Mmanu mmanu

Mmanụ si na mmanụ Montara na-awụfu n'Oké Osimiri Timor, Septemba 2009

Mwụfu mmanụ bụ ntọhapụ nke mmiri mmiri hydrocarbon n'ime gburugburu ebe obibi, karịsịa gburugburu ebe obibi mmiri, n'ihi ọrụ mmadụ, na bụ ụdị mmetọ. A na-enyekarị okwu ahụ maka mwụfu mmanụ mmiri, ebe a na-ahapụ mmanụ n'ime oke osimiri ma ọ bụ mmiri dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri, mana mwụfu nwere ike ime na ala. Mwụfu mmanụ nwere ike ịbụ n'ihi ntọhapụ nke mmanụ cru site na tankị, ikpo okwu dị n'akụkụ mmiri, ebe a na-egwupụta ihe na olulu mmiri, yana kwafusị ngwaahịa mmanụ ala a nụchara anụcha (dị ka mmanụ ụgbọala, mmanụ dizel) na ihe ndị ha na-emepụta, mmanụ ọkụ dị arọ nke nnukwu ụgbọ mmiri na-eji dị ka mmanụ ụgbọala. mmanụ ọkụ bonka, ma ọ bụ mwụfu nke ihe mkpofu mmanu ma ọ bụ mmanụ efu.

Mmanụ wụfuru banye n'ime Ọdịdị nke plumage nnụnụ na ajị anụ mammals, mbenata ya insulating ike, na-eme ka ha ndị ọzọ ngwangwa okpomọkụ fluctuations na ukwuu na-erughị buoyant na mmiri. Nhicha na mgbake site na mwụfu mmanụ siri ike ma dabere n'ọtụtụ ihe, gụnyere ụdị mmanụ a wụfuru, ọnọdụ okpomọkụ nke mmiri (na-emetụta evaporation na biodegradation), na ụdị ụsọ mmiri na osimiri ndị metụtara. Mwụfu nwere ike were izu, ọnwa ma ọ bụ ọbụna ọtụtụ afọ iji kpochaa.

Mwụfu mmanụ nwere ike ịkpatara ọha mmadụ ọdachi; akụ na ụba, gburugburu ebe obibi, na ọha mmadụ. N'ihi ya, ihe mberede mwụfu mmanụ ebutela mgbasa ozi kpụ ọkụ n'ọnụ na ọgba aghara ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, na-eme ka ọtụtụ ndị gbakọta n'ọgụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị gbasara nzaghachi gọọmentị maka mwụfu mmanụ na ihe omume nwere ike igbochi ha ime.

Mmetụta mmadụ

Mwụfu mmanụ na-anọchi anya mmetụta na-adịghị mma ozugbo na ahụike mmadụ, gụnyere nsogbu iku ume na ịmụ nwa yana imeju, na mmebi usoro ahụ ji alụso ọrịa ọgụ. Mwụfu mmanụ na-eme ka mmanụ n'ọdịnihu na-adalata na-emetụtakwa ndụ ụmụ mmadụ kwa ụbọchị dịka mmechi nke osimiri, ogige ntụrụndụ, ịkụ azụ na ihe egwu ọkụ. Ọkụ mmanụ Kuwaiti mere mmetọ ikuku nke kpatara nsogbu iku ume. Mgbawa nke Deepwater Horizon gburu ndị ọrụ mmanụ iri na otu. Ọkụ ahụ sitere na ndakpọ Lac-Mégantic gburu mmadụ 47 wee bibie ọkara etiti obodo ahụ.

Mmanụ wụfuru nwekwara ike imerụ mmiri ọñụñụ. Dị ka ihe atụ, n’afọ 2013, mmanụ abụọ dị iche iche wụfuru ebutere mmiri maka 300,000 na Miri, Malaysia; Ndị mmadụ 80,000 nọ na Coca, Ecuador. N'afọ 2000, mmanụ wụsara na Clark County, Kentucky merụọ isi iyi.

Ballsh, Mallakaster, Albania 2019 17 - Mmanụ ala

Mmetọ nwere ike inwe mmetụta akụ na ụba na njem nlegharị anya na ụlọ ọrụ na-ewepụta akụrụngwa mmiri. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, mwụfu mmanụ Deepwater Horizon metụtara njem nlegharị anya n'ụsọ osimiri na ịkụ azụ n'akụkụ oke osimiri Gulf, na achọrọ ndị na-ahụ maka ọrụ ka ha kwụọ ndị ihe metụtara akụ na ụba ụgwọ.

Mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi

Ihe na-ese n'elu mmiri nke mmanụ kpuchiri n'ihi mmanụ a wụpụrụ na San Francisco Bay na 2007

Nnụnụ e ji mmanụ kpuchie site na mmanụ nke Oké Osimiri Ojii

Anụmanụ

Ihe iyi egwu dị n'ahụ nnụnụ, azụ, azụ azụ na crustaceans sitere na mmanụ a wụfuru bụ nke amaara na England na 1920s, ọkachasị site na nlebanya emere na Yorkshire. A nyochakwara isiokwu a na akwụkwọ sayensị nke National Academy of Sciences na US mepụtara na 1974 nke tụlere mmetụta na azụ, crustaceans na molluscs. A kpaara akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ naanị 100 ma kọwaa ya dị ka akwụkwọ ndebiri, ọ bụghị nke a ga-ehota ya.

N'ozuzu, mmanụ a wụfuru nwere ike imetụta anụmanụ na osisi n'ụzọ abụọ: kpọmkwem site na mmanụ na site na nzaghachi ma ọ bụ usoro nhicha. Enweghị mmekọrịta doro anya n'etiti ọnụọgụ mmanụ dị na gburugburu mmiri na mmetụta nwere ike ime na ụdị dị iche iche. Ntufu dị nta n'oge na-ezighi ezi / oge na-ezighi ezi yana na gburugburu ebe obibi nwere mmetụta nwere ike bụrụ ihe na-emerụ ahụ karịa mwụfu buru ibu n'oge ọzọ n'afọ na mpaghara ọzọ ma ọ bụ ọbụna otu gburugburu. Mmanụ penetrates n'ime Ọdịdị nke plumage nke nnụnụ na ajị anụ mammals, mbenata ha insulating ike, na-eme ka ha ndị ọzọ ngwangwa okpomọkụ fluctuations na ukwuu na-erughị buoyant na mmiri.

