Ikike nguzogide nke gburugburu ebe obibi

Temperate lake and Mulga woodland — Lake and Mulga ecosystems with alternative stable states^[1]

Na gburugburu ebe obibi, ikike nguzogidesi ike bụ ikike nke gburugburu ụlọ iji meghachi omume na nsogbu ma ọ bụ nsogbu site na iguzogide mmebi na ịgbake ngwa ngwa. Mgbagwoju anya na nsogbu ndị dị otú ahụ nwere ike ịgụnye ihe omume ndị na-adịghị mma dịka ọkụ, idei mmiri, oké ifufe, mgbawa nke ụmụ ahụhụ, na ọrụ ụmụ mmadụ dị ka mgbukpọ ọhịa, ịkpụ ala maka iwepụta mmanụ, ọgwụ ahụhụ a na'ala, yana iwebata ụdị osisi ma ọ bụ anụmanụ. Nsogbu nke oke ma ọ bụ ogologo oge nwere ike imetụta usoro okike nke ukwuu ma nwee ike ịmanye usoro gburugburu ebe obibi iru ọnụ ụzọ nke usoro na usoro dị iche iche na-achịkwa. Mgbe a na-ejikọta ọnụ ụzọ dị otú ahụ na ebe dị oke egwu ma ọ bụ ebe abụọ, a pụkwara ịkpọ mgbanwe ọchịchị ndị a dị ka mgbanwe dị egwu.^[2]

Ọrụ ụmụ mmadụ nke na-emetụta ike gburugburu ebe obibi dị ka mbelata nke ụdị dị iche iche, mmebi nke ihe ndị sitere n'okike, mmetọ, ojiji ala, na mgbanwe ihu igwe sitere na mmadụ na'ụzọ na na - na a na Nkwurịta okwu interdisciplinary banyere resilience ugbu a na-agụnye ịtụle mmekọrịta nke ụmụ mmadụ na gburugburu ebe obibi site na usoro mmekọrịta ọha na eze, na mkpa maka mgbanwe site n'ụdị mmepụta kachasị elu gaa na njikwa akụ na ụba gburugburu ụlọ na nchịkwa gburugburuebe obibi, nke na'ezube iwulite ristience gburugburu n"ụzọ nyocha nke rustience, njirimara mgbanwe, yana ọchịchị mgbanwe. Mgbanwe gburugburu ebe obibi akpaliwo ngalaba ndị ọzọ ma na-aga n'ihu na ịma aka n"ụzọ ha si akọwa mgbochi, dịka mgbagha nke usoro inye ihe.

Nkọwa

Akụkọ nyocha nke isii nke IPCC na-akọwa ike dị ka, ọ bụghị naanị ikike ịnọgide na na'ọrụ dị mkpa, njirimara na nhazi, kamakwa ikike maka mgbanwe. IPCC na-atụle ike ịnagide ma n'ihe gbasara mgbake gburugburu ebe obibi yana mgbakwunye na ime mgbanwe nke ọha mmadụ na ọdachi ndị na'okike.^[3]

Echiche nke ike na usoro gburugburu ebe obibi bụ nke mbụ onye Canada na-ahụ maka gburugburu ụlọ C.S. Holling gosipụtara iji kọwaa nnọgidesi ike nke usoro okike n'ihu mgbanwe na mgbanwe gburugburu ihe dị iche iche n"ihi ihe okpomọkụ ma ọ bụ ihe sitere n " mmadụ. A kọwaala ike ịnagide n'ụzọ abụọ n"akwụkwọ gbasara gburugburu ebe obibi:

dị ka oge achọrọ maka usoro okike iji laghachi na nguzozi ma ọ bụ ọnọdụ kwụsiri ike na-esote nsogbu (nke ụfọdụ ndị edemede kọwakwara dị wa nkwụsi ike). A na-eji nkọwa a nke resilience eme ihe na ngalaba ndị ọzọ dị ka physics na injinia, ya mere Holling akpọwo ya rsilience.
dị ka "ikike nke usoro iji mịrị nsogbu ma hazie mgbe ọ na-agbanwe agbanwe ka o wee nọgide na'otu ọrụ ahụ, nhazi, njirimara, na nzaghachi".

A na-akpọ nkọwa nke abụọ ahụ resilience ecological, ọ na'echiche ịdị adị nke ọtụtụ steeti ma ọ bụ ọchịchị kwụsiri ike.

Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ụfọdụ ọdọ mmiri na-emighị emi nwere ike ịdị n'ime ma ọ bụ ọchịchị mmiri doro anya, nke na-enye ọtụtụ ọrụ gburugburu ebe obibi, ma ọ bụ usoro mmiri na-adịghị mma, nke na-enye ọrụ gburugburu ebe obibi na-ebelata ma nwee ike ịmịpụta algae na-egbu egbu. Ọchịchị ma ọ bụ steeti na-adabere na okirikiri mmiri nke phosphorus, na usoro nke ọ bụla nwere ike ịdịgide adịgide dabere na gburugburu ebe obibi na njikwa ọdọ ahụ.

