Summit na 1992, nke mechara belata site na nkwekọ na nkwekorita na nkwekụba iwu na-adịghị agbanye n'ụba iwu ọhịa).[10][13][14][15]

A katọwokwa Òtù Azụmaahịa Ụwa dị ka ndị lekwasịrị anya na ijikọ akụ na ụba ụwa (ịtọhapụ azụmahịa) maka nchegbu banyere nchedo gburugburu ebe obibi, nke a na-ahụ dị ka ihe na-egbochi azụmahịa ahụ.[11][14][16][17] Steven Yearley na-ekwu na ekwesighi ịkọwa WTO dị ka "onye na-emegide gburugburu ebe obibi", mana mkpebi ya nwere mmetụta dị ukwuu na gburugburu ebe obibi n'ụwa niile, ha dabere na nchegbu akụ na ụba, na nchegbu gburugburu ebe obibi na-enye ya ibu nke abụọ.[18]

Hụkwa

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  • Ebe okike
  • Nzukọ mgbanwe ihu igwe nke United Nations
  • Ijikọ ụwa ọnụ
  • Òtù gburugburu ebe obibi mba ụwa (category)

Ihe odide

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  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Karl S. Zimmerer (2006). Globalization & New Geographies of Conservation. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-98344-8. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Alan Grainger (31 October 2013). "Environmental Globalization and Tropical Forests", in Jan Oosthoek: The Globalization of Environmental Crisis. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-317-96896-2. 
  3. ↑ Steve Yearly (15 April 2008). "Globalization and the Environment", in George Ritzer: The Blackwell Companion to Globalization. John Wiley & Sons, 246. ISBN 978-0-470-76642-2. 
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Grainger (1 January 2012). "Environmental Globalization", The Wiley-Blackwell Encyclopedia of Globalization (in en). John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. DOI:10.1002/9780470670590.wbeog170. ISBN 9780470670590. 
  5. ↑ John Benyon (1 May 2014). Globalization: The Reader. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-136-78240-4. 
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Steve Yearly (15 April 2008). "Globalization and the Environment", in George Ritzer: The Blackwell Companion to Globalization. John Wiley & Sons, 240. ISBN 978-0-470-76642-2. 
  7. ↑ Betty Dobratz (14 October 2015). Power, Politics, and Society: An Introduction to Political Sociology. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-317-34529-9. 
  8. ↑ Alan Grainger (31 October 2013). "Environmental Globalization and Tropical Forests", in Jan Oosthoek: The Globalization of Environmental Crisis. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-317-96896-2. 
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Alan Grainger (31 October 2013). "Environmental Globalization and Tropical Forests", in Jan Oosthoek: The Globalization of Environmental Crisis. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-317-96896-2. 
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 Alan Grainger (31 October 2013). "Environmental Globalization and Tropical Forests", in Jan Oosthoek: The Globalization of Environmental Crisis. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-317-96896-2. 
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 Alan Grainger (31 October 2013). "Environmental Globalization and Tropical Forests", in Jan Oosthoek: The Globalization of Environmental Crisis. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-317-96896-2. 
  12. ↑ Peter N. Stearns (20 October 2009). Globalization in World History. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-135-25993-8. 
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 Alan Grainger (31 October 2013). "Environmental Globalization and Tropical Forests", in Jan Oosthoek: The Globalization of Environmental Crisis. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-317-96896-2. 
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 Alan Grainger (31 October 2013). "Environmental Globalization and Tropical Forests", in Jan Oosthoek: The Globalization of Environmental Crisis. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-317-96896-2. 
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 Alan Grainger (31 October 2013). "Environmental Globalization and Tropical Forests", in Jan Oosthoek: The Globalization of Environmental Crisis. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-317-96896-2. 
  16. ↑ Steve Yearly (15 April 2008). "Globalization and the Environment", in George Ritzer: The Blackwell Companion to Globalization. John Wiley & Sons, 247. ISBN 978-0-470-76642-2. 
  17. ↑ Steve Yearly (15 April 2008). "Globalization and the Environment", in George Ritzer: The Blackwell Companion to Globalization. John Wiley & Sons, 248. ISBN 978-0-470-76642-2. 
  18. ↑ Steve Yearly (15 April 2008). "Globalization and the Environment", in George Ritzer: The Blackwell Companion to Globalization. John Wiley & Sons, 250. ISBN 978-0-470-76642-2. 


Templeeti:Globalization

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