Anụmanụ ndị na-adabere n'isi ịchọta ụmụ ọhụrụ ma ọ bụ nne ha enweghị ike ime ya n'ihi ísì siri ike nke mmanụ ahụ. Nke a na-eme ka a jụ nwa ọhụrụ ma gbahapụ ya, na-ahapụ ụmụ ọhụrụ ka agụụ na-agụ ma mesịa nwụọ. Mmanụ nwere ike ime ka nnụnụ nwee ike ife efe, mee ka ọ ghara iri nri ma ọ bụ ịgbanarị ndị na-eri anụ. Ka ha na-amụ nwa, nnụnụ nwere ike itinye mmanụ ahụ kpuchiri ábụ́bà ha, na-akpasu tract digestive iwe, na-agbanwe ọrụ imeju, na-emebikwa akụrụ. N'iji ike iri nri ha na-ebelata, nke a nwere ike ịkpata akpịrị ịkpọ nkụ na enweghị oke nke metabolic. Ụfọdụ nnụnụ ndị na-ahụ maka mmanụ ala na-enwekwa mgbanwe na nguzozi homonụ ha, gụnyere mgbanwe na protein luteinizing ha. Ihe ka ọtụtụ n'ime nnụnụ ndị na-emetụta mmanụ na-anwụ anwụ site na nsogbu na-enweghị enyemaka mmadụ. Ụfọdụ nnyocha na-atụ aro na ihe na-erughị otu pasent nke nnụnụ ndị na-ejupụta mmanụ na-adị ndụ, ọbụna mgbe a kpochapụrụ ya, ọ bụ ezie na ọnụ ọgụgụ nlanarị nwekwara ike karịa pasent iri itoolu, dịka ọ dị n'ihe gbasara mmanụ MV Treasure. Mwụfu mmanụ na mkpofu mmanụ na-emetụta nnụnụ mmiri kemgbe opekata mpe afọ 1920 wee ghọta na ọ bụ nsogbu zuru ụwa ọnụ na 1930.

A na-emetụta anụmanụ mmiri ndị nwere ajịja siri ike nke wụfuru mmanụ n'ụzọ yiri nke ahụ. Mmanụ na-ekpuchi ajị anụ nke otters na akàrà, na-ebelata mmetụta mkpuchi ya, na-eduga na mgbanwe nke okpomọkụ ahụ na hypothermia. Mmanụ nwekwara ike kpuo ìsì anụmanụ, mee ka ọ ghara ịzọpụta ya. Ntinye mmanụ na-akpata akpịrị ịkpọ nkụ ma mebie usoro mgbari nri. Enwere ike igbu anụmanụ nsi, ma nwee ike ịnwụ site na mmanụ na-abanye na ngụgụ ma ọ bụ imeju.

Ikuku

Na mgbakwunye, mwụfu mmanụ nwekwara ike imerụ ịdị mma ikuku. Kemịkalụ dị na mmanụ crude bụkarị hydrocarbons nwere kemịkalụ na-egbu egbu dị ka benzene, toluene, hydrocarbon poly-aromatic na ikuku oxygenated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Kemịkalụ ndị a nwere ike iwebata mmetụta ahụike na-adịghị mma mgbe a na-etinye ya n'ime ahụ mmadụ. Na mgbakwunye, kemịkalụ ndị a nwere ike ime ka ndị oxidants dị na mbara igwe na-emepụta ihe dị mma mgbe ha gachara n'ime ikuku. Ihe ndị a nwere ike banye na ngụgụ ma buru kemịkalụ na-egbu egbu n'ime ahụ mmadụ. Mmanụ elu na-ere ọkụ nwekwara ike bụrụ isi iyi maka mmetọ dị ka ihe soot. N'oge usoro nhicha na mgbake, ọ ga-ebutekwa ikuku ikuku dị ka nitric oxides na ozone sitere na ụgbọ mmiri. N'ikpeazụ, ịfụ ụfụfụ nwekwara ike bụrụ ụzọ ọgbọ maka ihe ndị dị n'ime ihe n'oge mwụfu mmanụ. N'oge mwụfu mmanụ Deepwater Horizon, a chọtara ihe gbasara ịdị mma ikuku na Oke Osimiri Gulf, nke bụ mbelata nke mmanụ DWH. Nleba anya ogo ikuku gosiri na ihe ndị na-emetọ ihe karịrị ụkpụrụ ahụike dabere na mpaghara ndị dị n'ụsọ osimiri.

Ecosystems, ebe obibi

Ọtụtụ mmanụ sitere na mwụfu mmanụ na-anọgide na gburugburu ebe obibi, ya mere mwụfu sitere na ọrụ n'oké osimiri dị iche na ọrụ na tundra ma ọ bụ ala mmiri. A na-ewere ala mmiri dị ka otu n'ime ebe obibi kacha nwee mmetụta maka ntufu mmanụ na nke kacha sie ike ihicha.

Ebe e si nweta ya na ọnụ ọgụgụ ọ na-eme

Enwere ike ịkpata mwụfu mmanụ site na njehie mmadụ, ọdachi ndị na-emere onwe ya, ọdịda teknụzụ ma ọ bụ wepụta ụma. A na-eme atụmatụ na 30-50% nke mwụfu mmanụ niile na-ebute ozugbo ma ọ bụ na-apụtaghị ìhè site na njehie mmadụ, na ihe dịka 20-40% nke mwụfu mmanụ na-adabere na ọdịda akụrụngwa ma ọ bụ arụghị ọrụ. A na-amatakwa ihe na-ebute mwụfu mmanụ n'etiti ụma ewepụtara, dị ka mwepu arụ ọrụ ma ọ bụ omume agha na mwepụta na mberede. Mwụfu mmanụ na mberede bụ ihe a na-elekwasị anya na akwụkwọ, ọ bụ ezie na ụfọdụ n'ime mmanụ kachasị ukwuu e dekọrọ, Gulf War Oil Spill (oké osimiri) na Kuwaiti Oil Fire (ala dabeere) bụ ndị a kpachapụrụ anya agha. Ọmụmụ ihe ọmụmụ nke isi mmalite na ihe kpatara mwụfu mmanụ na-achọpụta ebe adịghị ike na akụrụngwa njem mmanụ ma gbakọọ ohere nke mwụfu mmanụ na-eme. Nke a nwere ike iduzi mbọ mgbochi na iwu iwu

Mmiri na-esi n'okike apụta

Ihe dị ka pasent 40 ruo 50 nke mmanụ niile a na-ewepụta n'oké osimiri na-esi na mgbawa sitere n'okike sitere na nkume ndị dị n'oké osimiri. Nke a dabara ihe ruru tọn 600,000 kwa afọ n'ọkwa zuru ụwa ọnụ. Ọ bụ ezie na seeps sitere n'okike bụ otu ebe kachasị ukwuu na-esi wụfu mmanụ, a na-ewere ya dị ka obere nsogbu n'ihi na gburugburu ebe obibi anabatala ụdị mwepụta ahụ mgbe niile. Dị ka ihe atụ, n'ebe mmanụ a na-ahụ anya, nje bacteria dị n'oké osimiri amalitela ịgbari mkpụrụ ndụ mmanụ.