N'otu aka ahụ, ọhịa Mulga nke Australia nwere ike ịdị na ọchịchị ahịhịa jupụtara na nke na-akwado ịzụ atụrụ, ma ọ bụ ọchịchị osisi na ya nke enweghị uru maka ịzụ anụ atụrụ. Mgbanwe nke usoro na-akpali site na mmekọrịta nke ọkụ, herbivory, na mmiri ozuzo na'agbanwe agbanwe. Steeti ọ bụla nwere ike ịnagide dabere na njikwa.

Echiche

Ọkwa atọ nke panarchy, okirikiri mgbanwe atọ, na njikọ abụọ dị n'etiti (ncheta na nnupụisi)

Ndị na-ahụ maka gburugburu ebe obibi Brian Walker, C S Holling na ndị ọzọ na'akọwa akụkụ anọ dị oke egwu nke ntachi obi: latitude, nguzogide, enweghị nchebe, na panarchy.

Atọ mbụ nwere ike itinye aka na usoro dum ma ọ bụ usoro ndị mejupụtara ya.

Latitude: ọnụ ọgụgụ kachasị elu a ga-agbanwe usoro tupu ọ tụfuo ikike ya ịgbake (tupu ọ gafee ọnụ ụzọ nke, ma ọ bụrụ na emebie, na-eme ka mgbake sie ike maọbụ ghara ikwe omume).
Nnọgidesi ike: ịdị mfe ma ọ bụ ihe isi ike nke ịgbanwe usoro ahụ; otu esi agbanwe ya.
Mgbagwoju anya: otú ọnọdụ dị ugbu a nke usoro ahụ si dị nso na njedebe ma ọ bụ ọnụ ụzọ..
Panarchy: ogo nke otu ọkwa nke gburugburu ebe obibi na-emetụta ọkwa ndị ọzọ. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ihe ndị dị ndụ na-ebi n'obodo ndị kewapụrụ onwe ha nwere ike ịhazi n"ụzọ dị iche site nʼotu ụdị ihe dị gburugburu na ya na'ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu, ya mere, mmekọrịta nke obodo na na.

Njikọ chiri anya na resilience bụ ikike ime mgbanwe, nke bụ ihe onwunwe nke gburugburu ebe obibi nke na-akọwa mgbanwe na ebe nkwụsi ike na ume. Ikike ime mgbanwe na usoro mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na-ezo aka n'ikike ụmụ mmadụ nwere ịnagide mgbanwe gburugburu ebe obibi ha site na nyocha, mmụta na ịgbanwe mmekọrịta ha.

Mmetụta mmadụ na-emetụta

Nkwụgidesi ike na-ezo aka nkwụsi ike nke gburugburu ebe obibi yana ikike nke ịnabata ọgbaghara na iweghachi onwe ya. Ọ bụrụ na ọgbaghara ahụ nwere oke ma ọ bụ ogologo oge zuru oke, enwere ike iru ọnụ ụzọ ebe usoro gburugburu ebe obibi na-eme mgbanwe ọchịchị, ikekwe na-adịgide adịgide. Iji ngwaahịa na ọrụ gburugburu ebe obibi na-adịgide adịgide chọrọ nghọta na nleba anya maka nkwụsi ike nke gburugburu ebe obibi na oke ya. Otú ọ dị, ihe ndị na-emetụta nkwụsi ike nke gburugburu ebe obibi dị mgbagwoju anya. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ihe dị iche iche dị ka okirikiri mmiri, ọmụmụ, ụdị ndụ dị iche iche, ụdị osisi dị iche iche na ihu igwe, na-emekọrịta ihe nke ọma ma na-emetụta usoro dị iche iche.

Enwere ọtụtụ mpaghara ebe ọrụ mmadụ na-emetụta ma dabere na nkwụghachi nke gburugburu ebe obibi nke ụwa, mmiri na mmiri. Ndị a gụnyere ọrụ ugbo, igbukpọ osisi, mmetọ, ogbunigwe, ntụrụndụ, ịkụ azụ̀ karịrị akarị, ikpofu ihe mkpofu n'oké osimiri na mgbanwe ihu igwe.

Ọrụ ugbo

Enwere ike ịhụ ọrụ ugbo dị ka ihe atụ dị ịrịba ama nke a ga-atụle ike nke gburugburu ebe obibi nke ala. Ihe ndị dị n'ime ala (ihe ndị sitere na carbon na nitrogen) n"imeala, nke a na-eche na ọtụtụ osisi ga-agbanyeghachi ya, bụ isi ihe na'ahụ maka uto ihe ọkụkụ. N'otu oge ahụ, ọrụ ugbo siri ike na nzaghachi maka mkpa nri zuru ụwa ọnụ na ụkọ na-agụnye iwepụ ahịhịa na itinye fatịlaịza iji mụbaa mmepụta nri. Otú ọ dị, n'ihi mmụba nke ọrụ ugbo na itinye ọgwụ herbicides iji chịkwaa ahịhịa, fatịlaịza iji mee ka uto ihe ọkụkụ na ọgwụ ahụhụ iji gbochie ụmụ ahụhụ, a na-ebelata ụdị dị iche iche nke osisi dị ka ihe ndị dị ndụ iji weghachite ihe oriri ala ma gbozie nsị. Nke a na-eduga na mbelata nke ala na mmepụta ihe. Omume ọrụ ugbo ndị ọzọ na-adịgide adịgide ga-eburu n'uche ma tụọ atụmatụ ike nke ala ma nyochaa ma dozie ntinye na mmepụta nke ihe ndị dị ndụ.

Mgbukpọsị oké ọhịa

Okwu a bụ mgbukpọ ọhịa nwere ihe ọ pụtara nke na-ekpuchi ịgafe ọnụ ụzọ nke ike nke ọhịa na ịhapụ ikike ya ịlaghachi n'ọnọdụ mbụ ya. Iji gbakee n'onwe ya, gburugburu oke ọhịa chọrọ mmekọrịta dị mma n'etiti ọnọdụ ihu igwe na ihe ndị dị ndụ, yana mpaghara zuru oke. Tụkwasị na nke ahụ, n'ozuzu, nkwụghachi nke usoro ọhịa na-enye ohere mgbake site na obere mmebi (dịka àmụmà ma ọ bụ ala) nke ruru pasent ịrị nke mpaghara ya. Ka ọnụ ọgụgụ nke mmebi ahụ buru ibu, otú ahụ ka ọ na-esikwu ike maka ihe ndị dị ndụ n'oké ọhịa iji weghachi ma nọgide na-enwe nguzozi ya.

Igbukpọsị osisi na-ebelatakwa ụdị dị iche iche nke ma osisi na anụmanụ ma nwee ike ibute mgbanwe nke ọnọdụ ihu igwe nke mpaghara dum. Dị ka IPCC Sixth Assessment Report si kwuo, carbon anwuru n'ihi iji ala na mgbanwe iji ala eme ihe na-abụkarị site na igbutu osisi, si otú ahụ na-amụba ogologo oge nke ihe ndị dị ndụ n'ọhịa na ụkọ mmiri ozuzo na mgbanwe ihu igwe ndị ọzọ kpatara..^[4] Mgbukpọsị oké ọhịa nwekwara ike iduga na mkpochapụ nke ụdị, nke nwere ike inwe mmetụta domino karịsịa mgbe ewepụrụ ụdị isi ma ọ bụ mgbe e wepụrụ ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ukwuu nke Ụdị ma tụfuo ọrụ gburugburu ebe obibi ha.

Mgbanwe ihu igwe

Akọwara nkwụgidesi ike nke ihu igwe dị ka "ikike nke ọha mmadụ, akụ na ụba na gburugburu ebe obibi iji nagide ihe omume dị ize ndụ ma ọ bụ omume ma ọ bụ ọgba aghara". A na-eme nke a site na "ịzaghachi ma ọ bụ ịhazigharị n'ụzọ ga-ejigide ọrụ dị mkpa, njirimara na nhazi ha dị mkpa. (yana ihe dị iche iche dị iche iche dị iche iche n'ihe gbasara gburugburu ebe obibi) ebe na-ejikwa ikike ime mgbanwe, mmụta na mgbanwe" Isi ihe na-elekwasị anya n'ịbawanye nnabata ihu igwe bụ ibelata ọnọdụ ihu igwe nke obodo, steeti, na mba nwere ugbu a. n'ihe gbasara ọtụtụ mmetụta mgbanwe ihu igwe. Mgbalị a na-eme iji wulite mgbanwe ihu igwe na-agụnye usoro mmekọrịta ọha na eze, akụ na ụba, nkà na ụzụ, na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke a na-emejuputa n'ọkwa niile nke ọha mmadụ. Site na omume obodo ruo na nkwekọrịta zuru ụwa ọnụ, ịzaghachi nkwụghachi ihu igwe na-aghọ ihe kacha mkpa, ọ bụ ezie na enwere ike ịrụ ụka na ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ukwuu nke tiori ka a ka ga-atụgharị n'ọrụ.

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Ịkụbiga azụ ókè

Òtù Nri na Ọrụ Ugbo nke Mba Ndị Dị n'Otu mere atụmatụ na ihe karịrị 70% nke azụ azụ dị n"ụwa niile bụ ndị a na-erigbu kpamkpam ma ọ bụ na ha na'ụzọ zuru ezu nke pụtara na igbubiga azụ ókè na na ọ na - na Otu n'ime mmetụta na-adịghị mma na gburugburu ebe obibi nke mmiri bụ na n"ime ọkara narị afọ gara aga, azụ ndị dị n-eri nʼụsọ oké osimiri enweela nnukwu mbelata n "n'ihi oke igbu azụ maka uru akụ na ụba ya". Blue fin tuna nọ n'ihe ize ndụ nke mkpochapụ. Mbelata nke azụ na-ebute mbelata dị iche iche nke ihe ndị dị ndụ na n'ihi ya enweghị nkwekọ na usoro nri, yana mmụba nke ọrịa.