Ụgbọ mmiri na-ebu mmanụ

Ụgbọ mmiri nwere ike ịbụ isi iyi mmanụ awụfu ma ọ bụ site na mwepụta mmanụ arụ ọrụ ma ọ bụ n'ihe gbasara ihe mberede ụgbọ mmanụ. N'ihe dị ka n'afọ 2007, a na-eche na mwepu arụ ọrụ sitere na ụgbọ mmiri ga-abụ pasent 21 nke mwepụta mmanụ sitere na ụgbọ mmiri. Ha na-eme n'ihi ọdịda nke agbasoghị iwu ma ọ bụ mwepu nke mmanụ n'efu na mmiri nke nwere ihe fọdụrụ mmanụ n'ụzọ aka ike. A na-ahazi mwepu arụ ọrụ dị otú ahụ site na mgbakọ MARPOL. Ntọhapụ arụ ọrụ na-adịkarị, mana ntakịrị na mmanụ a wụfuru kwa ntọhapụ, ọ bụghịkwa nlebara anya n'ihe gbasara mwụfu mmanụ. Enweela mbelata nke mwepu mmanụ na-arụ ọrụ, yana mbelata ọzọ nke ihe dịka 50% kemgbe 1990s.

N'ihe dị ka afọ 2007, mwụfu ụgbọ mmiri mmanụ na mberede ruru ihe dịka 8-13% nke mmanụ niile wụsara n'oké osimiri. Isi ihe kpatara mwụfu ụgbọ mmiri mmanụ bụ nkukota (pasent 29, 22%), ime ihe n'ụzọ na-ezighị ezi (14%) na imikpu (12%) na ndị ọzọ. A na-ahụta mwụfu ụgbọ mmiri mmanụ dị ka nnukwu ihe iyi egwu gburugburu ebe obibi n'ihi nnukwu mmanụ a na-awụfu n'otu ihe mberede yana eziokwu ahụ bụ na isi ụzọ okporo ụzọ ụgbọ mmiri dị nso na nnukwu gburugburu ebe obibi mmiri. Ihe dị ka pasentị 90 nke njem mmanụ n'ụwa bụ site na ụgbọ mmiri na-ebu mmanụ, ọnụ ahịa mmanụ sitere n'oké osimiri na-abawanye nke ukwuu. Agbanyeghị, enweela mbelata ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị na-awụfu n'ụgbọ mmanụ na nke mmanụ a na-ewepụta kwa ụgbọ mmiri. N'afọ 1992, e degharịrị MARPOL wee mee ka ọ bụrụ iwu na nnukwu ụgbọ mmiri (5,000 dwt na ndị ọzọ) ga-etinye akwa akwa abụọ. A na-ewere nke a dị ka isi ihe kpatara mbelata mwụfu ụgbọ mmiri na-ebu mmanụ, yana ihe ọhụrụ ndị ọzọ dị ka GPS, nkewa nke ụgbọ mmiri na ụzọ mmiri n'ime warara dị warara.

Ebe mmanụ dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri

Enwere ike itinye kemịkal dispersants site na ụgbọ mmiri, ụgbọelu, na ụgbọ ala n'okpuru mmiri na nzaghachi maka mmanụ na-awụfu n'ụsọ oké osimiri

Mwụfu ihe mberede sitere na ikpo okwu mmanụ n'oge a na-akpata ihe dị ka pasentị atọ nke mwụfu mmanụ n'oké osimiri. Mwụfu mmanụ a ma ama nke dị n'ikpere mmiri na-abụkarị n'ihi mkpọpu. Ha nwere ike ịga n'ihu ruo ọtụtụ ọnwa ruo mgbe a gwuru olulu mmiri enyemaka, na-akpata nnukwu mmanụ na-agbapụta. Ihe atụ a ma ama nke mwụfu mmanụ dị otú ahụ bụ Deepwater Horizon na Ixtoc I. Ọ bụ ezie na nkà na ụzụ maka igwu mmiri n'ime mmiri dị omimi emeela nke ọma n'ime afọ 30-40 gara aga, ụlọ ọrụ mmanụ na-akwaga na ebe ndị na-egwupụta ihe na ebe ndị siri ike karị. Mmepe a na-edoghị anya na-ebute enweghị usoro doro anya gbasara ugboro nke ikpo okwu mmanụ dị n'ụsọ mmiri.

Paịpụ

N'ihe dị ka afọ 2010, n'ozuzu, enweela mmụba dị ukwuu nke mwụfu mmanụ ọkụ n'ime iri afọ anọ gara aga. Ihe atụ ndị a ma ama gụnyere mwụfu mmanụ a na-akpọ pipeline na Niger Delta. Enwere ike ịkpata mwụfu mmanụ site na ịkwọ ụgbọ mmiri, ọdachi ndị na-emere onwe ha, nrụrụ ọkpọkọ, ntụpọ arụrụ arụ, imebi ihe, ma ọ bụ mwakpo, dị ka ọ dị na pipeline Caño Limón-Coveñas na Colombia.

A na-eme atụmatụ na pipeline dị ka isi mmalite nke mwụfu mmanụ na-atụnye ụtụ 1% nke mmetọ mmanụ na oke osimiri. Ihe kpatara nke a bụ nke a na-akọchaghị, na ọtụtụ ọkpọkọ mmanụ na-apụta n'elu ala ebe naanị akụkụ dị nta nke mmanụ ahụ ruru n'oké osimiri.

Ebe ndị ọzọ e si nweta ya

Ụgbọ mmiri ntụrụndụ nwere ike ịwụsa mmanụ n'ime oke osimiri n'ihi njehie arụ ọrụ ma ọ bụ nke mmadụ na adịghị njikere. Ọnụ ego ndị ahụ dị obere, na ụdị mmanụ awụfu na-esi ike ịchọta n'ihi enweghị akụkọ.

Mmanụ nwere ike iru oke osimiri dịka mmanụ na mmanụ ọkụ sitere na isi ala. A na-eme atụmatụ na mmanụ na-asọpụta na mmiri na-esi na mmiri na-akpata 11% nke mmetọ mmanụ na-ebute oke osimiri. Mmetọ dị otú ahụ nwekwara ike ịbụ mmanụ n'okporo ụzọ si n'ụgbọ ala ala, bụ nke a na-agbanye n'oké osimiri n'oge oké mmiri ozuzo. Mwụfu mmanụ dị n'ala dị iche iche na mmanụ ụgbọ mmiri na-agbapụta na mmanụ dị n'ala adịghị agbasa ngwa ngwa dị ka mmiri, na mmetụta ya na-anọgide na mpaghara.