Na mgbakwunye na ịkụbiga azụ̀, ógbè ndị dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri na-enwe mmetụta nke ọnụ ọgụgụ na-arị elu nke nnukwu ụgbọ azụ azụ ahịa na-akpata mbelata nke obere ụgbọ mmiri ime obodo. Ọtụtụ osimiri ndị dị n'ime ime obodo bụ́ isi iyi nke mmiri dị ụtọ emebiela n'ihi nbata nke mmetọ na sedimenti.

Ịwụba ihe mkpofu n'oké osimiri

Ịdọrọ mmiri abụọ ahụ na-adabere na ike nke gburugburu ebe obibi ka ọ na'eyi ya egwu. A na-emekarị ka nsị na mmetọ ndị ọzọ banye n'oké osimiri maka ọdịdị mgbasa nke oké osimiri na ọdịbendị mgbanwe na ikike maka ndụ mmiri iji dozie ihe mkpofu mmiri na ihe mmegide. Otú ọ dị, nsị na-eyi usoro okike mmiri egwu site na itinye nsí na ndụ mmiri na eutrophication.

Mmetụta mmiri na-egbu egbu

Dị ka International Maritime Organisation si kwuo, mpụga mmanụ nwere ike inwe mmetụta siri ike na ndụ mmiri. Nkwekọrịta OILPOL ghọtara na ọtụtụ mmetọ mmanụ sitere na ọrụ ụgbọ mmiri dịka ihicha tankị ibu. N'afọ ndị 1950, omume a na-emekarị bụ iji mmiri saa tankị wee tụba ngwakọta mmanụ na mmiri n'ime oké osimiri. OILPOL 54 machibidoro ịtụfu ihe mkpofu mmanụ n'ime ebe ụfọdụ site na ala na 'ebe pụrụ iche' ebe ihe ize ndụ na gburugburu ebe obibi dị oke njọ. N'afọ 1962, a gbatịkwuru ókè ahụ site na mmezigharị a nabatara na nzukọ nke IMO haziri. Ka ọ dị ugbu a, IMO na 1965 guzobere obere kọmitii na mmetọ mmanụ, n'okpuru nkwado nke kọomitii nchekwa ụgbọ mmiri ya, iji dozie nsogbu mmegide mmanụ.

Egwu nke mmanụ na-awụfu na ndụ mmiri bụ nke ndị nwere ike ịbụ ihe kpatara mmetọ ahụ, dị ka International Tanker Owners Pollution Federation ghọtara:

Usoro gburugburu ebe obibi nke mmiri dị mgbagwoju anya nke ukwuu na mgbanwe okike na nhazi ụdị, ịba ụba na nkesa bụ akụkụ bụ isi nke ọrụ ya. Ya mere oke mmebi nwere ike isi ike ịchọpụta megide mgbanwe nzụlite a. Ka o sina dị, isi ihe na-enyere aka ịghọta mmebi na mkpa ya bụ ma mmetụta mwụfu na-ebute mbelata na ọganihu ọmụmụ, mmepụta ihe, iche iche na n'ozuzu ọrụ nke usoro. Nwụfu abụghị nanị nrụgide na ebe obibi mmiri; Mmebi ime obodo na ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe na-adịghị ala ala ma ọ bụ nrigbu nke akụrụngwa ha na-enye bụkwa ihe egwu dị egwu

Eutrophication na okooko osisi algae

The Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution na-akpọ mmetọ nri na-edozi ahụ bụ nsogbu gburugburu ebe obibi na-adịghị ala ala na oke osimiri. Mwepu nke nitrogen, phosphorus, na nri ndị ọzọ na-abịa site na ọrụ ugbo, mkpofu mkpofu, mmepe n'ụsọ oké osimiri, na iji mmanụ ọkụ eme ihe. Ozugbo mmetọ ihe oriri na-edozi ahụ rutere mpaghara dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri, ọ na-akpali ịrị elu nke algae na-emerụ ahụ, nke nwere ike inwe mmetụta na-egbu egbu kpọmkwem na n'ikpeazụ mee ka ọnọdụ ikuku oxygen dị ala. Ụfọdụ ụdị algae na-egbu egbu. Mmụba nke algae ndị a na-ebute okooko osisi algal na-emerụ ahụ, bụ nke a na-akpọkarị " tides red" ma ọ bụ "agba aja aja". Zooplankton na-eri algae na-egbu egbu wee malite ịfefe nsị n'elu nri nri, na-emetụta ihe oriri dị ka clams, na-emecha na-agbago n'oké osimiri, anụ mammals na ụmụ mmadụ. Ihe si na ya pụta nwere ike ịbụ ọrịa na mgbe ụfọdụ ọnwụ