Ihichapụ na mgbake

Otu ụgbọelu U.S. Air Force Reserve na-awụsa Corexit dispersant n'elu mmanụ Deepwater Horizon na Gulf of Mexico.

Mgbalị nhicha mgbe mmanụ <i id="mwARA">Exxon Valdez</i> wụsịrị.

Otu ndị US Navy na-emeghachi omume na mmanụ na-awụfu na-eji "Harbour Buster high-speed oil containment system".

Nhicha na mgbake site na mwụfu mmanụ siri ike ma dabere n'ọtụtụ ihe, gụnyere ụdị mmanụ a wụfuru, ọnọdụ okpomọkụ nke mmiri (na-emetụta evaporation na biodegradation), na ụdị ụsọ mmiri na osimiri ndị metụtara. Nhicha anụ ahụ nke mwụfu mmanụ dịkwa oke ọnụ. Ruo n'afọ 1960, ụzọ kacha mma maka mgbazigharị bụ itinye ahịhịa na ntufu na iji aka na-ebupụta ahịhịa ndị ahụ etinyere mmanụ. Ndozi kemịkalụ bụ ụkpụrụ dị ka mmalite narị afọ nke 21, na-eji ogige ndị nwere ike ịchịkọta ma mee ka mmanụ sie ike maka mgbake anụ ahụ, fesa mmanụ n'ime mmiri, ma ọ bụ mee ka mmanụ ahụ gbaa ọkụ. Ọdịnihu nke teknụzụ mkpocha mmanụ nwere ike ịbụ iji microorganisms dị ka Fusobacteriota (nke bụbu Fusobacteria), ụdị na-egosipụta ikike nke mkpocha mmanụ n'ọdịnihu n'ihi ikike ha nwere ịchịkọta na iweda slicks mmanụ n'elu oke osimiri.

Enwere ụdị nje bacteria na-eri mmanụ atọ. Nje bacteria na-ebelata sulfate (SRB) na nje bacteria na-emepụta acid bụ anaerobic, ebe nje bacteria na-eme ka aerobic (GAB) bụ aerobic. Nje bacteria ndị a na-eme n'onwe ha ga-eme ihe iji wepụ mmanụ site na gburugburu ebe obibi, na biomass ha ga-anọchi anya ndị ọzọ nọ n'usoro nri. Kemịkalụ sitere na mmanụ nke na-agbaze n'ime mmiri, ya mere nje bacteria na-enweta, bụ nke dị na mmiri jikọtara ọnụ nke mmanụ.

Ụzọ maka ihicha gụnyere:

• Bioremediation: iji microorganisms ma ọ bụ ihe ndị na-ahụ maka ndụ na-agbaji ma ọ bụ wepụ mmanụ; dị ka nje bacteria Alcanivorax ma ọ bụ Methylocella silvestris.
• Bioremediation Accelerator: molecule binder nke na-ebupụ hydrocarbons na mmiri wee banye gels, mgbe ejikọtara ya na nri, na-agba ume bioremediation eke. Oleophilic, kemịkalụ hydrophobic, enweghị nje bacteria, nke na-ejikọta kemịkalụ na nke anụ ahụ na hydrocarbons soluble na nke na-adịghị ike. Onye na-eme ngwa ngwa na-arụ ọrụ dị ka onye na-azụ anụ na mmiri na n'elu, ụmụ irighiri mmiri na-ese n'elu mmiri dị ka phenol na BTEX n'elu mmiri, na-eme ka gel-dị ka agglomerations. Enwere ike ịchọta ọkwa nke hydrocarbons na mmiri emepụtara na ogidi mmiri a na-achịkwa. Site n'iji ngwa ngwa bioremediation fesa ncha, a na-ewepụ ncha n'ime nkeji nkeji. Ma etinyere ya n'elu ala ma ọ bụ n'elu mmiri, emulsion na-edozi ahụ na-emepụta oge ntoju nke obodo, ụmụ amaala, nke dịbu adị, na-eri hydrocarbon. Nje bacteria ndị ahụ kpọmkwem na-akụda hydrocarbons n'ime mmiri na carbon dioxide, na nyocha EPA na-egosi 98% nke alkanes biodegraded na ụbọchị 28; na aromatics ịbụ biodegraded ugboro 200 ngwa ngwa karịa okike ha na-ejikwa hydrofiboom mgbe ụfọdụ iji hichaa mmanụ ahụ site n'iwepụ ya n'ọtụtụ mmanụ ma gbaa ya ọkụ.
• Ọkụ a na-achịkwa nwere ike ibelata oke mmanụ dị na mmiri nke ọma, ma ọ bụrụ na emee ya nke ọma. Mana enwere ike ime ya na obere ikuku, ma nwee ike ibute mmetọ ikuku.