Ọganihu na-adịgide adịgide

A na-ekwukarị na a chọrọ nghọta na nkwenye dị ukwuu maka ike nke gburugburu ebe obibi iji ruo ihe mgbaru ọsọ nke mmepe na'ihu. A na-enweta nkwubi okwu yiri nke ahụ site na Perman et al. bụ ndị na'iji resilience kọwaa otu n'ime echiche 6 nke nkwado; "Ọchịchị na ya na - nke na na^[5] Sayensị na-eguzogide onwe ya anọwo na'ime afọ iri gara aga, na -agbasawanye karịa gburugburu ebe obibi iji gosipụta usoro echiche na ngalaba dịka akụ na ụba na sayensụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. Ma, ka ọtụtụ ndị mmadụ na-abanye n'obodo ndị nwere ọtụtụ mmadụ, na'iji nnukwu mmiri, ike, yana ihe ndị ọzọ, mkpa ọ dị ijikọta ọzụzụ ndị a iji tụlee ike nke usoro okike na obodo dị mkpa.^[6]

Echiche agụmakwụkwọ

Ịdabere na usoro gburugburu ebe obibi na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya enwetala nkwado ọhụrụ kemgbe ngwụcha afọ 1990 site n'aka ndị ọkà mmụta gụnyere Berkes na Folke ma melite ya na 2002 site na folke et al.^[7] Dị ka echiche nke mmepe na-adịgide adịgide agbanweela karịa ogidi 3 nke ọganihu na'adịgidere iji tinye nkwenye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ka ukwuu na mmepụta akụ na ụba. Nke a bụ mmegharị nke na-akpata nchegbu dị ukwuu na gburugburu ebe obibi na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na nke Clive Hamilton kọwara dị ka "ọganihu uto".^[8]

Ebumnuche nke ike ọgwụgwọ gburugburu ebe obibi nke a na-atụ aro bụ n'ikpeazụ iji gbochie mkpochapụ anyị dịka Walker kwuru Holling na akwụkwọ ya: "[..] "ịkwado na na'ihe gbasara [ịtụle] ohere nke mkpofu (1973, p. 20) ".^[9] Ịghọ ihe doro anya na edemede agụmakwụkwọ bụ mkpa gburugburu ebe obibi na ume na mmepe na-adịgide adịgide. Folke et al. na-ekwu na ohere nke ịnọgide na mmepe sitere na "Managing for resilience" ebe Perman et a. tụrụ aro na ichebe gburugburu ebe obibi iji "nye ọrụ" kwesịrị ịbụ "ọnọdụ dị mkpa maka akụ na ụba ka ọ dịgide".^[5]

Njehie nke ahịa nweere onwe ya

Ihe ịma aka nke itinye echiche nke ike ọgwụgwọ gburugburu ebe obibi n'ihe gbasara mmepe na-adịgide adịgide bụ na ọ na'ụzọ na na ya na echiche akụ na ụba na ime iwu. Resilience na-ajụ ụdị ahịa n'efu nke ahịa ụwa na'ime ya. Ihe dị n'ime ọrụ na-aga nke ọma nke ahịa nweere onwe ya bụ nka nke achọrọ iji nweta arụmọrụ na ịbawanye mmepụta ihe. Omume pụrụ iche a na-eme ka ike ghara ịnagide site n'ikwe ka usoro mara ma dabere na ọnọdụ ha. N'ihe omume nke ihe mgbagwoju anya a na-atụghị anya ya; ịdabere na nke a belatara ikike nke usoro ahụ iji mee mgbanwe ndị a. N'ụzọ kwekọrọ; Perman et al. na-ekwu na; "Ọrụ akụ na ụba ụfọdụ yiri ka ha na'ebelata ike, nke mere na ọkwa nke nsogbu nke usoro okike nwere ike imerụ n'enweghị mgbanwe parametric na ọ na - belata".^[5]

Ịgafe mmepe na-adịgide adịgide

Berkes na Folke na-edepụta ụkpụrụ iji nyere aka na "iwulite ume na nkwado" nke na'ịkwado usoro nchịkwa mgbanwe, omume nchịwa dabere na ihe ọmụma na ọnọdụ maka mmụta ụlọ ọrụ na nhazi onwe onye.^[7]

N'oge na-adịbeghị anya, Andrea Ross atụwo aro na echiche nke mmepe na'adịgide adịgide ezughi ezu n'inyere mmepụta iwu aka maka ihe ịma aka na ebumnuche ụwa nke taa. Nke a bụ n'ihi na echiche nke mmepe na-adịgide adịgide "dabere na adịghị ike na nkwado" nke na'echebaraghị eziokwu nke "ókè nke ike ụwa".^[10] Ross na-adabere na mmetụta nke mgbanwe ihu igwe na atụmatụ ụwa dị ka ihe dị mkpa na "mgbanwe na nkwado gburugburu ebe obibi" dị iche na nke mmepe na'adịgide adịgide.^[10]

N'ihi na mgbanwe ihu igwe bụ isi ihe na-eto eto nke ọdịda dị iche iche, yana ọrụ na ọrụ dịgasị iche na gburugburu ebe obibi, na'ụzọ dị ịrịba ama na mmezigharị mgbanwe mgbanwe ọnọdụ ihu ọha, mbelata na mbeba nke ihe ize ndụ ọdachi, ndị na - na na ya na ndị nkwado nke mgbanwe gburugburu ụlọ na mpaghara na ihe ndị ha na ha dabere na ọ bụ ihe dị mkpa maka mmepe na ọnọdụ na ihu ihu.

Na iwu gburugburu ebe obibi

Nnyocha sayensị metụtara ike na-amalite ịrụ ọrụ n'inwe mmetụta n"ime iwu na mkpebi gburugburu ebe obibi.

Nke a na-eme n'ọtụtụ ụzọ:

Nkwado a hụrụ n'ime usoro okike ụfọdụ na-akpali omume nchịkwa. Mgbe a na-ahụ na ike dị ala, ma ọ bụ mmetụta yiri ka ọ na'eru n'ókè, mmeghachi omume nchịkwa nwere ike ịbụ ịgbanwe omume mmadụ iji mee ka mmetụta dị njọ na gburugburu ebe obibi.
Mgbanwe gburugburu ebe obibi na-emetụta ụzọ e si ekwe ka mmepe / mkpebi gburugburu gburugburu ụlọ, dịka ụzọ ahụike gburugburu obodo dị ugbu a si emetụta ihe e kwere ka ọ bụrụ mmepụta. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, a na-ekewa ahịhịa ndị fọdụrụ na steeti Queensland na New South Wales n'ihe gbasara ahụike na ụba gburugburu ebe obibi. Mmetụta ọ bụla mmepe nwere na gburugburu ebe obibi na-eyi egwu ga-atụle ahụike na ume nke gburugburu ụlọ ọrụ ndị a. Nke a na-achịkwa site na Threatened Species Conservation Act 1995 na New South Wales na Vegetation Management Act 1999 na Queensland.
Mgbalị ndị dị n'ọkwa mba ụwa na-achọ imeziwanye nkwado mmekọrịta ọha na eze n"ụwa niile site na imekọ ihe ọnụ na onyinye nke ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị na ndị ọkachamara ndị ọzọ. Ihe atụ nke atụmatụ dị otú ahụ bụ Millennium Ecosystem Assessment nke ebumnuche ya bụ "ịtụle nsonaazụ mgbanwe gburugburu ebe obibi maka ọdịmma mmadụ na ntọala sayensị maka ime ihe dị mkpa iji bulie nchekwa na ojiji na-adịgide adịgide nke usoro ndị ahụ na onyinye ha na ọdịnihu mmadụ". N'otu aka ahụ, ebumnuche nke United Nations Environment Programme bụ "inye nduzi na ịgba ume mmekọrịta na nlekọta gburugburu ebe obibi site n'ịkpali, inye ihe ọmụma, na ime ka mba na ndị mmadụ nwee ike imeziwanye ndụ ha n"enweghị imebi nke ọgbọ ndị na-abịa nʼọdịnihu.

Nchịkwa gburugburu ebe obibi na iwu

Mgbanwe gburugburu ebe obibi na ọnụ ụzọ nke akọwapụtara mgbochi nwere njikọ chiri anya n'ụzọ ha si emetụta iwu gburugburu obodo, iwu na njikwa gburugburu ụlọ. Ikike nke gburugburu ebe obibi iji gbakee site na ọkwa ụfọdụ nke mmetụta gburugburu Ebe obibi anaghị ahụ anya na iwu, Otú ọ dị, n'ihi ike nke usoro gburugburuebe obibi, ụfọdụ ọkwa nke mmetụ gburugburu ụlọ ọrụ metụtara mmepe na-eme ka ọ bụrụ ihe kwere omume site n"ime iwu gburugburu obodo na Iwu na ya.