Mmanụ na-agbada n'Ọdọ Mmiri Maracaibo

Ndị ọrụ afọ ofufo na-ehicha ihe si na mmanụ Prestige pụta

• Enwere ike iji ndị na-ekesa ihe na-ekpochapụ slicks mmanụ. Onye na-ekesa bụ ma ọ bụ polymer na-adịghị na elu ma ọ bụ ihe na-arụ ọrụ n'elu agbakwunyere na nkwusioru, na-abụkarị colloid, iji meziwanye nkewa nke irighiri ihe na iji gbochie nkwụsị ma ọ bụ nkwụsị. Ha nwere ike gbasasịa nnukwu ụdị mmanụ ngwa ngwa site na oke osimiri site na ibufe ya na kọlụm mmiri. Ha ga-eme ka slick mmanụ gbajie wee mepụta miceles na-agbaze mmiri nke na-agbaze ngwa ngwa. A na-agbasa mmanụ ahụ nke ọma n'ime oke mmiri buru ibu karịa n'elu ebe esitere mmanụ ahụ. Ha nwekwara ike igbu oge nhazi nke emulsions mmanụ na-adịgide adịgide. Agbanyeghị, nnwale ụlọ nyocha gosiri na ndị na-ekesa na-abawanye ogo hydrocarbon na-egbu egbu na azụ site na ihe ruru 100 ma nwee ike igbu akwa azụ. Mmụba mmanụ achụsasịrị na-abanye n'ime mmiri dị omimi ma nwee ike imerụ coral n'ụzọ na-egbu egbu. Nnyocha na-egosi na ụfọdụ ndị na-agbasasị na-egbu coral. Nnyocha e mere n'afọ 2012 chọpụtara na ndị na-ekesa Corexit amụbawo nsí nke mmanụ ihe ruru ugboro 52. Na 2019, U.S. National Academies weputara mkpesa na-enyocha uru na ọghọm dị n'ọtụtụ ụzọ nzaghachi na ngwaọrụ.
• Lelee ma chere: n'ọnọdụ ụfọdụ, attenuation nke mmanụ nwere ike bụrụ ihe kacha kwesị ekwesị, n'ihi ụdị mmekpa ahụ nke ụzọ edozi edozi nke ọma, karịsịa n'ebe ndị nwere mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi dị ka ala mmiri.
• Dredging: n'ihi na mmanụ agbasasị na nchacha na mmanụ ndị ọzọ denserer karịa mmiri.
• Skimming: Na-achọ mmiri dị jụụ mgbe niile n'oge usoro.
• Na-edozi: Ndị na-arụ ọrụ siri ike bụ nke obere, na-ese n'elu mmiri, pellets ice kpọrọ nkụ, na polymers hydrophobic nke na-adaba ma na-amịkọrọ. Ha na-ehichapụ ihe ndị na-awụfu mmanụ site n'ịgbanwe ọnọdụ anụ ahụ nke mmanụ a wụfuru site na mmiri mmiri gaa na ihe siri ike, nke siri ike ma ọ bụ ihe dị ka rọba nke na-ese n'elu mmiri. Ndị na-eme ihe ike na-adịghị edozi na mmiri, ya mere mwepụ nke mmanụ siri ike dị mfe ma mmanụ agaghị apụta. Achọpụtara ihe ndị na-eme ihe ike dị ka ndị na-adịghị egbu egbu na mmiri na anụ ọhịa ma gosi na ha na-egbochi vapors ndị na-emerụ ahụ na-ejikọta ya na hydrocarbons dị ka benzene, xylene na naphtha. A na-achịkwa oge mmeghachi omume maka ịkwado mmanụ site na mpaghara elu ma ọ bụ nha nke polymer ma ọ bụ pellets akọrọ yana viscosity na ọkpụrụkpụ nke oyi akwa mmanụ. Ụfọdụ ndị na-emepụta ngwaahịa siri ike na-ekwu na mmanụ siri ike nwere ike gbazee ma jiri ya mee ya ma ọ bụrụ na akpọchie ya na ice kpọrọ nkụ ma ọ bụ tụfuo ya na ebe a na-ekpofu ahịhịa, megharịa ya dị ka mgbakwunye na ngwaahịa asphalt ma ọ bụ rọba, ma ọ bụ gbaa ọkụ dị ka mmanụ ntụ dị ala. A na-eji ihe siri ike akpọrọ C.I.Agent (nke CI Agent Solutions nke Louisville, Kentucky rụpụtara) na BP na-eji ya n'ụdị granular, yana Marine na Sheen Booms na Dauphin Island na Fort Morgan, Alabama, iji nyere aka na mwụfu mmanụ Deepwater Horizon hichapụ.
• Vacuum na centrifuge: mmanụ nwere ike ịmịnye ya na mmiri ahụ, mgbe ahụ, a pụrụ iji centrifuge kewaa mmanụ na mmiri - ikwe ka tanker jupụta na mmanụ dị ọcha dị nso. Ọtụtụ mgbe, mmiri na-alaghachi n'oké osimiri, na-eme ka usoro ahụ dịkwuo mma, ma na-ekwe ka obere mmanụ mmanụ laghachi azụ. Okwu a egbochila iji centrifuges n'ihi iwu United States na-amachi oke mmanụ dị na mmiri eweghachiri n'oké osimiri.
• Oke osimiri: mmanụ ekpokọtara ọnụ nke fọdụrụ n'akụkụ osimiri nwere ike iburu ya site na igwe.

Igbe mmanụ na-esi na mmanụ <i id="mwAZs">Exxon Valdez</i> na-awụfu

Ngwá ọrụ eji eme ihe gụnyere:

• Booms: nnukwu ihe mgbochi na-ese n'elu mmiri na-agbakọta mmanụ na-ebuli mmanụ na mmiri
• Skimmers: kpoo mmanụ
• Sorbents: nnukwu ihe ndị na-amịkọrọ mmanụ na-etinye mmanụ ma na-agbanye obere ụmụ irighiri mmiri
• Chemical na biological agents: na-enyere aka igbari mmanụ
• Vacuums: wepụ mmanụ n'akụkụ osimiri na elu mmiri
• Shọvel na akụrụngwa okporo ụzọ ndị ọzọ: a na-ejikarị ehicha mmanụ n'akụkụ osimiri

Mgbochi

• Njide nke abụọ – ụzọ iji gbochie mwepụta mmanụ ma ọ bụ hydrocarbons na gburugburu.
• Mmemme Mgbochi na Mgbochi Mwụfu mmanụ (SPCC) nke Ụlọ Ọrụ Nchekwa gburugburu ebe obibi nke United States.
• Ugboro abụọ - wuo oghere abụọ n'ime ụgbọ mmiri, nke na-ebelata ihe ize ndụ na ịdị njọ nke mwụfu ma ọ bụrụ na nkukota ma ọ bụ n'ala. A nwekwara ike wughachi ụgbọ mmiri ndị dị otu akpa ka ha nwee okpukpu abụọ.
• Ụgbọ ala ụgbọ okporo ígwè na-ebu nnukwu ibu.

Usoro nzaghachi mbupu kwesịrị ịgụnye ihe ndị dị ka;

• Ndepụta nke uwe nchebe kwesịrị ekwesị, akụrụngwa nchekwa, na ihe nchacha a chọrọ maka mkpochapụ (gloves, respirators, wdg) na nkọwa nke iji ha eme ihe nke ọma;
• Mpaghara na usoro ọpụpụ kwesịrị ekwesị;
• Ịnweta akụrụngwa na-egbochi ọkụ;
• Ihe mkpofu maka ihe mkpofu ihe mkpofu; na
• Usoro enyemaka mbụ enwere ike ịchọrọ.

Nnyocha

• Ngbanwe nke mmanụ aṅụ, dịka ọmụmaatụ. Macropis fulvipes, usoro maka iweta mmanụ ifuru edugala na mmepe biomimetic nke usoro mgbake mmanụ ọzọ. Aṅụ mmanụ nwere ihe oleophilic n'ime ntutu ha dị ka protrusions nke na-anakọta ma na-echekwa mmanụ. E tinyela usoro a na akwa akwa nke a ga-eji wepụ mmanụ na mmiri mmiri.