Ihe atụ ụfọdụ nke ịtụle ikike gburugburu ebe obibi n'ime iwu gụnyere:

Iwu Atụmatụ na Nnyocha Gburugburu Ebe Obibi 1979 (NSW) Isi ebumnuche nke usoro Ntụle Gbagwoju anya bụ ikpebi ma mmepe a na-atụ aro ga-enwe mmetụta dị ukwuu na gburugburu ebe obibi.
Nchebe nke Gburugburu Ebe Obibi (Ọrụ) Iwu 1997 (NSW) Nchịkwa mmetọ na-adabere n'ịnọgide na ọkwa nke mmegide nke ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe na ọrụ ndị ọzọ nke mmadụ na ya na mpaghara dị n"okpuru ọkwa ndị ga-emerụ gburugburu ebe obibi na gburugburu ya. A na-enye ikikere nchedo gburugburu ebe obibi iji debe ebumnuche gburugburu gburugburu obodo nke Iwu POEO na mmebi nke ọnọdụ ikike nwere ike ịdọta ntaramahụhụ siri ike na n'ọnọdụ ụfọdụ ikpe mpụ.
Iwu Nchekwa Ụdị Ndị Na-eyi Egwu 1995 (NSW) Iwu a na-achọ ichebe ụdị ndị na'ihe ize ndụ mgbe ọ na - dozie ya na mmepe.

Akụkọ ihe mere eme

Ihe ndabere maka ọtụtụ n'ime echiche ndị dị mkpa maka ịnagide ihu igwe adịla n"ezie kemgbe afọ 1960. Na mbụ, echiche akọwapụtara maka usoro gburugburu ebe obibi siri ike, C.S. Holling gosipụtara na mbụ ikike maka sistemụ gburugburu ụlọ obibi na mmekọrịta dị n'ime usoro ndị ahụ iji nọgide ma mụta mgbanwe na "ọnọdụ mgbanwe, mgbanwe ọkwọ ụgbọala, na parameters".^[11] Nkọwa a nyere aka mepụta ntọala maka echiche nke nguzozi gburugburu ebe obibi: echiche ahụ bụ na omume nke usoro okike na-achịkwa site na homeostatic drive gaa na ebe ụfọdụ kwụsiri ike. N'okpuru ụlọ akwụkwọ echiche a (nke nọgidere na-enwe ọnọdụ dị ukwuu n'oge a), a ghọtara usoro gburugburu ebe obibi ka ọ na'emeghachi omume na nsogbu n"ụzọ dị mkpa site na usoro nzaghachi na - ma ọ bụrụ na enwere mgbanwe, usoro okike ga-eme iji belata mgbanwe ahụ dịka o kwere mee ma gbalịa ịlaghachi n-ọnọdụ mbụ ya.

Ka a na-eme ọtụtụ nnyocha sayensị na mgbanwe gburugburu ebe obibi na njikwa ihe onwunwe okike, ọ bịara doo anya na mgbe mgbe, usoro okpomọkụ na'okpuru omume dị ike, nke na - agafe agagharị nke gbanwere otú ha si meghachi omume na nnukwu mgbanwe na steeti mgbanwe: kama ịrụ ọrụ azụ maka nguzozi a kara aka, a kwadoro mgbanwe ahụ iji guzobe ntọala ọhụrụ iji rụọ ọrụ n'ime. Kama ibelata mgbanwe ndị a manyere, usoro gburugburu ebe obibi nwere ike ijikọta ma jikwaa mgbanwe ahụ, ma jiri ha mee ihe iji kwalite mgbanwe nke njirimara ọhụrụ. Echiche ọhụrụ a nke ike dị ka echiche nke na-arụ ọrụ n'ụzọ kwekọrọ ekwekọ na ihe ndị na'amaghị ama na entropy malitere ime ka mgbanwe dị nro na ngalaba nke njikwa mgbanwe na akụ gburugburu ebe obibi, site na ọrụ nke Holling na ndị ọrụ ibe ya wuru ọzọ.^[12]^[13]

Ka ọ na-erule n'etiti afọ 1970, ike ịnagide malitere inweta ume dị ka echiche na anthropology, echiche ọdịbendị, na sayensị mmekọrịta ndị ọzọ. E nwere ọrụ dị ịrịba ama na mpaghara ndị a na-abụghị omenala nke nyeere aka mee ka ọ dịkwuo mfe mgbanwe nke echiche nke ike n'ozuzu ya. Akụkụ nke ihe kpatara na resilience malitere ịpụ n'echiche nke nguzozi ma gaa na nkọwa na-agbanwe agbanwe, nke na'agbanyeghi nke usoro mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya bụ n"ihi ọrụ dịka nke Andrew Vayda na Bonnie McCay na ngalaba nke anthropology mmekọrịta ọha na eze, ebe a na - etinyere nsụgharị nke ristience nke oge a iji maa echiche ọdịnala aka.^[14]

Edensibia

↑ Folke, C., Carpenter,S., Elmqvist, T., Gunderson, L., Holling C.S., Walker, B. (2002). "Resilience and Sustainable Development: Building Adaptive Capacity in a World of Transformations". Ambio 31 (5): 437–440. DOI:[0437:rasdba2.0.co;2 10.1639/0044-7447(2002)031[0437:rasdba]2.0.co;2]. PMID 12374053.
↑ Scheffer (26 July 2009). Critical transitions in nature and society. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0691122045.
↑ Pörtner. "Summary for Policymakers", Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability, The Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. In Press.
↑ IPCC (2022). "Summary for Policymakers", Mitigation of Climate Change, Contribution of Working Group III to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. "Summary for Policymakers" (PDF). Mitigation of Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group III to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.
↑ ^5.0 ^5.1 ^5.2 Perman, R, Ma, Y, McGilvray, J and M.Common. (2003).
↑ Ecological and Urban Resilience. columbia.edu (12 October 2011). Archived from the original on 12 December 2011. Retrieved on 13 December 2011.
↑ ^7.0 ^7.1 Berkes, F. and Folke, C., (ed Colding, J.) (1998).
↑ Hamilton, C. (2010).
↑ Walker, J. (2007).
↑ ^10.0 ^10.1 Ross A (2008). "Modern Interpretations of Sustainable Development". Journal of Law and Society 36 (1). DOI:10.1111/j.1467-6478.2009.00455.x.
↑ Holling (1973). "Resilience and Stability of Ecological Systems". Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 4: 1–23. DOI:10.1146/annurev.es.04.110173.000245.
↑ Folke (2006). "Resilience: The emergence of a perspective for social-ecological systems analyses". Global Environmental Change 16 (3): 253–267. DOI:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2006.04.002.
↑ Schoon, M. (2005, 2 21).
↑ Vayda (1975). "New Directions in Ecology and Ecological Anthropology". Annual Review of Anthropology 4: 293–306. DOI:10.1146/annurev.an.04.100175.001453.

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Ịgụ ihe ọzọ

Ihe mere anyị ji ekwekọrịtaghị na mgbanwe ihu igwe: Ịghọta esemokwu, enweghị ihe ọ bụla na ohere". Cambridge University Press.
Lee, M. (2005) Iwu gburugburu ebe obibi: Ihe ịma aka, Mgbanwe na Mkpebi. [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji]
Àgwà isii nke ntachi obi nke mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya. Journal of Environmental Planning and Management. (n'ịntanetị nke mbụ)
Pearce, D.W. (1993). Blueprint 3: Ịtụle Mmepe Na-adịgide Adịgide. Nnyocha nke ụwa.
Andrew Zolli (2013). Resilience: Why Things Bounce Back. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-1451683813.

Njikọ mpụga

Resilience Alliance bụ netwọk nyocha nke na-elekwasị anya na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya Rsilience alliance
Stockholm Resilience Center bụ ụlọ ọrụ mba ụwa nke na-akwalite nyocha ọzụzụ maka ọchịchị nke usoro mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na nkwenye pụrụ iche na resiliance ikike ịnagide mgbanwe ma gaa n'ihu na ịzụlite Stockholm rsilience Centre

TURaS bụ ọrụ Europe nke na-egosi mgbanwe obodo ukwu na nkwụsi ike na nkwado TURS
Microdocs:Resilience bụ obere ihe nkiri banyere resiliance Resiliéncia

[Folke,_Carpenter_et_al_2002-1] Folke, C., Carpenter,S., Elmqvist, T., Gunderson, L., Holling C.S., Walker, B. (2002). "Resilience and Sustainable Development: Building Adaptive Capacity in a World of Transformations". Ambio 31 (5): 437–440. DOI:[0437:rasdba2.0.co;2 10.1639/0044-7447(2002)031[0437:rasdba]2.0.co;2]. PMID 12374053.

[2] Scheffer (26 July 2009). Critical transitions in nature and society. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0691122045.

[3] Pörtner. "Summary for Policymakers", Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability, The Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. In Press.

[4] IPCC (2022). "Summary for Policymakers", Mitigation of Climate Change, Contribution of Working Group III to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. "Summary for Policymakers" (PDF). Mitigation of Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group III to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.

[Perman_et_al-5] 5.0 ^5.1 ^5.2 Perman, R, Ma, Y, McGilvray, J and M.Common. (2003).

[6] Ecological and Urban Resilience. columbia.edu (12 October 2011). Archived from the original on 12 December 2011. Retrieved on 13 December 2011.

[Berkes_and_Folke-7] 7.0 ^7.1 Berkes, F. and Folke, C., (ed Colding, J.) (1998).

[8] Hamilton, C. (2010).

[9] Walker, J. (2007).

[Ross-10] 10.0 ^10.1 Ross A (2008). "Modern Interpretations of Sustainable Development". Journal of Law and Society 36 (1). DOI:10.1111/j.1467-6478.2009.00455.x.

[holling-11] Holling (1973). "Resilience and Stability of Ecological Systems". Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 4: 1–23. DOI:10.1146/annurev.es.04.110173.000245.

[folk-12] Folke (2006). "Resilience: The emergence of a perspective for social-ecological systems analyses". Global Environmental Change 16 (3): 253–267. DOI:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2006.04.002.

[schoon-13] Schoon, M. (2005, 2 21).

[vayda-14] Vayda (1975). "New Directions in Ecology and Ecological Anthropology". Annual Review of Anthropology 4: 293–306. DOI:10.1146/annurev.an.04.100175.001453.

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