Ihe osise nke Environmental Sensitivity Index(ESI)

Environmental Sensitivity Indexes (ESI) bụ ngwa eji mepụta Maps Sensitivity Environmental (ESM). ESM bụ ngwa nhazi atụmatụ eji achọpụta ebe ndị nwere mmetụta na akụrụngwa tupu ihe omume mwụfu mmanụ iji wepụta ihe ndị ga-ebute ụzọ maka nchekwa na hazie atụmatụ nhicha. Ọ bụ ka ọ dị ugbu a ngwá ọrụ eserese a na-ejikarị eme ihe maka ịkpa nkata mpaghara. ESI nwere ihe atọ: Sistemụ ogo ụdị oke osimiri, ngalaba akụrụngwa ndu, na otu akụrụngwa eji mmadụ eme ihe.

Akụkọ ihe mere eme na mmepe

ESI bụ ngwa maapụ uche nke a na-ejikarị eme ihe. Ebu ụzọ tinye ya na 1979 maka nzaghachi mmanụ wụfuru na nso Texas na Ọwara Mexico. Ruo n'oge a, a na-akwado maapụ ESI nanị ụbọchị ole na ole tupu mmadụ erute ebe mmanụ wụfuru. ESM bụbu atlases, maapụ nwere ọtụtụ puku ibe nke nwere ike ịrụ ọrụ naanị ya na mwụfu n'oké osimiri. N'ime iri afọ 3 gara aga, a gbanweela ngwaahịa a ka ọ bụrụ ngwá ọrụ ịntanetị dị iche iche. Ntughari a na-enye ohere ntughari uche ka ọ bụrụ nke a na-emegharị emegharị na na 1995 site na US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) rụrụ ọrụ na ngwá ọrụ na-enye ESI ohere ịgbatị maapụ gaa n'ọdọ mmiri, osimiri, na ụdị ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri. Maapụ ESI abụrụla ihe dị mkpa na  ịchịkọta, nhazi, na imepụta data nke enwetatụbeghị mbụ n'ụdị dijitalụ. Karịsịa na United States, ngwá ọrụ ahụ enweela ọganihu dị egwu n'ịzụlite atụmatụ nchebe tidal bay, na-anakọta ozi oge na n'ozuzu na nhazi nke mpaghara ndị nwere mmetụta. Yana Geographic Information System Mapping (GIS), ESI na-ejikọta usoro ha iji rụtụ aka na mpaghara akụrụngwa atọ dị iche iche nke ọma.

Ojiji na itinye ya

ESI na-egosi nkwụsi ike gburugburu ebe obibi, nkwụsi ike n'ụsọ oké osimiri na ọdachi ndị metụtara ụgbọ mmiri, yana nhazi nke mmekọrịta nzaghachi nrụgide n'etiti ihe niile n'oké osimiri. Emebere ya maka ime mkpebi metụtara gburugburu ebe obibi, ESM nwere ike mata ebe ndị nwere mmetụta na ebe obibi, azịza nchacha, usoro nzaghachi yana atụmatụ nleba anya maka mwụfu mmanụ. Maapụ ahụ na-enye ndị ọkachamara sitere n'akụkụ dị iche iche aka ịbịakọta ọnụ ma rụọ ọrụ nke ọma n'oge ọrụ nzaghachi ngwa ngwa. Usoro ime atlas ESI gụnyere teknụzụ GIS. Usoro ndị a gụnyere, nke mbụ ịzọpụta mpaghara a ga-eme maapụ, na nke abụọ, nzukọ nke ndị ọkachamara mpaghara na mpaghara gbasara mpaghara na akụrụngwa ya. Na-esochi, ọ dị mkpa ka achọpụta ụdị mmiri niile, usoro ndu na akụrụngwa eji eme ihe na ebe ha nọ. Ozugbo achịkọtara ozi a niile, ọ ga-aghọ digitized. N'ụdị dijitalụ ya, a na-edobe nhazi ọkwa, na-emepụta tebụl na ndị ọkachamara mpaghara na-edozi ngwaahịa ahụ tupu ewepụta ya.

Ihe ESI na-ejikarị eme ihe ugbu a bụ n'ime atụmatụ ọnọdụ mberede. Mgbe agbakọchara ma mepụta maapụ ahụ, a na-ewepụta ma gosipụta ebe ndị kacha nwee mmetụta. Ebe ndị a na-aga n'ihu usoro nyocha nke a na-enweta usoro nchebe na nyocha ihe onwunwe. A na-atụgharịghachi nyocha a dị omimi n'ime ESM iji zụlite izi ezi ha na ikwe ka echekwara ozi akọ n'ime ha. A na-eji maapụ emechara eme ihe maka nkuzi na ọzụzụ maka ịrụ ọrụ dị ọcha. Ọzụzụ na-enyekarị aka imelite maapụ yana tweak ụfọdụ ntụpọ ndị nwere ike ime na usoro ndị gara aga.

Ụdị ESI

Ụdị osimiri

A na-ekewa ụdị ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri site n'ọkwa dabere n'otú ebe a ga-esi dị mfe ihicha, ogologo oge mmanụ ahụ ga-adị, yana mmetụta nke oke osimiri ahụ siri dị. Usoro ogo na-arụ ọrụ n'ogo 10 ebe ọkwa dị elu, ka ebe obibi ma ọ bụ n'ikpere mmiri dị. Usoro nzuzo na-arụkarị ọrụ na agba, ebe a na-eji agba na-ekpo ọkụ maka ụdị na-enwewanye mmetụta na agba oyi na-eji maka oke osimiri siri ike. Maka akụkụ mmiri ọ bụla a na-ebugharị, enwere ihe na-akọwapụta mmetụta ya na mmanụ. Ụdị nkewa n'ụsọ osimiri na-enye ọtụtụ ntọala gburugburu ebe obibi gụnyere estuarine, lacustrine, na gburugburu osimiri. Mpempe mmanụ na-ese n'elu mmiri na-etinye ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri ahụ n'ihe ize ndụ karịsịa mgbe ha mechara bata n'ikpere mmiri, na-ekpuchi mkpụrụ osisi ahụ na mmanụ. Ụdị dị iche iche dị n'etiti ụdị mmiri dị iche iche na-adịgasị iche na nzaghachi ha na mmanu, na-emetụta ụdị nchacha nke a ga-achọ iji mebie ụsọ mmiri ahụ nke ọma. N'ihi ya, ọkwa ESI dị n'ikpere mmiri na-enyere kọmitii aka ịchọpụta usoro nhicha nke akwadoro ma ọ bụ mebie gburugburu ebe obibi. A na-eburukwa n'uche mkpughe ahụ dị n'ikpere mmiri na-efegharị ike na ebili mmiri, ụdị mkpụrụ osisi, na mkpọda nke oke osimiri ahụ - na mgbakwunye na mmepụta nke usoro ndu na nghọta. Mangroves na ala mmiri na-enwekarị ọkwa ESI dị elu n'ihi mmetụta nwere ike ịdịte aka yana mmebi nke ma mmetọ mmanụ na omume nhicha. Impermeable na kpughere na-ebupụta na elu ife omume na-họọrọ ala n'ihi na-egosipụta ebili mmiri na-edebe mmanụ si bịa n'ikperé mmiri, na ọsọ nke eke usoro ga-ewepụ mmanụ.

Akụrụngwa ndu

N'ime akụrụngwa ndị dị ndụ, maapụ ESI chekwara mpaghara yana ndị nwere mkpa bio dị iche iche. A na-amatakarị ihe ndị a site na ngwa UNEP-WCMC Integrated Biodiversity Assessment. E nwere ụdị dị iche iche nke ebe obibi dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri na gburugburu ebe obibi na otú ahụkwa ọtụtụ ụdị dị n'ihe ize ndụ dị mkpa ka a tụlee mgbe a na-ele anya n'ebe ndị emetụtara bilitere mmanụ. A na-akpọ ebe obibi nke osisi na anụmanụ ndị nwere ike ịnọ n'ihe ize ndụ site na mwụfu mmanụ dị ka "ihe" ma kewara ya site na otu ọrụ. Nhazi nke ọzọ na-ekewa ihe ọ bụla n'ime ụdị dị iche iche nwere akụkọ ndụ na omume yiri nke ahụ na adịghị ike ha na mwụfu mmanụ. Enwere otu mmewere asatọ: nnụnụ, anụ ufe, amphibians, azụ, invertebrates, ebe obibi na osisi, ala mmiri, na anụ mamma na mmiri na anụ anụ terrestrial. A na-ekewakwa otu ndị na-eme ihe n'ime obere otu dị ka ihe atụ, a na-ekewa ìgwè 'marine mammals' na dolphins, manatees, pinnipeds (akara, ọdụm oké osimiri & walruses), pola bear, otters na whales. Ihe dị mkpa mgbe ogo na ịhọrọ ụdị bụ adịghị ike ha na mmanụ na-agbapụta onwe ha. Ọ bụghị nanị na nke a na-agụnye mmeghachi omume ha na ihe omume ndị dị otú ahụ kamakwa adịghị ike ha, ọnụ ọgụgụ nke nnukwu ụyọkọ anụmanụ, ma oge ndụ pụrụ iche na-eme n'ikpere mmiri, na ma ụdị ọ bụla dị ugbu a na-eyi egwu, dị ize ndụ ma ọ bụ ụkọ. Ụzọ e si emepụta ihe ndị dị ndụ bụ site na akara ndị na-anọchi anya ụdị, na polygon na ahịrị iji wepụta oke pụrụ iche nke ụdị. Akara ndị ahụ nwekwara ike ịmata ndị kacha emerụ ahụ nke ụdị ndụ ụdị ndụ, dị ka ịhịa aka n'ahụ, akwụkwụ, ịhịa aka n'ahụ ma ọ bụ usoro mbugharị. Nke a na-enye ohere maka atụmatụ nzaghachi ziri ezi n'ime oge ndị ahụ enyere. Enwekwara nkewa maka ebe obibi sub-tidal nke dịkwa oke mkpa maka ihe dị iche iche dị n'ụsọ osimiri gụnyere kelp, coral reefs na akwa oke osimiri nke anaghị adịkarị n'ụdị ESI dị n'ikpere mmiri.

Ihe onwunwe ndị mmadụ ji eme ihe

A na-akpọkwa akụrụngwa eji mmadụ eme ihe dị ka atụmatụ mmekọrịta ọha na eze na akụ na ụba, nke na-esepụta ihe ndị na-adịghị ndụ nwere ike ime ka mmetọ mmanụ nwee mmetụta ozugbo. Akụ mmadụ eji eme ihe nke edobere n'ime ESI ga-enwe mmetụta mmekọrịta ọha na eze na mwụfu mmanụ. A na-ekewa akụrụngwa ndị a ụzọ anọ dị mkpa: mkpa ihe ochie ma ọ bụ ebe akụ omenala, ebe ntụrụndụ dị elu ma ọ bụ ebe ị ga-esi n'ikpere mmiri, ebe nlekọta nchebe dị mkpa, na mmalite ihe onwunwe. Ụfọdụ ihe atụ gụnyere ọdụ ụgbọ elu, saịtị mmiri mmiri, saịtị osimiri ndị ama ama, ụgbọ mmiri, ụlọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ, ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe, ihe nchekwa eke ma ọ bụ ebe nsọ mmiri. Mgbe a na-esepụta maapụ, akụrụngwa eji mmadụ mkpa nchekwa ga-abụrịrị onye na-eme amụma mpaghara ma ọ bụ mpaghara. Akụrụngwa ndị a na-adịkarị mfe maka mgbanwe oge n'ihi ex. ịkụ azụ na njem nlegharị anya. Maka otu nke a enwekwara akara akara dịnụ iji gosipụta mkpa ha dị na ESM.

Ịtụle ọnụ ọgụgụ nke nsị

Site n'ịhụ oke nke ihe nkiri mmanụ na ọdịdị ya n'elu mmiri, ọ ga-ekwe omume ịkọ ọnụ ọgụgụ mmanụ awụfuru. Ọ bụrụ na a na-amakwa ebe elu nke ntufu ahụ, enwere ike ịgbakọ mkpokọta mmanụ ahụ.

	Ọkpụrụkpụ ihe nkiri			Ọnụ ọgụgụ gbasaa
Ọdịdị	sentimita	mm	nm	gal/sq mi	L/ha
A naghị ahụ ya anya	0.0000015	0.0000380	38	25	0.370
Ọ na-egbuke egbuke	0.0000030	0.0000760	76	50	0.730
Ihe ngosi mbụ nke ụcha	0.0000060	0.0001500	150	100	1,500
Akara na-egbuke egbuke	0.0000120	0.0003000	300	200	2,900
Agba na-amalite ịdị arọ	0.0000400	0.0010000	Otu puku	666	9,700
Agba na-agba ọchịchịrị karịa	0.0000800	0.0020000	2000	1332	19,500

Ndị ụlọ ọrụ na gọọmentị na-eji usoro ihe atụ nke mwụfu mmanụ nyere aka n'ime atụmatụ na ime mkpebi ihe mberede. Ihe dị mkpa dị mkpa maka nkà nke amụma ihe atụ nke mgbapụta mmanụ bụ nkọwa zuru oke nke ikuku na mpaghara dị ugbu a. Enwere mmemme ịsachapụ mmanụ n'ụwa niile (WOSM). Isochi oke nke mwụfu mmanụ nwekwara ike ịgụnye ịchọpụta na hydrocarbons anakọtara n'oge mwụfu na-aga n'ihu na-esite na mwụfu na-arụ ọrụ ma ọ bụ ebe ọzọ. Nke a nwere ike ịgụnye kemịkalụ nyocha ọkaibe lekwasịrị anya na mkpịsị aka ibipụta isi mmanụ dabere na ngwakọta mgbagwoju anya nke ihe dị ugbu a. N'ụzọ dị ukwuu, ndị a ga-abụ hydrocarbons dị iche iche, n'etiti ndị kasị baa uru bụ polyaromatic hydrocarbons. Na mgbakwunye, ma oxygen na nitrogen heterocyclic hydrocarbons, dị ka nne na nna na alkyl homologues nke carbazole, quinoline, na pyridine, dị na ọtụtụ mmanụ crude. N'ihi nke a, ogige ndị a nwere ikike dị ukwuu iji gbakwunye ụlọ nke hydrocarbons dị ugbu a na-achọ imeziwanye isi mmalite nke mwụfu mmanụ ala. Enwere ike iji nyocha dị otú ahụ soro ọnọdụ ihu igwe na mmebi nke mwụfu crude.

Mmanụ kachasị awuputa nke ukwuu

Mmanụ crude na mmanụ a nụchara anụcha sitere n'ihe mberede ụgbọ mmiri mebiri emebi emebi gburugburu ebe obibi na-adịghị ike na Alaska, Ọwara Mexico, Galapagos Islands, France, Sundarbans, Ogoniland, na ọtụtụ ebe ndị ọzọ. Ọnụ ọgụgụ nke mmanụ awụfuru n'oge ihe mberede sitere na narị tọn ole na ole ruo ọtụtụ narị puku tọn (dịka ọmụmaatụ, Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill, Atlantic Empress, Amoco Cadiz), mana olu bụ njedebe nke mmebi ma ọ bụ mmetụta. Ntufu ntakiri egosilarị na ha na-enwe mmetụta dị ukwuu na gburugburu ebe obibi, dị ka mmanụ mmanụ Exxon Valdez n'ihi ebe dịpụrụ adịpụ nke saịtị ma ọ bụ ihe isi ike nke nzaghachi gburugburu ebe obibi mberede.

Mwụfu mmanụ na Niger Delta so na ihe kacha njọ n'ụwa. N'agbata afọ 1970 na 2000, ihe mkpofu karịrị 7,000. N'agbata afọ 1956 na afọ 2006, ihe ruru nde tọn 1.5 mmanụ ka wụfuru na Niger Delta.

Mwụfu mmanụ n'oké osimiri na-emebikarị nke ukwuu karịa nke dị n'elu ala, ebe ọ bụ na ọ nwere ike gbasaa ruo ọtụtụ narị kilomita na mmiri n'ime obere mmanụ mmanụ dị mkpa nke nwere ike iji obere mkpuchi mmanụ kpuchie osimiri. Ndị a nwere ike igbu nnụnụ mmiri, mammals, shellfish na ihe ndị ọzọ dị ndụ ha na-eyi. Mmanụ awụfu n'ala na-adị ngwa ngwa ngwa ngwa ma ọ bụrụ na enwere ike ịgbanye mmiri mgbochi mmiri ngwa ngwa gburugburu ebe a na-awụfu mmiri tupu ọtụtụ n'ime mmanụ ahụ agbapụ, anụ ọhịa nwekwara ike ịzere mmanụ ahụ ngwa ngwa.

Mmanụ kacha agbapụta

Mmiri na-agbapụta / Tanker	Ebe	Ụbọchị	Ọtụtụ puku tọn mmanụ ala)	Barrel(ọtụtụ puku)	US Gallonsman( ọtụtụ puku)	Ihe odide
Ọkụ Mmanụ Kuwait	Kuwait	January 16, 1991 – November 6, 1991	136,000	1,000,000	42,000,000
Ọdọ Mmiri Kuwait [lower-alpha 3]	Kuwait	January 1991 – November 1991	3,409–6,818	25,000–50,000	1,050,000–2,100,000
Lakeview Gusher	Kern County, California, USA	March 14, 1910 – September 1911	1,200	9,000	378,000
Mmanụ a wụfuru n'agha Gulf [lower-alpha 4]	Kuwait, Iraq, na Ọwara Oké Osimiri Peshia	January 19, 1991 – January 28, 1991	818–1,091	6,000–8,000	252,000–336,000
<i id="mwAus">Mmiri miri emi</i>	United States, Ọwara Oké Osimiri Mexico	April 20, 2010 – July 15, 2010	560–585	4,100–4,900	189,000–231,000
<i id="mwAwU">Ixtoc nke Mbụ</i>	Mexico, Ọwara Oké Osimiri Mexico	June 3, 1979 – March 23, 1980	454–480	3,329–3,520	139,818–147,840
Atlantic Empress / Aegean Captain	Trinidad na Tobago	July 19, 1979	287	2,105	88,396
Ndagwurugwu Fergana	Uzbekistan	March 2, 1992	285	2,090	87,780
Ogige Ntọala Nowruz	Iran, Ọwara Oké Osimiri Peshia	February 4, 1983	260	1,900	80,000
ABT Oge Ọchịchị	Angola, 700 n (1,300 km; 810 mi) n'ụsọ oké osimiri	May 28, 1991	260	1,907	80,080
Castle nke Bellver	South Africa, Saldanha Bay	August 6, 1983	252	1,848	77,616
Amoco Cadiz	France, Brittany	March 16, 1978	223	1,635	68,684
<i id="mwA40">Ike Taylor</i>	United States, Ọwara Oké Osimiri Mexico	September 23, 2004 – Present	210–490	1,500–3,500	63,000–147,000
<i id="mwA54">Odyssey</i>	n'ụsọ oké osimiri nke Nova Scotia, Canada	November 10, 1988	132	968	40,704
<i id="mwA7A">Torrey Canyon</i>	England, Cornwall	March 18, 1967	119	872	36,635

Hụkwa

• Automated Data Inquiry for Oil Spills
• Environmental issues with petroleum
• Environmental issues with shipping
• LNG spill
• Storm oil
• Low-temperature thermal desorption
• National Oil and Hazardous Substances Pollution Contingency Plan
• Ohmsett (Oil and Hazardous Materials Simulated Environmental Test Tank)
• Oil Pollution Act of 1990 (in the US)
• Oil well
• Penguin sweater
• Project Deep Spill, the first intentional deepwater oil and gas spill
• Pseudomonas putida (used for degrading oil)
• S-200 (fertilizer)
• ShoreZone
• Spill containment
• Tarball